United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 07-1951
                                   ___________

Dave Dahlgren, et al.,                *
                                      *
       Plaintiffs - Appellees,        *
                                      * Appeal from the United States
       v.                             * District Court for the
                                      * District of Nebraska.
First National Bank of Holdrege,      *
                                      *
       Defendant - Appellant.         *
                                 ___________

                             Submitted: December 12, 2007
                                Filed: July 11, 2008
                                 ___________

Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                             ___________

LOKEN, Chief Judge.

       When Damrow Cattle Company (“DCC”) was placed in involuntary
receivership and a Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding, fourteen cattle investors and corn
producers1 who were fattening cattle and storing grain at the DCC feedlot lost over
$1.7 million plus nearly $200,000 in bankruptcy litigation expenses. They sued the
First National Bank of Holdrege (“the Bank”), DCC’s primary lender from 1983 until


      1
       Dave Dahlgren, Dahlgren’s Inc., Theodore Collin, Lloyd Erickson, Erickson
Land and Cattle, Dixon Granstra d/b/a Granstra Cattle, DG Farms, Inc., Skane, Inc.,
Clark Nelson, Wells AG Enterprises, Inc., Don Sjogren, BJW Farms, Inc., EWW
Farms, Inc., and Dwayne Kudlacek.
2000, for treble damages and attorneys’ fees under the Racketeering Influenced and
Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) and for fraud and negligent misrepresentation
under state law, claiming that the Bank misled them into continuing to do business
with DCC by concealing its increasing financial weakness to protect the Bank’s
substantial interest as DCC’s creditor. A jury found the Bank liable on all claims, and
the district court denied without opinion the Bank’s post-verdict motion for judgment
as a matter of law. The Bank appeals. We reverse the denial of judgment as a matter
of law on the RICO claims. Reviewing the facts in the light most favorable to the
jury’s verdict, we affirm in part and reverse in part the jury verdict on the various
fraud claims. See Fowler v. Smithkline Beecham Clinical Labs., Inc., 

,
1014 (8th Cir. 2000) (standard of review).

                               I. Factual Background

       Dennis Damrow (“Damrow”) and his brother and father began operating DCC
as a commercial feedlot near Holdrege, Nebraska, in 1983. The Damrows formed a
financing company, DFF, Inc., that offered investors the option of borrowing the cost
of purchasing and feeding cattle at DCC. Damrow was the general manager of DCC
and managed the day-to-day operations of DFF. The Bank provided loans and
banking services to both companies. In 1990, Damrow invested in and began
managing a second feedlot, Carter Feeders, near Orleans, Nebraska. The Bank
provided banking services for Carter Feeders and its financing entity, CFF, Inc.

       Investors placed feeder cattle at the feedlot, where DCC fattened the cattle
before selling them to meat packers. DCC billed investors monthly for feed and other
costs. Investors who farmed in the area also stored grain at the feedlot, either to feed
their own cattle or to sell to DCC. An investor financing the purchase and fattening
of cattle through DFF signed a promissory note to DFF. DFF signed a promissory
note and assigned the investor’s note to the Bank in exchange for a loan to purchase
the cattle. When DCC sold cattle to a meat packer, the packer sent the purchase price

                                          -2-
to the Bank, which deposited the funds into DCC’s account. DCC recovered its
feedlot expenses, reimbursed DFF for its advances, and paid the investor his down-
payment and any profit from the sale. DFF repaid the Bank’s loan. Investors
commonly used their share of the sale proceeds to finance a new lot of cattle at DCC.

        DCC experienced steady growth, expanding its operating capacity from 1,200
cattle in 1983 to 17,500 cattle when it was placed in receivership in 2001. Damrow
testified that after 1996, DCC owned thirty to fifty percent of the cattle being fed at
any given time. Dr. Rodney Jones, an agricultural economics professor, testified as
plaintiffs’ expert that the owner of cattle incurs greater risk in cattle feeding than the
feedlot operator, so the percentage of cattle owned by the feedlot significantly affects
its risk of loss.

       From 1994 through 1998, Dr. Jones and others testified that the Bank repeatedly
honored checks when the DCC and DFF accounts were substantially overdrawn,
sometimes in excess of $1 million, and DCC had no unborrowed amount on its
working capital line of credit. DCC often waited months after selling a lot of cattle
before using the proceeds to pay the corresponding DFF note, thereby using money
borrowed by DFF to effectively increase DCC’s borrowings. The Bank contributed
to this credit-shifting process by refusing on multiple occasions to process DCC
checks to pay off DFF notes when DCC’s account was overdrawn. Dr. Jones testified
that these large overdrafts suggested a borrower with cash flow problems that could
lead to business failure. However, substantial overdrafts ceased after the DCC and
DFF lines of credit were increased in mid-to-late 1997 when the Bank’s correspondent
regional bank, First National Bank of Omaha (“FNBO”), investigated Damrow and
agreed to participate in these lines of credit. By May 1999, FNBO’s participation in
the DCC operating line of credit and the DFF investor line of credit had increased to
a total of $7 million.

       In 1996 and 1997, two junior officers at the Bank warned senior management
of irregularities in the financing of DFF -- large initial advances in round figures to
                                          -3-
purchase cattle and feed, some totaling more than the cattle would bring when sold;
note maturities longer than the four-to-five months needed to fatten cattle; and DFF
notes remaining unpaid for months after the cattle were sold. After receiving the
second officer’s critical memorandum, DCC loan officer Ron Sterr wrote a letter
asking Damrow to address the problem of DFF overdrafts and overdue notes.
However, Sterr and Bank president Kenneth Slominski excused the failure to pay DFF
notes when cattle were sold by suggesting that Damrow was just replacing the sold
cattle with new feeder cattle for the same investors.2

       In September 1997, the Bank entered into an agreement with the Office of the
Comptroller of the Currency to address the Bank’s deteriorating condition. The
agreement required the Bank to make management changes, appoint an oversight
committee, abide by new lending limits and procedures, and reduce classified and
non-performing assets. A new president was hired in late 1998, charged with the task
of eliminating classified and non-performing assets so that the Bank could achieve
compliance with the regulatory agreement. Cattle losses in 1997 and 1998 caused
DCC’s loan rating at the Bank to decline from a “1” in 1997, to a “4” in mid-1999,
which placed its line-of-credit loan on the Bank’s “watch” list.

        In September 1999, after years of losses and increasing liabilities, the non-
Damrow shareholders at Carter Feeders told the Bank they suspected Damrow of
falsifying financial statements by overstating the cattle owned by Carter Feeders by
over $1 million. Damrow ceased managing Carter Feeders in November 12, and
Carter Feeders declared bankruptcy in December 1999. Upset with the Bank’s
handling of the Carter Feeders problem, Damrow asked FNBO if it would take over
all of the various Damrow credits in December 1999.


      2
        Even if accurate, this rationale did not excuse the failure to use sale proceeds
to pay off the investors’ notes to DFF for the initial purchase of the sold cattle, notes
held by the Bank as DFF’s assignee. However, this lawsuit is not about that risk to
the plaintiff investors, as all DFF notes were eventually paid.
                                           -4-
       In January 2000, Damrow admitted to the Bank that he had filed false financial
statements for Carter Feeders, blaming the other Carter Feeders shareholders. The
Bank’s board of directors decided to end its banking relationship with Damrow on
January 9, 2000. After persuading Damrow to sign a new deed of trust on the DCC
feedlot, which was owned by Damrow or his personal farming entity, the Bank told
Damrow to find a new lender. Damrow continued discussions with FNBO, which
took over the DCC and DFF credits on April 14 after conducting its own due diligence
investigation. Participating with FNBO was Adams Bank & Trust, where loan officer
Sterr began working after leaving the Bank in late 1999. The Bank severed its last tie
with the Damrow credits on July 18, 2000, when a final term note was paid from
proceeds of Damrow’s sale of the feedlot property, consistent with his refinancing
agreement with FNBO.

        In January 2001, FNBO heard that double counting of cattle was occurring at
the DCC feedlot. FNBO investigated and quickly placed DCC into receivership,
liquidating its cattle inventory. An involuntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy followed.
FNBO and Adams Bank & Trust sued the Bank for failing to disclose financial
information about the Damrow operations; both cases settled. After litigating with
FNBO and the DCC trustee over ownership of corn and cattle at the feedlot when the
receivership began, plaintiffs commenced this action to recover from the Bank their
losses and litigation expenses in the DCC bankruptcy. Damrow pleaded guilty to
felony charges that, between December 1993 and January 2001, he schemed to
defraud the Bank, FNBO, and Adams Bank & Trust by materially misrepresenting the
ownership of cattle on borrowing reports to the banks, by falsifying documents to
deceive inspectors and bank representatives regarding the ownership of cattle at the
DCC and Carter Feeders feedlots, and by pledging to the banks cattle that were owned
by others. Sentenced to forty months in prison, Damrow was incarcerated at the time
of trial and testified for the plaintiffs by deposition.




                                         -5-
                                II. The RICO Claims

      Enacted to strengthen criminal and civil remedies against organized crime,
RICO provides a private right of action for any person “injured in his business or
property by reason of a violation of” its substantive prohibitions. 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c).
The prohibition at issue here is 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), which provides:

      It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any
      enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or
      foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the
      conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering
      activity or collection of unlawful debt.

To prevail on their RICO claims, plaintiffs must prove that the Bank engaged in the
conduct of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity. The enterprise in
question was DCC. The Bank’s alleged predicate acts of racketeering were multiple
instances of mail fraud and wire fraud as defined in 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343,
offenses that are included in the definition of “racketeering activity” in 18 U.S.C.
§ 1961(1)(B). To constitute racketeering activity under RICO, the predicate acts must
be related and must “amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.” H.J.
Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Tel. Co., 

, 239 (1989). “Any recoverable
damages occurring by reason of a violation of § 1962(c) will flow from the
commission of the predicate acts.” Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 

, 496
(1985). “Though mail fraud can be a predicate act, mailings are insufficient to
establish the continuity factor unless they contain misrepresentations themselves.”
Wisdom v. First Midwest Bank of Poplar Bluff, 

, 407 (8th Cir. 1999).

      The Bank argues that plaintiffs introduced insufficient evidence that the Bank
“conduct[ed] or participate[d], directly or indirectly, in the conduct of [DCC’s] affairs
through a pattern of racketeering activity” within the meaning of § 1962(c). We
agree. “In order to participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of [an]
enterprise’s affairs, one must have some part in directing those affairs.” Reves v.
                                           -6-
Ernst & Young, 

, 179 (1993) (quotations omitted). Although § 1962(c)
liability is not limited to those with a formal position within the enterprise:

      § 1962(c) cannot be interpreted to reach complete “outsiders” because
      liability depends on showing that the defendants conducted or
      participated in the conduct of the “enterprise’s affairs,” not just their own
      affairs. Of course, “outsiders” may be liable under § 1962(c) if they are
      “associated with” an enterprise and participate in the conduct of its
      affairs -- that is, participate in the operation or management of the
      enterprise itself . . . .

(emphasis in original). Thus, the word “conduct” means the Bank exercised
some degree of control over the operation or management of DCC’s affairs.

       When the RICO defendant was the alleged enterprise’s principal lender, a court
considering a motion for summary judgment or for judgment as a matter of law must
carefully distinguish between the bank conducting its own affairs as creditor, and the
bank taking additional steps as an outsider to direct the operation or management of
its customer, the RICO enterprise. As the Third Circuit stated in a similar case,
“While it is certainly true that a major creditor of a corporation can have substantial
persuasive power and some legal authority over [a borrowing customer’s]
management, alone, such power is not equivalent to having the power to conduct or
participate directly or indirectly in the conduct in the affairs of those corporations.”
Dongelewicz v. PNC Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 104 Fed. App’x 811, 817-18 (3d Cir. 2004)
(unpublished) (quotations omitted), cert. denied, 

(2005). A bank’s
financial assistance and professional services may assist a customer engaging in
racketeering activities, but that alone does not satisfy the stringent “operation and
management” test of Reves. See Schmidt v. Fleet Bank, 

, 346-48
(S.D.N.Y. 1998), and cases cited.3 In Schmidt, allegations that the bank approved


      3
      Abrogated on other grounds by Pavlov v. Bank of New York Co., 25 Fed.
App’x 70 (2d Cir. 2002) (unpublished).
                                       -7-
overdrafts on 500 occasions, misrepresented the status of accounts to investors, and
helped its customer conceal his fraudulent scheme were held to be insufficient to
satisfy this test. Plaintiffs have not cited and we have not found any post-Reves case
in which a bank or financial services company was held to have conducted the affairs
of a RICO enterprise that was an unrelated customer of the bank.4

       With one possible exception, all of the Bank’s actions that plaintiffs cite as
evidence of the Bank’s control of DCC fall into the category of a creditor conducting
its own affairs. The Bank allowed the commingling of Damrow entity funds, honored
substantial overdrafts (in effect, informally increasing the borrower’s line of credit,
for a one-time fee), allowed DFF notes to the Bank to remain past due (again, thereby
increasing DCC’s line of credit), honored DCC n.s.f. checks to investors,
recommended its customer DCC to other Bank customers, encouraged its
correspondent regional bank to participate in the lines of credit, told Damrow he must
increase equity investment and eliminate intra-enterprise liabilities on DCC’s financial
statement to get a loan approved, transferred funds between Damrow entity accounts
pursuant to loan agreement cross-guarantees without Damrow’s permission, and
required Damrow to sign a new deed of trust on the feedlot. As the court held in
Schmidt, simply because a bank allows a heavily indebted customer to take actions
such as overdrafts and late note payments that the bank might prevent by exercising
its formidable rights as creditor is not evidence that the bank controlled the customer’s
operations and 

. “Bankers do not become
racketeers by acting like bankers.” Terry A. Lambert Plumbing, Inc. v. Western Sec.
Bank, 

, 981 (8th Cir. 1991).

      The possible exception, which plaintiffs greatly emphasized at trial and on
appeal, involved the Bank’s actions when a substantial Damrow customer, John
Morken, became insolvent in 1994. In June 1994, Damrow learned that Morken was


      4
       In Brown v. LaSalle Northwest Nat’l Bank, 

, 1082 (N.D. Ill.
1993), affiliates of the bank were the RICO enterprise.
                                         -8-
facing bankruptcy. The Bank had advanced some $5 million on DFF and CFF notes
secured by cattle that Morken was then feeding at the DCC and Carter Feeders
feedlots. DCC was also an unsecured creditor for grain fed to those cattle, and
Damrow testified he had received payments from Morken that might be voidable
preferences in a Morken bankruptcy. Damrow immediately contacted Slominski at
the Bank. Slominski and the Bank’s attorney decided that the Bank would foreclose
on the cattle and that DCC and Carter Feeders would buy the foreclosed cattle for the
amount of the DFF and CFF notes, using funds borrowed from the Bank. Damrow
testified that he was hesitant to purchase the Morken cattle but did so because of his
twenty-year relationship with the Bank, because Slominski promised him that DCC
would not suffer financially, and because it was the only way he could recover DCC’s
substantial claim for feed “owed off the John Morken cattle.”

       Following the foreclosures, the Bank discovered that some of the foreclosed
notes were signed by Morken personally, rather than as an officer of his company,
Spring Grove Livestock. The Bank did not have perfected security interests in cattle
owned by Morken personally. Damrow testified that Slominski and the Bank’s
attorney drove to the DCC feedlot and had the Morken notes altered, using the
typewriter Damrow used to create the notes to add “Spring Grove Livestock” on the
top of each note and “authorized agent” above Morken’s signature. The Morken and
Spring Grove bankruptcy trustees discovered the alterations and sued the Bank, DCC,
Carter Feeders, DFF and CFF to set aside the foreclosures and to recover the entire
value of the DFF and CFF notes. The parties negotiated, and Slominski told Damrow
the Bank wanted to settle the dispute with the trustees for $2.6 million, with the Bank
paying half and DCC and Carter Feeders paying the other half, using funds borrowed
from the Bank. Damrow testified that, after Slominski threatened not to renew the
DCC and Carter Feeders lines of credit, Damrow met with their other shareholders,
who unanimously agreed to settle.

     Plaintiffs argue that the Bank controlled DCC’s actions in purchasing the
Morken cattle at an inflated foreclosure price, illegally altering the Morken notes, and
                                          -9-
agreeing to a costly settlement with the trustees, leaving DCC with a debt burden that
ultimately led to its receivership some six years later. Plaintiffs note that DCC had
only a small stake in the Morken bankruptcy -- its unpaid feed -- because DCC had
not guaranteed the DFF and CFF notes to the Bank. Therefore, the Bank, not
Damrow, must have controlled DCC’s irrational decision to help fund the settlement.
We certainly agree that the Bank’s action in altering the Morken notes was shameful.
But it was Damrow who made the decisions that DCC would help purchase the cattle
in foreclosure and contribute to the settlement of claims by the Morken and Spring
Grove trustees. Urging Damrow to take those actions was consistent with the Bank’s
control of its own affairs as creditor. And those decisions were not so irrational, from
Damrow’s and DCC’s perspective, as to demonstrate that the Bank was controlling
DCC.5 More importantly, this was an isolated incident that occurred long before the
Bank’s alleged predicate acts with the plaintiffs. Therefore, even assuming that a
rational jury could believe the testimony of Damrow -- who was convicted of
defrauding the Bank and other DCC lenders -- that the Bank controlled DCC’s actions
in these unfortunate transactions, that is not sufficient evidence that the Bank
“engaged . . . in the conduct of [DCC’s] affairs through a pattern of racketeering
activity” that injured the plaintiffs years later.6

       Because plaintiffs failed to establish that the Bank directed the operations or
management of DCC during the time they were allegedly injured by the Bank’s
pattern of racketeering activity, the district court erred in denying the Bank’s motion
for judgment as a matter of law dismissing their RICO claims. Therefore, we need not


      5
        Damrow testified that the settlement permitted the Damrow and Carter Feeders
entities to avoid possible preference claims relating to the $8-9 million of feedlot
business in the 90 days before the Morken and Spring Grove bankruptcies. More
significantly, every DCC and Carter Feeders shareholder met personally with the
Bank and agreed to those companies participating in the settlement.
      6
        Our decision in Handeen v. Lemaire, 

(8th Cir. 1997), on which
plaintiffs heavily rely, is clearly distinguishable for this reason, and others.
                                           -10-
consider the Bank’s arguments that plaintiffs failed to prove other elements of these
claims.

                               II. State Law Tort Claims

       Plaintiffs asserted tort claims against the Bank for fraudulent misrepresentation,
fraudulent concealment, and negligent misrepresentation under Nebraska law. The
jury returned verdicts in favor of each plaintiff on all three claims. The Bank appeals
the district court’s denial of its motion for judgment as a matter of law on these
distinct but related claims. As the district court submitted a single damage question
for the multiple claims, we must affirm the jury’s award to a plaintiff if the evidence
supports the award on any one of the claims. See Conseco Fin. Serv. Corp. v. N. Am.
Mortgage Co., 

, 823 (8th Cir. 2004).

                            A. The Elements of Each Tort

       1. Fraudulent Misrepresentation. Plaintiffs’ fraudulent misrepresentation
claims required proof that an agent of the Bank knowingly or recklessly made a false
representation of material fact with the intent that plaintiff rely on it, and that plaintiff
did reasonably rely resulting in damage. See Four R Cattle Co. v. Mullins, 

, 816 (Neb. 1997); Henderson v. Forman, 

, 532 (Neb.
1989). The Supreme Court of Nebraska looks to § 531 of the Restatement (Second)
of Torts (1977) in analyzing fraudulent misrepresentation claims. Bank of Valley v.
Mattson, 

, 927 (Neb. 1983). Section 531 provides that liability is
limited to a plaintiff’s “pecuniary loss suffered . . . through . . . justifiable reliance in
the type of transaction in which [defendant] intends or has reason to expect
[plaintiff’s] conduct to be influenced.” Comment g explains that the reference to the
type of transaction expected means that the transaction that in fact causes pecuniary
loss “may differ in matters of detail or in extent, unless these differences are so great
as to amount to a change in the essential character of the transaction.”

                                            -11-
       2. Fraudulent Concealment. Under Nebraska law, the Bank is liable for
fraudulent concealment if it had a duty to disclose a known material fact, concealed
that fact with the intent that plaintiff act in response to the concealment, and plaintiff
reasonably relied and was injured by the concealment. See Streeks, Inc. v. Diamond
Hill Farms, Inc., 

, 118 (Neb. 2000). The Court in Streeks held that
“whether a legal duty exists is a question of law” and that § 551 of the Restatement
(Second) of Torts “properly sets out when a duty to disclose may arise.” 

121.7 Section 551(2) provides in relevant part:

            (2) One party to a business transaction is under a duty to exercise
      reasonable care to disclose to the other before the transaction is
      consummated . . . (b) matters known to him that he knows to be
      necessary to prevent his partial or ambiguous statement of the facts from
      being misleading; and (c) subsequently acquired information that he
      knows will make untrue or misleading a previous representation that
      when made was true or believed to be so; and . . . (e) facts basic to the
      transaction, if he knows that the other is about to enter into it under a
      mistake as to them, and that the other, because of the relationship
      between them, the customs of the trade, or other objective circumstances,
      would reasonably expect a disclosure of those facts.

      3. Negligent Misrepresentation. The Supreme Court of Nebraska has adopted
“the definition of the negligent misrepresentation cause of action found in § 552” of
the Restatement (Second) of Torts. Gibb v. Citicorp Mortgage, Inc., 

,
922 (Neb. 1994). Section 552 provides in relevant part:




      7
        The Bank argues that the district court erred in not submitting the factual
aspects of this issue to the jury. This contention was waived when counsel for the
bank, having initially raised the issue, conceded during a mid-trial discussion with the
district court and again during the jury instructions conference that the court’s
fraudulent concealment instruction properly treated the issue of duty as one of law for
the court. See generally United States v. Olano, 

, 733 (1993).
                                           -12-
             (1) One who, in the course of his business . . . or in any other
      transaction in which he has a pecuniary interest, supplies false
      information for the guidance of others in their business transactions, is
      subject to liability for pecuniary loss caused to them by their justifiable
      reliance upon the information, if he fails to exercise reasonable care or
      competence in obtaining or communicating the information.

             (2) . . . the liability stated in Subsection (1) is limited to loss
      suffered

            (a) by the person . . . for whose benefit and guidance he intends to
      supply the information or knows that the recipient intends to supply it;
      and

            (b) through reliance upon it in a transaction that he intends the
      information to influence or knows that the recipient so intends or in a
      substantially similar transaction.

Liability for negligent misrepresentation “is more restricted than for fraudulent
misrepresentation” because of “the difference between the obligations of honesty and
of care.” 

.

                                   B. Discussion

       When a third party asks a bank about its customer’s financial affairs or
condition, the bank’s general duty of confidentiality to its customers is at issue.8
Nonetheless, though the issue has not been squarely addressed, we agree with the
district court that the Supreme Court of Nebraska would apply the above-summarized
tort principles to claims that a bank deceived or misled the third party in responding
to the inquiry. See R.A. Peck, Inc. v. Liberty Federal Sav. Bank, 

, 932-
37 (N.M. App. 1988), discussed favorably in 

.


      8
       See Kesselman v. Nat’l Bank of Ariz., 

, 343-46 (Ariz. App. 1996)
(analyzing the confidentiality issue and collecting cases).
                                         -13-
        Our research suggests that, in every case where banks were held liable for
misrepresentations or non-disclosures about their customers’ affairs, “the banks were
directly involved with the third parties in the transactions that were the subject of
litigation.” 

. Here, on the other hand, every transaction
plaintiffs entered into with DCC that gave rise to their damage claims in this lawsuit
occurred after the Bank ended its customer and lending relationships with DCC and
Dennis Damrow. Moreover, most plaintiffs were aware that FNBO had replaced the
Bank as Damrow’s lender before their loss-causing cattle and corn transactions.
Plaintiffs’ theory was that the Bank’s false representations and non-disclosures about
DCC’s financial condition and the status of its borrowings with the Bank lulled
plaintiffs into continuing to do business with DCC, resulting in their losses. Yet prior
to entering into the loss-causing transactions in 2000, no plaintiff asked an FNBO loan
officer (or Sterr, who was now the loan officer for DCC at Adams Bank, the bank
participating with FNBO on the Damrow credits) for information about DCC’s current
financial condition or the status of its borrowings. These facts require us to focus
more closely on the specific misrepresentations and non-disclosures alleged by each
plaintiff. We begin with those who discussed DCC with Bank officers after FNBO
replaced the Bank.

        Lloyd Erickson and Erickson Land and Cattle. Lloyd Erickson and the
corporation he owned with his son began feeding cattle and delivering corn to DCC
in the late 1980s. Both were also long-standing customers of the Bank. In early 2000,
the Ericksons heard negative rumors about Damrow from the Carter Feeders
shareholders. Erickson testified that, at a meeting in May, his father asked Bank
president Riley and former DCC loan officer Eric Titus whether DCC is “an okay
place to [be] feeding?” Titus responded, “as far as we know, everything is fine.”
Based on that assurance, the Ericksons continued to do business with DCC, delivering
corn to DCC in September and purchasing two lots of cattle. Erickson and Erickson
Land and Cattle lost $66,393.58 in cattle, $69,743.66 in corn and incurred $26,476.62
in attorneys’ fees after DCC was placed in receivership.

                                         -14-
       There is ample evidence in the record that Titus was aware of significant
financial problems with DCC when he made this affirmative misrepresentation. Titus
had tracked past due DCC notes and overdrafts for years, reported to the Bank’s board
of directors about the deteriorating Carter Feeders situation on January 3, 2000, and
was present for the discussion of the Damrow lines of credit at that meeting, which led
to the board’s decision to end its relationship with Damrow and DCC. Titus
repeatedly stated, “I do not recall,” when asked about his knowledge of the financial
condition of DCC, testimony the jury likely considered evasive. At a minimum, Titus
was negligent in telling Bank customer Erickson that “everything is fine” at DCC
without disclosing that the Bank had ended its relationships with Damrow. In these
circumstances a reasonable jury could find that Titus made this false and misleading
statement intending to influence or guide the Ericksons into continuing to do business
with DCC, or at least knowing that his statement would have that influence. See

. The verdict in favor of Erickson and Erickson Land and
Cattle on their tort claims is affirmed.

       Skane, Inc. Harold and Judy Erickson farm near Holdrege and began
delivering corn and feeding cattle at the DCC feedlot in the early 1990s. Every year
until 1999, Harold would ask a friend at the Bank, Gary Mueller, about DCC; Mueller
always said the company was “okay as far as I know.” When Mueller left the Bank
in early 1999, Harold spoke with Eric Titus and received a similar assurance. In 2000,
having heard negative rumors about the Carter Feeders dispute, Harold again asked
Titus about DCC. Titus responded “that they were okay” without disclosing what he
knew about DCC’s condition or that the Bank was out of the credit. Harold testified
that he relied on that representation when the Ericksons’ corporation, Skane, Inc.,
stored corn and purchased cattle at DCC later that year.

      Titus in the course of his business at the Bank made a gratuitous false or
misleading representation that he knew would influence Harold Erickson to enter into
contemporaneous cattle feeding transactions with DCC. Although it is unclear what
benefit might accrue to the Bank from this misrepresentation, as neither Erickson nor
                                        -15-
DCC were Bank customers in 2000, we conclude that the Supreme Court of Nebraska
would affirm the jury’s verdict holding the Bank liable, at least under a negligent
misrepresentation theory, for Skane’s pecuniary losses from its transactions with DCC
in 2000 -- $61,233.86 in cattle, $33,911.09 in corn, and $77,718.72 in attorneys’ fees
in the DCC bankruptcy proceedings. See 

, discussing Central
States Stamping Co. v. Terminal Equip. Co., 

, 1409 (6th Cir. 1984), and
citing Ostlund Chem. Co. v. Norwest Bank of Jamestown, 

(N.D.
1988).

       Clark Nelson. Nelson farms near Holdrege and was a customer of the Bank
for many years when his loan officer, Slominski, introduced Nelson to Damrow in
1995. Nelson began delivering corn and feeding cattle at DCC. Each year, before
applying for a loan to feed cattle at DCC, Nelson asked his loan officers, Sterr and
Craig DeWalt, whether DCC was a sound company. Each year they responded
affirmatively. In August 2000, Nelson applied for a loan from the Bank to purchase
a pen of cattle at DCC. Nelson testified that DeWalt again said that DCC was “fine
to do business with.” Nelson testified that he relied on that assurance in obtaining the
loan, purchasing the cattle, and then delivering a portion of his corn crop to DCC to
feed the cattle later that year. Nelson did not suffer cattle losses as a result of DCC’s
bankruptcy, but he lost $22,638.56 on the stored corn. Although Nelson did not claim
DeWalt purposely misled him, a reasonable jury could find that DeWalt made a
negligent misrepresentation intending to influence customer Nelson into borrowing
money from the Bank to enter into contemporaneous transactions with DCC.

      Wells AG Enterprises, BJW Farms, EWW Farms, Inc., Dwayne Kudlacek.
Gary and Bob Wells own and operate Wells AG Enterprises, BJW Farms, and EWW
Farms, Inc. Dwayne Kudlacek is Gary Wells’s brother-in-law. All farm near
Holdrege and were customers of the Bank until some time in 2000 or 2001. Gary
Wells delivered corn to the DCC feedlot for many years and began feeding cattle in
1997. Bob Wells began delivering corn to the DCC feedlot in the late 1990s.
Kudlacek had the misfortune of first delivering corn to DCC in September, 2000.
                                        -16-
       Gary and Bob testified that they annually asked their loan officers at the Bank
if it was safe to do business with DCC and were repeatedly assured that it was. In
August 2000, Gary asked Eric Titus if it would be safe to take corn to DCC. Titus
replied that he was planning on delivering some of his own corn to DCC. Wells
inferred it was safe to do so himself and told Bob and Kudlacek that Titus would
deliver corn to DCC in August 2000. All three testified they relied on this statement
in delivering corn to DCC that fall. Wells AG Enterprises, BJW Farms, EWW Farms,
Inc., and Dwayne Kudlacek lost a total of $171,702.19 in corn in DCC’s bankruptcy.

       Titus’s August 2000 statement to Gary Wells cannot be the basis for these
plaintiffs’ tort claims because it was a statement of present intent, and there is no
evidence that Titus, who personally fed bison at DCC that year, misrepresented his
intention. Nor did that statement require the disclosure of what Titus knew as DCC’s
former loan officer in order to make it not misleading. None of the Wells plaintiffs
relied on any other representations by the Bank when they did business with DCC in
late 2000. Accordingly, they failed to prove that they would not have entered into the
loss-causing transactions in the absence of a false representation or non-disclosure by
the Bank. See Luscher v. Empkey, 

, 868 (Neb. 1980). The district
court erred in denying the Bank’s motion for judgment as a matter of law on their tort
claims.

      The remaining plaintiffs did not rely on alleged misrepresentations or non-
disclosures by the Bank in 2000, the year they entered into the corn and cattle
transactions with DCC that caused them pecuniary loss in DCC’s bankruptcy.

       Dixon Granstra and DG Farms, Inc. Dixon Granstra and DG Farms, Inc.,
operate out of Sheldon, Iowa. Neither has ever been a customer of the Bank. Granstra
began feeding cattle with DCC in the late 1980s and fed millions of dollars worth of
cattle at the feedlot before 2001. In 1999, Damrow told Granstra that he had “taken
a position” on eighty loads of cattle on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Concerned
                                           -17-
at the magnitude of this risk, Granstra asked his Iowa banker, Jerry Adams, to inquire
of the Bank whether Damrow could handle the risk. Adams called loan officer Sterr
who said that DCC was a “good customer,” “excellent quality,” and “sound.” After
talking with Adams, Granstra testified that he decided to continue doing business with
DCC. In July 2000, Granstra and DG Farms Inc., purchased lots of cattle at DCC.9
They incurred substantial losses in the DCC bankruptcy, including a $297,000
settlement with the DCC trustee for an alleged preference payment to Granstra in
December 2000.

       Granstra and DG Farms, Inc., rest their tort claims on what loan officer Sterr
told banker Adams in 1999. Plaintiffs contend there was ample evidence that Sterr
knew of negative financial and credit issues at DCC.10 Therefore, he was guilty of at
least negligent misrepresentation when he gave false or incomplete information to
Adams. However, the Granstra plaintiffs cannot recover because no reasonable
person would expect Sterr’s statements in mid-1999 to influence cattle investors the
following year.

       Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Jones, testified to the volatility of this market, where
prices fluctuate significantly within a matter of months. Jones testified that financial
information about a cattle feeding operation can become unreliable even during a
single four-five month cattle feeding cycle. Thus, in this investment market, there is
a rather short limit on the period of time in which a banker making a general statement
that a feedlot customer is a “safe place to do business” or is “sound” or is an
“excellent credit” would intend or expect that statement to influence an inquiring


      9
      Granstra did not testify that he specifically relied upon information from the
Bank when he purchased lots of cattle with Damrow in 2000.
      10
        As loan officer for the Damrow and Carter entities from 1994 until he left the
Bank in late 1999, Sterr received a daily loan report that alerted him to overdrafts, also
tracked past-due DFF notes, and analyzed the negative internal report in 1997 of
multiple problems and possible abuses with the Damrow credits.
                                           -18-
third-party contemplating cattle or corn transactions with the feedlot. Whether or not
the banker expects that the bank will participate in the third party’s transactions, his
misrepresentation or non-disclosure, whether fraudulent or merely negligent, does not
have the requisite relationship to the third party’s much later, loss-causing transaction
to be tortious, particularly a transaction occurring after the bank is no longer financing
the customer. See Restatement (Second) of Torts, §§ 531, 551(2)(e), 552(2)(b).
Although the relevant time period will often be a question of fact for the jury, no
reasonable jury could find that Sterr’s statement in mid-1999 was intended to
influence or could be expected to influence the Granstra plaintiffs’ cattle purchases
in late 2000. Accordingly, the district court erred when it denied the Bank’s motion
for judgment as a matter of law on the tort claims of Granstra and DG Farms, Inc.

        Don Sjogren. Don Sjogren owns and operates two farms adjacent to the DCC
feedlot; he fed cattle and delivered corn from the day it opened. Sjogren also was a
customer of the Bank until 2001. In June 1999, a DCC check written by Damrow to
Sjogren for a pen of cattle was rejected by the Bank and mailed to Sjogren with an
n.s.f. notice. Concerned, Sjogren asked Bank president Riley if anything was wrong
with DCC. Riley left the room to inquire, then returned and told Sjogren it was a
clerical error and that DCC was a good place to do business. Sjogren testified he
bought two pens of cattle in 1999 after hearing Riley’s assurance. He did not testify
that Riley’s June 1999 assurance led him to purchase cattle and store grain at DCC in
the fall of 2000. Sjogren lost $312,411.50 in cattle, $39,404.70 in corn, and
$16,707.25 in attorney’s fees as a result of his 2000 transactions with DCC.

      Although the jury reasonably found that Riley’s statement to Sjogren was
fraudulent or at least negligent,11 Sjogren’s loss-causing transactions with DCC were


      11
        Riley made that statement even though DCC was assigned the Bank’s second
highest risk rating for most of 1999 and had been placed on the Bank’s watch list just
a day earlier. Had Sjogren lost money on the cattle he bought in 1999 relying on
Riley’s misrepresentation and non-disclosure of the true reason for the n.s.f. check,
                                         -19-
too remote in time from Riley’s June 1999 statement to give rise to actionable claims
for misrepresentation or non-disclosure. Without a false statement more closely
related to the transactions with DCC that caused Sjogren’s damages, and absent any
testimony that Sjogren relied upon Riley’s statement when he entered into the loss-
causing transactions, he cannot recover for the Bank’s misrepresentation. Therefore,
like the Granstra plaintiffs, the district court erred when it denied the Bank’s motion
for judgment as a matter of law on Sjogren’s tort claims.

      Theodore Collin. Collin was employed by the Bank as a loan officer and vice
president from 1983 until January 2000, when he left to work at another bank in
Holdrege. Collin began delivering corn and feeding cattle at DCC in 1993. In the fall
of 2000, Collin delivered corn and bought cattle at DCC. He lost $22,501.59 in cattle,
$27,766.16 in corn and spent $1,216.00 in attorney’s fees as a result of these
transactions in DCC’s bankruptcy.

        Collin’s claims fail as a matter of law. As a member of the Bank’s loan
committee from 1990 through early 1998, Collin was aware of DCC overdrafts and
past-due DFF notes. Slominski and Sterr explained that the Bank used the overdrafts
to limit DCC spending, and the past-due notes were cattle feeder timing issues. Collin
testified that he expected Sterr to advise if there were any financial concerns with
DCC. But neither Collin nor any other witness testified that the Bank ever supplied
Collin false information for the purpose of influencing his DCC investments. Instead,
he claimed that Slominski and Sterr misled him during loan committee meetings. The
Bank’s knowledge that Collin was also a DCC investor does not transform
information shared during loan committee meetings into business guidance for
purposes of a fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation claim.




the Bank would have been liable for that loss. See 

. But,
according to expert Jones, 1999 was a profitable year to feed cattle.
                                       -20-
       Without evidence the Bank supplied information to guide or influence Collin’s
personal transactions, he cannot maintain an action for negligent misrepresentation.
See Farr v. Designer Phosphate & Premix Int’l, Inc., 

, 326 (Neb.
1997) (§ 552 requires “that one supplying the misrepresentation must intend to supply
the information and that such person must intend that the information will induce
reliance and influence the transaction”) (emphasis in original). Nor did Collin present
evidence giving rise to a duty to disclose under § 551(2) after he began working for
a competing bank and the Bank terminated its relationship with DCC.

       Collin’s claim of fraudulent misrepresentation required proof that he reasonably
relied on knowingly false representations by Slominski and Sterr at the loan
committee meetings. In addition to the timing issue that is fatal to the Granstra and
Sjogren claims, the independent information available and known to Collin compels
the conclusion that he could not have reasonably relied on the loan committee
statements when he did business with DCC in the fall of 2000. After leaving the Bank
in early 2000, Collin did a comprehensive analysis of DCC and DFF for his new
employer and personally inspected cattle at the feedlot. With this information in hand,
no reasonable jury could find that Collin instead relied on statements made in loan
committee meetings from years earlier when he decided to do business with DCC in
the fall of 2000. See generally Schuelke v. Wilson, 

, 181-83 (Neb.
1996). The district court erred when it denied the Bank’s motion for judgment as a
matter of law on Collin’s tort claims.

      Dave Dahlgren and Dahlgren’s, Inc. Dave Dahlgren and his family’s
corporation began delivering corn and feeding cattle at the DCC feedlot in the early
1980s. Both were also customers of the Bank until March 2000. Every February from
1995 through 1999, during a review conducted by Dahlgren’s loan officer, Ted Collin,
Dahlgren would ask if it was a good idea to continue doing business with DCC.
Collin replied to each inquiry, in substance, “Well, you know, I wouldn’t be doing
business there if I didn’t think it was okay also.” Dahlgren testified that he relied on
Collin’s statements when he delivered corn to DCC in the fall of 2000, and purchased
                                          -21-
cattle on November 9, 2000. Dahlgren and Dahlgren’s Inc., incurred substantial
losses on these transactions in the DCC bankruptcy.

        At trial, Dahlgren did not testify that co-plaintiff Collin, his only source of DCC
financial information at the Bank, ever conveyed a fraudulent representation about
DCC’s financial condition or dealings with the Bank. For this reason, as well as the
timing issue discussed above, the Dahlgren plaintiffs’ tort claims fail as a matter of
law. Without evidence that Collin made statements of fact either knowing they were
false, or recklessly ignoring their truth or falsity, the Dahlgren plaintiffs cannot sustain
their fraudulent misrepresentation claims against the Bank. See Four R Cattle 

. Nor can Slominski’s and Sterr’s statements made to Collin
at loan committee meetings support the Dahlgren plaintiffs’ fraud claims absent
evidence these Bank officers intended that Dahlgren and his corporation, as well as
Collin, would rely on them.              The fraudulent concealment and negligent
misrepresentation claims falter on the specific nature of Collin’s annual reassurance,
“I wouldn’t be doing business there if I didn’t think it was okay also.” These were
statements of personal opinion and present intent that did not, without a more specific
inquiry from Dahlgren related to particular transactions he was contemplating, impose
a duty to disclose the details of a customer’s financial affairs known to Collin as a
loan officer of the Bank. For all these reasons, the district court erred when it denied
the Bank’s motion for judgment as a matter of law on the Dahlgren plaintiffs’ tort
claims.

                               IV. An Evidentiary Issue

      Over the Bank’s timely objection, the district court allowed FNBO and Adams
Bank & Trust witnesses to testify that those banks sued the Bank for withholding
information about DCC and that the Bank settled those claims, but not the amount of
the settlements. The Bank argues that the district court abused its discretion in
allowing plaintiffs to elicit this testimony. The Bank relies on Federal Rule of
Evidence 408 which provides in relevant part:
                                         -22-
      Evidence of the following is not admissible on behalf of any party, when
      offered to prove liability for, invalidity of, or amount of a claim that was
      disputed as to validity or amount . . . furnishing or offering or promising
      to furnish -- or accepting or offering or promising to accept -- a valuable
      consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise the claim.

Plaintiffs respond -- quite correctly -- that Rule 408 as written only applies to evidence
of compromise offered to prove liability for or the amount of the claim that was
compromised, whereas here evidence that the Bank settled claims by its successor
lenders was offered to refute the Bank’s claim that it was not liable for plaintiffs’ tort
claims. This textual limitation has led our sister circuits to differ somewhat on
whether Rule 408 applies to evidence of compromises or offers to compromise claims
by third parties. Compare Zurich Am. Ins. Co. v. Watts Indus., Inc., 

,
688-90 (7th Cir. 2005), and cases cited, with Hudspeth v. Commissioner, 

, 1213-14 (9th Cir. 1990), and the cases cited in Lo Bosco v. Kure Eng’g Ltd.,

, 1037-39 (D.N.J. 1995). We have not examined the issue in depth,
but our decision in Vulcan Hart Corp. v. NLRB, 

, 276-77 (8th Cir. 1983),
though distinguishable, viewed the scope of Rule 408 narrowly.

       As Judge Learned Hand explained years ago, the admission of evidence that a
defendant settled a claim with a third party arising out of the same set of operative
facts carries the inherent risk that “such a concession of liability is almost sure to be
taken as an admission of fault.” Paster v. Pennsylvania R.R., 

, 911 (2d
Cir. 1930). For this reason, even the circuits that construe Rule 408 narrowly view
evidence of third party settlements skeptically. As the Tenth Circuit explained in
Towerridge, Inc. v. T.A.O., Inc., 

, 770 (10th Cir. 1997), “Rule 408 does
not require the exclusion of evidence regarding the settlement of a claim different
from the one litigated, though admission of such evidence may nonetheless implicate
the same concerns of prejudice and deterrence of settlements which underlie Rule
408” (internal citations omitted). We agree.

                                          -23-
       We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of its substantial
discretion, reversing only if we conclude there was a prejudicial abuse of that
discretion that affected the Bank’s substantial rights. See Crane v. Crest Tankers, Inc.,

, 294-96 (8th Cir. 1995); Fed. R. Civ. P. 61. The Bank argues that it was
prejudiced because the settlement evidence undermined its claim at trial that DCC was
a satisfactory credit risk in early 2000, when FNBO and Adams Bank took over the
credit. However, even absent the evidence of settlement, this claim would have been
undermined by the admissible testimony of FNBO and Adams Bank witnesses that the
Bank failed to disclose negative information about DCC and that the successor banks
had sued the Bank for their losses in the DCC bankruptcy. The district court took
steps to avoid unfair prejudice by excluding the amounts of the settlements and the
settlement documents, and counsel for plaintiffs did not refer to the settlements during
closing argument. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the issue is now limited to
the fraud claims of plaintiffs Erickson, Erickson Land and Cattle, Nelson, and Skane,
Inc., claims we have affirmed because the Bank made negligent misrepresentations
about DCC’s financial condition after DCC was no longer a customer. In these
circumstances, the admission of limited settlement evidence was not a clear and
prejudicial abuse of discretion.

                                    V. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed in part
and reversed in part. The award of treble damages to each plaintiff and $1,095,263.00
in attorneys’ fees under RICO is reversed. The awards of tort damages to Dave
Dahlgren; Dahlgren’s, Inc.; Theodore Collin; Dixon Granstra d/b/a Granstra Cattle;
DG Farms, Inc.; Wells Ag Enterprises, Inc.; Don Sjogren; BJW Farms, Inc.; EWW
Farms, Inc. and Dwayne Kudlacek are also reversed, and all claims of these plaintiffs
are dismissed. The awards of tort damages to Lloyd Erickson ($66,393.58); Erickson
Land and Cattle ($96,220.28); Skane, Inc. ($172,863.67); and Clark Nelson
($22,638.56) are affirmed.
                        ______________________________
                                         -24-