United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________

                                 No. 08-3448
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Southeastern Stud & Components,       *
Inc.,                                 *
                                      *
           Appellee,                  *
                                      *      Appeal from the United States
     v.                               *      District Court for the
                                      *      Eastern District of Arkansas.
American Eagle Design Build           *
Studios, LLC,                         *
                                      *           [PUBLISHED]
           Appellant,                 *
                                      *
American Eagle Communities,           *
LLC; Salvatore R. Carabetta; CEI      *
Investment Corporation; Little        *
Rock Family Housing, LLC; Shaw        *
Infrastructure, Inc.,                 *
                                      *
           Defendants.                *

                              ________________

                              Submitted: June 11, 2009
                                  Filed: December 7, 2009
                              ________________

Before BYE, HANSEN, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                          ________________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
       American Eagle Design Build Studios, LLC (AEDBS) and Southeastern Stud
& Components, Inc. (SES) entered into a Subcontract Work Agreement (Subcontract),
which contained an arbitration clause. After a dispute arose, SES filed a lawsuit
against AEDBS. Over a year after SES first filed its complaint, AEDBS filed a
motion to compel arbitration. The district court1 denied AEDBS's motion to compel
arbitration, and AEDBS now appeals. For the following reasons, we affirm.

                                          I.

       AEDBS was the prime contractor constructing housing on an Air Force base
in Little Rock, Arkansas. On August 23, 2006, SES and AEDBS entered into the
Subcontract, which stated that SES was to provide labor and materials to the housing
project. The Subcontract contained an arbitration clause that said, "[a]ny dispute
between [SES] and [AEDBS] arising out of this Agreement or breach thereof, . . .
may, at the option of [AEDBS], be submitted to arbitration." (J.A. at 486-87.)

       A dispute arose involving payment for work performed under the Subcontract.
On June 26, 2007, SES filed suit against AEDBS and several other parties. AEDBS
did not move to compel arbitration at that time but, over the course of the following
year, answered SES's complaint, filed responses and objections to SES's request for
production of documents and filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings without
raising the issue of arbitration. AEDBS claims that during this period it did not
believe it could enforce the arbitration agreement under Arkansas law. On July 15,
2008, SES filed a second amended complaint. At that point, following an unpublished
decision by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas,
AEDBS asserts that it believed it could enforce the arbitration agreement. In its July
29, 2008, answer to AEDBS's second amended complaint, AEDBS raised arbitration


      1
       The Honorable William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.

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as an affirmative defense, and on September 3, 2008, AEDBS filed a motion to
compel arbitration. Before the district court, SES argued that the arbitration clause
was unenforceable because: (1) there was no mutuality of obligation as the decision
to enforce the arbitration clause was left entirely to AEDBS; (2) AEDBS had waived
its right to arbitration by participating in the litigation; and (3) SES would be
prejudiced by the arbitration.

       The district court denied AEDBS's motion to compel arbitration, finding that
while the arbitration clause was enforceable despite its lack of mutuality, AEDBS had
waived its right to arbitration and SES would be prejudiced by the arbitration.
AEDBS appeals, arguing that it did not waive its right to arbitrate the agreement by
participating in the litigation.

                                             II.

       In reviewing the district court's determination that AEDBS waived its right to
arbitrate the agreement, "[w]e review de novo the legal determination of waiver but
examine the factual findings underlying that ruling for clear error." Lewallen v. Green
Tree Servicing, L.L.C., 

, 1090 (8th Cir. 2007).

         We note that there is a "'strong federal policy in favor of arbitration,'" such that
"'any doubts concerning waiver of arbitrability should be resolved in favor of
arbitration.'" 

v. Saskatchewan Gov't Ins., 

, 886 (8th
Cir. 2001)). However, "[a] party may be found to have waived its right to arbitration
if it: '(1) knew of an existing right to arbitration; (2) acted inconsistently with that
right; and (3) prejudiced the other party by these inconsistent acts.'" 

Commc'ns v. Mid-Am. Cellular Tel. Co., 

, 969 (8th Cir. 1993)).

      AEDBS asserts that, at the time SES filed its complaint against AEDBS, it did
not believe that it had the right to arbitrate. According to AEDBS, before March

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2008, Arkansas law required mutuality of obligation within the contract's arbitration
agreement, even if there was sufficient mutuality within the rest of the contract. See
Showmethemoney Check Cashers, Inc. v. Williams, 

, 367 (Ark. 2000)
("Given the lack of mutuality to support the arbitration agreement, we hold the
arbitration clause contained in the [contract] does not constitute a valid enforceable
agreement to arbitrate . . . ."). AEDBS claims that it did not know it had the right to
arbitrate until it discovered the March 2008 unpublished opinion, Enderlin v. XM
Satellite Radio Holdings, Inc., No. 4:06-CV-0032, 

(E.D. Ark. Mar.
25, 2008) (unpublished). In Enderlin, the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Arkansas stated that "Arkansas law requiring mutuality within the
arbitration paragraph itself is preempted by the [Federal Arbitration Act] because it
places the arbitration clause on unequal footing with other contract terms that do not
each have to be mutual." Enderlin, 

, at *10. Before this, according
to AEDBS, it believed the arbitration agreement was invalid because there was no
mutuality of obligation. See Appellant's Br. at 18 ("[I]n the face of such adverse case
authority, AEDBS did not believe (i.e. 'know') that it had a valid and enforceable right
to arbitrate its dispute with SES despite the existence of the arbitration clause within
its Subcontract with SES.").

        However, as early as 1984 the Supreme Court held that the Federal Arbitration
Act (FAA) "preempts a state law that withdraws the power to enforce arbitration
agreements." Southland Corp. v. Keating, 

, 16 n.10 (1984). Over a decade
later, the Court again explained that "[c]ourts may not . . . invalidate arbitration
agreements under state laws applicable only to arbitration provisions. . . . Congress
precluded States from singling out arbitration provisions for suspect status, requiring
instead that such provisions be placed 'upon the same footing as other contracts.'"
Doctor's Assocs. v. Casarotto, 

, 687 (1996) (quoting Scherk v. Alberto-
Culver Co., 

, 511 (1974)) (internal citations omitted). Thus, pursuant to
Supreme Court precedent, it should have been clear to AEDBS that the arbitration
agreement was at least arguably enforceable because Arkansas could not have

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imposed additional requirements that applied only to arbitration agreements.
Moreover, in 2003, five years before Enderlin, the United States District Court for the
Western District of Arkansas stated that, "mutuality of obligation is not required for
arbitration clauses so long as the contract as a whole is supported by consideration."
Scherrey v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., No. 02-2286, 

,
at *10 (W.D. Ark. Apr. 15, 2003) (unpublished). Thus, in spite of AEDBS's
assertions, Enderlin did not make new law; it merely correctly applied existing law.
In fact, Enderlin could not have changed anything as one district court is not bound
by the holdings of others, even those within the same district. See, e.g., Gasperini v.
Ctr. for Humanities, 

, 430 n.10 (1996) ("If there is a federal district court
standard, it must come from the Court of Appeals, not from the over 40 district court
judges in the Southern District of New York, each of whom sits alone and renders
decisions not binding on the others."); Jones v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 486 F.
Supp. 2d 864, 867 (E.D. Ark. 2007) ("'[D]istrict court decisions are not treated as
binding precedents in other cases. District court rulings have influence only to the
extent that jurists in other cases find them convincing.'" (quoting IBM Credit Corp.
v. United Home for Aged Hebrews, 

(S.D.N.Y. 1994))). As the
district court correctly noted, "AEDBS was free at any time to make the same
argument as the Defendant in Enderlin, but AEDBS did not." Southeastern Stud &
Components, Inc. v. Am. Eagle Design Build Studios, No. 4:07CV00593, 

, at *2 (E.D. Ark. Oct. 9, 2008) (unpublished). Further, AEDBS drafted the
Subcontract containing the arbitration agreement. Cf. Ritzel 

("The Goodwin group drafted the Stock Purchase agreement that contains the
arbitration provisions, and thus knew of the existing right of arbitration.").

      AEDBS points to Ackerberg v. Johnson, 

(8th Cir. 1989), in
support of its argument that it did not knowingly waive its right to arbitrate because
the "delay in filing a motion to compel arbitration was based on unfavorable or
uncertain law." (Appellant's Br. at 22.) In Ackerberg, the defendants failed to file a
motion to compel arbitration on a claim related to the Securities Act of 1933, 15

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U.S.C. §§ 77a to 77aa, in spite of an arbitration agreement. 

. At the time the complaint was filed, the issue was controlled by Wilko v. Swan,

(1953), which prohibited arbitration of claims made under the 1933 Act.
However, after the complaint was filed, the Supreme Court reversed Wilko in
Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 

, 484 (1989).
After Rodriguez de Quijas, the defendants moved to compel arbitration on the 1933
Act claims, but the district court held that the defendants waived their right to
arbitration by acting inconsistently with their right to arbitration by participating in
the litigation process. 

. We disagreed, explaining that
before Rodriguez de Quijas, the defendants correctly relied on Wilko for the
proposition that their 1933 Act claims were not arbitrable, and a motion to compel
arbitration on those claims would have been futile. 

Because the
defendants moved to compel arbitration "as soon as the law appeared to allow an
arbitration procedure" and because any motion to compel arbitration prior to that
would have been futile, we held that the defendants did not waive their right to
arbitrate the 1933 Act claims. 

       AEDBS argues that, like the defendants in Ackerberg, it did not waive its right
to arbitrate because it asserted its right to arbitrate "the very day it learned of
Enderlin's precedential support for the enforcement of its Arbitration Agreement with
SES" (Appellant's Br. at 23), and because any motion to compel arbitration prior to
Enderlin would have been futile. However, as discussed above, even prior to Enderlin
the law was clear that Arkansas could not have imposed additional requirements that
applied only to arbitration agreements. Thus, Enderlin did not decide new law or
reverse previous case law as Rodriguez de Quijas did. Instead, as explained above,
it merely correctly applied existing law. Contrary to what AEDBS claims, a motion
to compel arbitration prior to Enderlin would not have been futile ab initio. Thus,
AEDBS's reliance on Ackerberg is misplaced. Accordingly, AEDBS knew of its
contractual right to arbitration when SES filed the lawsuit in June 2007.



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        Second, AEDBS acted inconsistently with its existing right to arbitrate. "A
party acts inconsistently with its right to arbitrate if the party '[s]ubstantially invoke[s]
the litigation machinery before asserting its arbitration right.'" 

(quoting Ritzel 

) (alteration in original). "A party
substantially invokes the litigation machinery when, for example, it files a lawsuit on
arbitrable claims, engages in extensive discovery, or fails to move to compel
arbitration and stay litigation in a timely manner." 

have not previously
clarified explicitly what constitutes a "timely manner" for the purposes of determining
whether a party substantially invoked the litigation machinery, in Lewallen we stated
that an eleven-month delay was "inconsistent with" a party asserting its "right to
arbitrate." 

Here, SES filed its suit on June 26, 2007, and AEDBS did not
assert its right to arbitrate until July 29, 2008, a delay of thirteen months. While
AEDBS claims that it did not believe it had the right to arbitrate until Enderlin, we
have explained that "[t]o safeguard its right to arbitration, a party must 'do all it could
reasonably have been expected to do to make the earliest feasible determination of
whether to proceed judicially or by arbitration.'" 

(quoting Cabinetree of
Wis., Inc. v. Kraftmaid Cabinetry, Inc., 

, 391 (7th Cir. 1995)). At the time
SES filed its complaint against AEDBS, federal law—including that decided by the
Supreme Court—had established that arbitration agreements did not require additional
mutuality beyond what was required for the contract as a whole. If AEDBS had done
all it could reasonably have been expected to do in making the earliest feasible
determination of whether to proceed judicially or by arbitration, see 

have
discovered that the Supreme Court's previous rulings permitted arbitration agreements
even when they did not contain additional mutuality of obligation. Upon discovering
this, it would have determined that the arbitration agreement in the Subcontract was
valid and enforceable. By failing to do all it could reasonably have been expected to
do, AEDBS failed to safeguard its right to arbitration. Accordingly, AEDBS
substantially invoked the litigation machinery by moving for judgment in its favor and
by failing to move to compel arbitration and stay litigation in a timely manner, and,



                                            -7-
by not asserting its right to arbitrate for thirteen months, AEDBS acted inconsistently
with its right to arbitrate. See 

        Third, SES was prejudiced by AEDBS's acts that were inconsistent with
exercising its right to arbitration. "A party is so prejudiced when the 'parties use
discovery not available in arbitration, when they litigate substantial issues on the
merits, or when compelling arbitration would require a duplication of efforts.'" 

(quoting Kelly v. Golden, 

, 349 (8th Cir. 2003)). Here, SES
incurred expense and experienced a substantial delay from the litigation with AEDBS,
as SES had to respond to AEDBS's responses and objections to SES's request for
production of documents and to AEDBS's motion for judgment on the pleadings, in
which AEDBS repeatedly failed to raise the issue of arbitration. While AEDBS was
not the only party engaged in the litigation against SES, and because AEDBS failed
to raise the issue of arbitration earlier, SES was forced to continue the expense of
litigation against AEDBS. Thus, SES suffered prejudice from AEDBS's actions. See

("Golden was prejudiced by Kelly's delay in seeking
arbitration. He incurred expense and experienced substantial delay as a result of the
extensive litigation and would be required to extensively duplicate his efforts if he
were now required to participate in arbitration.").

        Because AEDBS had knowledge of its existing right to arbitrate but acted
inconsistently with that right and prejudiced SES by those actions, AEDBS waived
its right to arbitration. See 

.

                                         III.

      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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