United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 14-3250
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                David Lee Knowles

                      lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                      ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the Western District of Missouri - Joplin
                                 ____________

                             Submitted: April 14, 2015
                               Filed: April 4, 2016
                                 ____________

Before WOLLMAN and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges, and DOTY,1 District
Judge.
                        ____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.




      1
      The Honorable David S. Doty, United States District Judge for the District of
Minnesota, sitting by designation.
      David Lee Knowles pleaded guilty to receiving and distributing child
pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2). The district court2 sentenced
Knowles to a fifteen-year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(b)(1). Knowles appeals, and we affirm.

       A federal grand jury returned a one-count indictment that charged Knowles
with knowingly receiving and distributing child pornography. The indictment
notified Knowles that if he was convicted he would be subject to an enhanced
sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(1) based on his prior Nebraska conviction for
third-degree sexual assault, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-320. The relevant portions of
§ 2252(b)(1) read as follows:

      Whoever violates [§ 2252(a)(2)] . . . [and] has a prior conviction
      . . . under the laws of any State relating to aggravated sexual abuse,
      sexual abuse, or abusive sexual conduct involving a minor or ward . . .
      shall be . . . imprisoned for not less than 15 years nor more than 40
      years.

       Knowles eventually pleaded guilty, but disputed at the change-of-plea hearing
the range of punishment set forth in the indictment. He argued that his Nebraska
conviction was not one “relating to aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, or abusive
sexual conduct involving a minor or ward,” as required for imposition of the
§ 2252(b)(1) mandatory minimum. Specifically, he argued that because “involving
a minor or ward” modifies all three prior-conviction categories set forth in
§ 2252(b)(1), and because the Nebraska statute under which he was convicted does
not require a minor victim, his Nebraska conviction did not trigger the enhancement.
The district court rejected Knowles’s argument and imposed the sentence set forth
above.



      2
      The Honorable M. Douglas Harpool, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.

                                         -2-
      We ordered that Knowles’s appeal be held in abeyance pending the Supreme
Court’s ruling in Lockhart v. United States, 

, 961 (Mar. 1, 2016), which
presented the question whether the phrase “involving a minor or ward” in 18 U.S.C.
§ 2252(b)(2) modifies all three prior-conviction categories preceding the phrase
(“aggravated sexual abuse,” “sexual abuse,” and “abusive sexual conduct”) or only
the one prior-conviction category that immediately precedes it (“abusive sexual
conduct”). Lockhart has now been handed down, with the Court holding that the
phrase “involving a minor or ward” in § 2252(b)(2) modifies only “abusive sexual
conduct” and not “aggravated sexual abuse” or “sexual abuse.” 

Thus,
§ 2252(b)(2) “applies to prior state convictions for ‘sexual abuse’ and ‘aggravated
sexual abuse,’ whether or not the convictions involved a minor or ward.” 

The language in § 2252(b)(2) analyzed in Lockhart is identical to the language in
§ 2252(b)(1), and so we must determine whether Lockhart controls in this case.

       Knowles asserts that our court has previously determined that the phrase
“involving a minor or ward” modifies all three prior-conviction categories
immediately preceding that phrase. It is true that in several cases we have assumed,
although without substantive discussion and without directly deciding, that
“involving a minor or ward” applies to all three prior-conviction categories listed in
§ 2252(b)(1) or in one of the federal sentencing-enhancement provisions that use
identical language.3 See, e.g., United States v. Linngren, 

, 870-71 (8th
Cir. 2011), cert. denied, 

(2012) (construing § 2252(b)(1)); United
States v. Hunter, 

, 830-31 (8th Cir. 2007) (construing § 2252A(b)(2));
United States v. Weis, 

, 1151 (8th Cir. 2007) (construing § 2252(b)(1));


      3
       The three prior-conviction categories enumerated in § 2252(b)(1), i.e., prior
convictions “under the laws of any State relating to aggravated sexual abuse, sexual
abuse, or abusive sexual conduct involving a minor or ward,” also appear in identical
form in three related sentencing-enhancement provisions set forth in Chapter 110 of
Title 18 of the United States Code. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252(b)(2), 2252A(b)(1),
2252A(b)(2).

                                         -3-
United States v. Trogdon, 

, 621 (8th Cir. 2003) (construing
§ 2252A(b)(1)).

       Although the Supreme Court indicated otherwise in Lockhart, we have never
squarely addressed the issue presented in this appeal in circumstances in which a
determination of the issue was necessary to the resolution of the case, and so we are
not bound by the dicta in those earlier cases. “Questions which merely lurk in the
record, neither brought to the attention of the court nor ruled upon, are not to be
considered as having been so decided as to constitute precedents.” Webster v. Fall,

, 511 (1925); see Brecht v. Abrahamson, 

, 631 (1993)
(noting that when a court has “never squarely addressed the issue, and ha[s] at most
assumed” an answer, the court is “free to address the issue on the merits”); Prince v.
Kids Ark Learning Ctr., 

, 995 n.4 (8th Cir. 2010) (per curiam)
(“[U]nstated assumptions on non-litigated issues are not precedential holdings
binding future decisions.” (citation omitted)). In light of Lockhart, we now hold that
the phrase “involving a minor or ward” in § 2252(b)(1) modifies only “abusive sexual
conduct” and not “aggravated sexual abuse” or “sexual abuse.”4 Thus, a prior state
conviction triggers a sentencing enhancement under § 2252(b)(1) if the state statute
relates to one of three enumerated categories of offense: aggravated sexual abuse, or
sexual abuse, or abusive sexual conduct involving a minor or ward.

      In United States v. Sonnenberg, 

, 669-70 (8th Cir. 2009), we
employed a categorical approach, see Taylor v. United States, 

, 600
(1990), to determine whether the defendant’s state conviction for lascivious acts with
children triggered a sentencing enhancement under § 2252(b)(1). We noted that

      4
       In United States v. Sumner, No. 15-1509, slip op. at 4 n.2 (8th Cir. Mar. 21,
2016), we observed that the holding in Lockhart could be applied when § 2252(b)(1)
was at issue, but we declined to apply Lockhart in that case “in light of our
conclusion that Sumner’s prior conviction was for ‘abusive sexual conduct involving
a minor.’”

                                         -4-
“[u]nder this approach, the sentencing court looks to the fact of conviction and the
statutory definition of the prior offense and determines whether the full range of
conduct encompassed by the state statute qualifies to enhance the sentence.”

. We then considered the text of the relevant state
statute, using the categorical approach, and held that because the full range of conduct
prohibited under the state statute related to “sexual abuse,” the fact of conviction
itself established that the § 2252(b)(1) enhancement applied. 

We also
noted that for the defendant’s prior state conviction to trigger a sentencing
enhancement, it “must stand in some relation to” one of the three prior-conviction
categories of § 2252(b)(1).

       Employing the same approach here, we conclude that a conviction for third-
degree sexual assault under Nebraska Revised Statutes § 28-320 categorically
triggered a sentencing enhancement under § 2252(b)(1). The Nebraska statute in
effect at the time Knowles committed his offense was titled, “Sexual assault; second
or third degree; penalty,” and stated:

      (1) Any person who subjects another person to sexual contact (a)
      without consent of the victim, or (b) who knew or should have known
      that the victim was physically or mentally incapable of resisting or
      appraising the nature of his or her conduct is guilty of sexual assault in
      either the second degree or third degree.

      (2) Sexual assault shall be in the second degree and is a Class III felony
      if the actor shall have caused serious personal injury to the victim.

      (3) Sexual assault shall be in the third degree and is a Class I
      misdemeanor if the actor shall not have caused serious personal injury
      to the victim.

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-320 (1998). The Nebraska Revised Statutes define “sexual
contact” to mean:


                                          -5-
       [T]he intentional touching of the victim’s sexual or intimate parts or the
       intentional touching of the victim’s clothing covering the immediate
       area of the victim’s sexual or intimate parts. Sexual contact shall also
       mean the touching by the victim of the actor’s sexual or intimate parts
       or the clothing covering the immediate area of the actor’s sexual or
       intimate parts when such touching is intentionally caused by the actor.
       Sexual contact shall include only such conduct which can be reasonably
       construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification of
       either party. Sexual contact shall also include the touching of a child
       with the actor’s sexual or intimate parts on any part of the child’s body
       for purposes of sexual assault of a child . . . .

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-318(5). In United States v. Cover, 

, 481 (8th Cir.
2013), we concluded that the Nebraska statutory definition of sexual contact set forth
above “fits squarely within our definition of sexual abuse under § 2252(b)(2), which
requires that the conviction ‘relate to the physical or non-physical misuse or
maltreatment of a [victim] for a purpose associated with sexual gratification.’” Using
the categorical approach, we held that any conviction under the Nebraska statute at
issue was sufficient to trigger a sentencing enhancement under § 2252(b)(2) and that
“[w]e need not look to the facts underlying [the] conviction, since the conviction
itself triggers the mandatory minimum under” § 2252(b)(2). 

      The same holds true in this case. A conviction for sexual assault under
Nebraska Revised Statutes § 28-320, i.e., a conviction for subjecting another person
“to sexual contact” without that person’s consent, categorically “relat[es] to . . .
sexual abuse” under § 2252(b)(1). Because Knowles’s conviction for third-degree
sexual assault under the Nebraska statute was categorically a “prior conviction . . .
under the laws of any State relating to . . . sexual abuse,” the district court did not err
in imposing a fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence under § 2252(b)(1). And
because the § 2252(b)(1) sentencing enhancement is triggered by any conviction
under § 28-320 of the Nebraska Revised Statutes—regardless of the facts underlying
a particular conviction—we need not reach Knowles’s argument that, under

                                           -6-
Descamps v. United States, 

(2013), the district court erred by
considering the facts underlying his Nebraska conviction.

      The judgment is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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