United States Court of Appeals
                              For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                  No. 15-2078
                          ___________________________

                               United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                                   Daniel Nok Musa

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                        ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                               Submitted: May 16, 2016
                                 Filed: July 28, 2016
                                   ____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                                    ____________

KELLY, Circuit Judge.

      Daniel Nok Musa pleaded guilty, without a written plea agreement, to 14
counts of failing to pay to the Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.) the full amount of his
employees’ tax withholdings, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7202. The district court
sentenced Musa to 51 months’ imprisonment on all 14 counts, to be served
concurrently. Musa appeals, challenging the court’s application of a four-level
leadership enhancement under USSG § 3B1.1(a). Because we find that the district
court did not make the required findings for this enhancement, we remand to the
district court.

                                            I.

       Musa was the owner and president of a home health care service. Beginning
in the first quarter of 2006 and continuing through September 2009, Musa failed to
forward all of the federal income taxes and FICA taxes withheld from his employees’
paychecks to the I.R.S. Instead, he spent the money. As the I.R.S. attempted to
collect the unpaid taxes, Musa changed the name of his home health care service and
placed various properties and businesses in the names of his wife and three children.

     In calculating Musa’s advisory sentencing guidelines, the probation office
recommended Musa be given a four-level enhancement for his role in the offense.
See USSG § 3B1.1. The probation officer recommended the adjustment because:

      Musa controlled and exercised complete decision making authority over
      the six businesses he created over an extended (11 year) period of time.
      His conduct involved a degree of authority as he moved from one
      business to another in order to evade taxes. Further, investigative
      materials indicate that Musa created false documents to make it appear
      that at least one business, LLPCA[,] had been run by his daughter.

Musa objected that this was a one-person offense and that being in control of various
entities did not elevate his role into that of a leader or organizer. The probation office
responded that the four-level role enhancement was warranted because the offense
involved criminal activity that was “otherwise extensive,” “Musa controlled and
exercised complete decision making authority over the six businesses he created” and



                                           -2-
his “conduct involved a degree of authority as he moved from one business to another
in order to evade taxes.”

       At the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Musa’s objection,
stating:

      I find that regardless of whether there were others involved in this
      criminal activity, there is the ‘or was otherwise extensive’ provision, and
      I think this was clearly extensive, this situation. Mr. Musa had authority
      over six businesses [over] an 11-year extended period of time. He
      certainly had authority because he moved from one business to another
      in order to evade taxes, created false documents.

The district court then imposed the four-level enhancement.

                                          II.

      On appeal, Musa contends the district court erred in imposing a four-level
leadership-role enhancement because the court failed to identify any other participant
whose activities Musa directed. We review a district court’s factual findings
regarding whether a leadership enhancement is warranted for clear error and its legal
conclusions de novo. United States v. Adetiloye, 

, 1037 (8th Cir.
2013). It is the government’s burden to prove a leadership enhancement applies by
a preponderance of the evidence. 

§ 3B1.1(a) allows a four-level increase in a defendant’s
offense level “[i]f the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that
involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” In order for the
leadership enhancement to apply, the government must prove two elements. First, the
government must prove the defendant organized or led at least one other participant
in the criminal activity. USSG § 3B1.1 cmt. n.2; see also United States v. Adejumo,

                                          -3-


, 532 (8th Cir.2014) (noting that “[w]e have always required evidence
that the defendant directed or procured the aid of underlings” (quoting United States
v. Irlmeier, 

, 764 (8th Cir. 2014)). Second, the government must prove
the criminal activity involved at least five participants or was “otherwise extensive.”
USSG § 3B1.1(a); see also United States v. Vasquez-Rubio, 

, 729 (8th
Cir. 2002). “A ‘participant’ is a person who is criminally responsible for the
commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted.” USSG § 3B1.1 cmt.
n.1; see also 

. “A person who is not criminally
responsible for the commission of the offense (e.g., an undercover law enforcement
officer) is not a participant.” USSG § 3B1.1 cmt. n.1.

       The government asserts the district court implicitly found that Musa’s family
members were “participants” by adopting the information contained in the
Presentence Report (PSR). Although we generally construe the terms “organizer” and
“leader” broadly, see United States v. Bolden, 

, 983 (8th Cir. 2010), in
order for a defendant to be an organizer or leader, there must be some evidence that
he directed at least one other participant. United States v. Rodriguez-Ramos, 

, 365 (8th Cir. 2011). Here, the court specifically stated that the
enhancement applied “regardless of whether there were others involved in this
criminal activity.” There was no discussion regarding the necessary elements of the
enhancement during the sentencing hearing. The only facts cited by the district court
concerned Musa’s control over different business entities, not other people. Finally,
both the PSR and the government’s position on sentencing suggested the
enhancement could apply based on Musa’s criminal activity simply being “otherwise
extensive,” without addressing whether Musa directed or organized someone else.

       On this record, we cannot say that the district court made the required finding
that Musa organized or led at least one other participant in the criminal scheme to
justify the four-level enhancement. Accordingly, we remand the case to provide the
district court the opportunity to clarify whether Musa organized or led at least one

                                         -4-
other participant, and to identify what evidence in this record supports that finding.1
If the record fails to support such a finding, the district court should proceed
accordingly.

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       The district court found that appellant Daniel Musa was an organizer or leader
of criminal activity that was “otherwise extensive.” See USSG § 3B1.1(a). I concur
in the opinion of the court remanding for clarification because it holds only that the
district court did not make an adequate finding about whether Musa organized or led
another participant in the criminal activity. See 

The government
argues on appeal that the adjustment was appropriate because the district court
adopted facts in the presentence report establishing that Musa’s wife and children
were participants in criminal activity organized or led by Musa. The court’s opinion
does not address the sufficiency of this evidence; it holds only that the district court
did not make the required finding that Musa organized or led another participant. The
government also argues that the judgment could be affirmed on the alternative ground
that Musa’s criminal activity involved at least five criminally responsible participants.
The district court made no finding on this issue, and the opinion does not address it.
Ante, at 5 n.1. The opinion also does not address whether the record would support
an upward departure or variance from the advisory guideline range if Musa did not
organize or lead another participant. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1); USSG § 3B1.1,
comment. (n.2). On these understandings, I concur.
                        ______________________________



      1
       Because we are remanding for clarification of whether the government showed
Musa organized or led at least one other participant—a necessary element for a
leadership enhancement—we do not address whether the government showed that the
criminal activity “involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.”
USSG § 3B1.1(a).

                                          -5-