United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 16-1462
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                         lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                            v.

                   Keith A. Graves, also known as Chris Woods

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of North Dakota - Bismarck
                                   ____________

                            Submitted: February 6, 2017
                               Filed: May 10, 2017
                                   [Published]
                                 ____________

Before LOKEN, COLLOTON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

PER CURIAM.

       After a lengthy trial at which Keith A. Graves represented himself with the help
of stand-by counsel, a jury convicted Graves of five counts of sex trafficking by force
or coercion and two counts of possession and distribution of methamphetamine. See
18 U.S.C. §§ 1591(a), (b)(1); 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 844(a). The jury acquitted
Graves of four sex trafficking offenses. The district court1 sentenced him to 405
months in prison. On appeal, represented by stand-by trial counsel, Graves argues he
was denied a fair trial when the government produced voluminous discovery in a
manner Graves could not effectively access while in pretrial detention and use at trial,
and the district court denied his request for a continuance made on the morning his
long-delayed trial was scheduled to begin. We affirm.

       At his arraignment on a superseding indictment, Graves told the magistrate
judge that he wanted to represent himself because appointed counsel, an assistant
federal public defender, was “working together” with the prosecutor to violate “my
constitutional rights to a speedy trial.” On May 18, 2015, the district court held a
hearing on counsel’s motion to withdraw. The court gave Graves a lengthy warning
about the dangers of self-representation; Graves again said he wanted to represent
himself. Finding that he was mentally competent and made a knowing and voluntary
waiver of his right to counsel, the court allowed him to proceed pro se and appointed
stand-by counsel.

       At this hearing, the court asked if Graves had access to the government’s
discovery. The prosecutor advised that extensive discovery had been provided on
twenty-two disks pursuant to a stipulated discovery order. Graves complained that
he did not have access to electronic discovery at the detention facility in Rugby and
no access to FBI interview reports. The court directed the U.S. Marshals Service to
ensure there was a room with a computer at the Rugby facility where Graves could
look at the discovery “more than an hour a day.” Graves said, “I’ll look at everything
every day until I go to trial,” and said he would be ready for a mid-July trial.




      1
       The Honorable Daniel L. Hovland, Chief Judge of the United States District
Court for the District of North Dakota.

                                          -2-
       At a June 23, 2015 status conference, the prosecutor assured the court, “We
sent all the discovery out.” Graves said he had reviewed eight of the twenty-four CDs
and complained that he needed more time to prepare for trial because “I can’t get any
paper copies of anything at all,” and the laptop in Rugby “doesn’t really play all the
programs.” The court explained that it was standard policy not to allow inmates in
custody awaiting trial to have paper copies of discovery that could “get in the wrong
hands.” The court said this is why “most people rely upon an attorney to accumulate
that information and conduct the investigation.” The court granted Graves a
continuance, assured him “we can find another laptop computer, and . . . set aside
more time for you to look at those images,” granted Graves’s belated request for an
investigator, and advised Graves to consult with stand-by counsel. On September 15,
the court ordered Graves transferred from the jail in Rugby to the Burleigh County
Detention Center in Bismarck, where he would be provided a computer with
appropriate software to aid in his review of discovery.

        At the start of a pretrial conference on September 28, the court noted trial was
scheduled for two weeks beginning October 19 and discussed “how this trial is going
to proceed.” The court instructed Graves to immediately contact stand-by counsel,
who would contact the clerk of court, if Graves had problems reviewing discovery.
Graves replied, “Well, so far, Your Honor, I haven’t been able to review it,” and
asked how he would be able to separate the information and present it as exhibits.
The court instructed the U.S. Marshal to make sure Graves has “full access to a
laptop” at the Detention Center and said, if they cannot do it, provide Graves a room
at the federal courthouse where he can sit all day and look at discovery. The court
advised Graves to work with stand-by counsel to develop trial exhibits. Graves
complained he had not been provided an investigator. The court replied, “I never
received any letter from you requesting private investigator funds,” awarded funds
for an investigator, and instructed stand-by counsel to help arrange interviews of
persons Graves wanted interviewed. Graves also complained that “some of these



                                          -3-
discoveries disks . . . don’t even work.” The prosecutor explained that, with
electronic device discovery, sometimes there is nothing to view.

       On October 19, before selecting the jury, the district court gathered counsel and
Graves to discuss the preliminary jury instructions. Graves stated he had not
reviewed all the discovery, “and basically I’m unprepared to go forward with trial.”
The court replied: “I had you transported to Bismarck to eliminate all of these
problems . . . why didn’t you bring these to my attention sometime in the last three
weeks? . . . I’ve made it crystal clear that there would be no further continuances.”
After lengthy complaints by Graves, the court observed: “according to [Detention
Center] records . . . you’ve only used the computer over there seven hours in the last
three weeks. . . . and you haven’t contacted me to let me know that you’ve had any
problems whatsoever about the government’s evidence and making sure that you’ve
seen it all and contemplated it all.” After confirming that the government had
complied with its discovery obligations, the court denied Graves a continuance.

       The lengthy trial transcript demonstrates that Graves made considerable use of
the government’s discovery in representing himself at trial, and that the district court
liberally allowed him to introduce discovery materials and use them to impeach
government witnesses.

      On appeal, Graves first argues that he was denied a fair trial because the
government did not produce over 6,000 pages of discovery in a timely manner and
usable form that gave Graves an opportunity to review discovery, investigate the case,
and work with stand-by counsel to subpoena witnesses and prepare exhibits for trial.
After careful review of the trial and pretrial record, we disagree. There is no claim
the government failed to comply with its disclosure requirements under Rules
16(a)(1)(A), (E), (F), or 26.2 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.




                                          -4-
        Rule 16 does not address the form discovery must take, and the “open
discovery file” provided by the government in this case allowed Graves access to
material that was not required by rule, statute, or the Constitution. Counsel signed
a stipulated discovery and protective order early in the case that permitted the
government to produce discovery in digital format and denied Graves paper copies
while detained. Graves cites no authority requiring the government to produce
electronic discovery in a particular fashion. See United States v. Warshak, 

, 296 (6th Cir. 2010). The district court made great effort to assure that Graves
had timely computer access to the discovery. It granted a continuance, moved Graves
to a detention facility closer to the courthouse, and instructed the U.S. Marshals
Service to ensure the detention center provided Graves adequate computer access, or
to provide him a room at the courthouse for that purpose. The record discloses that
Graves was provided a pretrial investigator, subpoenaed numerous defense witnesses
for trial, and made use of the government’s discovery at trial. Finally, and perhaps
most importantly, Graves provides no instances where lack of access to specific
discovery prejudiced his trial defense. In these circumstances, we conclude the
government did not deny Graves his constitutional right to a fair trial, and the district
court did not abuse its discretion in responding to his numerous discovery complaints.

       Graves next argues the district court abused its discretion in denying his day-
of-trial motion for another continuance. We disfavor continuances, particularly on
the eve of trial, and will reverse only if the district court abused its broad discretion
and the moving party was prejudiced. See United States v. Chahia, 

, 896
(8th Cir. 2008). Here, the district court granted Graves a lengthy continuance, told
him to alert stand-by counsel immediately if the court’s efforts to resolve his
discovery problems were not working, and warned that no further continuances would
be granted. The court also again advised that Graves was unwise to represent himself
and said he could turn to his well-prepared stand-by counsel to conduct the trial at
any time. Graves then appeared the morning of trial, advised the court of myriad,
previously undisclosed discovery complaints that made him unprepared for trial, but

                                          -5-
admitted that he had looked at discovery only seven hours the previous three weeks.
The court did not abuse its discretion in denying this untimely request. Moreover,
Graves has failed to show prejudice, “that, if the continuance had been granted, the
result of the trial would have been different.” United States v. Hyles, 

,
968 (8th Cir. 2007).

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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