United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 16-1747
                         ___________________________

        Samuel Zean, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant

                                            v.

                              Fairview Health Services

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                   ____________

                           Submitted: December 13, 2016
                               Filed: May 26, 2017
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, MURPHY, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       Fairview Health Services is a nonprofit corporation that operates hospitals and
clinics in Minnesota and sells medical devices under the business name Fairview
Home Medical Equipment (“Fairview”). Samuel Zean brought this putative class
action, alleging that after purchasing a medical device from Fairview he received
numerous telemarketing calls and voicemail messages soliciting him to buy home
medical supplies from Fairview, calls that violated the Telephone Consumer
Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227. The district court1 granted Fairview’s
motion to dismiss, concluding that Zean had not stated a plausible claim that Fairview
made calls without the “prior express consent of the called party.” Zean v. Fairview
Health Servs., 

(D. Minn. 2016), quoting 47 U.S.C.
§ 227(b)(1)(A). Zean appeals, arguing the court erred in ruling that consent is an
element of his TCPA claim, relying on documents that were not embraced by the
complaint, and finding that the calls were within the scope of his consent. Reviewing
the Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal de novo, we affirm. See Quintero Cmty. Ass’n v.
F.D.I.C., 

, 1011 (8th Cir. 2015) (standard of review).

                                              I.

       Recognizing that automated calls are often a nuisance and an invasion of
privacy, Congress passed the TCPA to balance “individuals’ privacy rights, public
safety interests, and commercial freedoms of speech and trade.” Mais v. Gulf Coast
Collection Bureau, Inc., 

, 1117 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotations omitted).
As relevant here, the statute prohibits any person from making “any call (other than
a call made . . . with the prior express consent of the called party) using an automatic
telephone dialing system or an artificial or prerecorded voice . . . to any telephone
number assigned to a . . . cellular telephone service.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii).

       Congress gave the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) detailed
directions to “prescribe regulations to implement the requirements of this subsection”
in § 227(b)(2), and enacted a private right of action “based on a violation of this
subsection or the regulations prescribed under this subsection” in § 227(b)(3). The
FCC regulations provide that a nonprofit organization such as Fairview may not
“[i]nitiate . . . any telephone call that . . . constitutes telemarketing . . . to any [cellular


       1
      The Honorable Paul A. Magnuson, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.

                                              -2-
telephone number] other than a call made with . . . the prior express consent of the
called party.” 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(a)(2). Under the Hobbs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2342 et
seq., federal courts lack jurisdiction over challenges to FCC orders and regulations
“other than on appeals arising from agency proceedings.” Nack v. Walburg, 

, 682 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2013).

         The FCC has issued a series of Rules and Regulations implementing the TCPA
that are relevant to the issues on appeal. The 1992 Rules stated that “persons who
knowingly release their phone numbers have in effect given their invitation or
permission to be called at the number which they have given, absent instructions to
the contrary.” In the Matter of Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone
Consumer Protection Act of 1991, 7 FCC Rcd. 8752, 8769 (Oct. 16, 1992). The 2008
Rules clarified “that autodialed and prerecorded message calls to wireless numbers
that are provided by the called party to a creditor in connection with an existing debt
are permissible calls made with the ‘prior express consent’ of the called party.” In the
Matter of Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection
Act of 1991, 23 FCC Rcd. 559, 568 (Jan. 4, 2008). However, “prior express consent
is deemed to be granted only if the wireless number was provided by the consumer
. . . during the transaction that resulted in the debt owed.” 

In addition,
because “creditors are in the best position to have records . . . showing such consent,”
if a question arises as to whether express consent was provided, “the burden will be
on the creditor to show it obtained the necessary prior express consent.” 

        The FCC’s 2015 Rules applied the agency’s 2008 interpretation to more than
debt collection: “regardless of the means by which a caller obtains consent, under
longstanding Commission precedent, if any question arises as to whether prior
express consent was provided by a call recipient, the burden is on the caller to prove
that it obtained the necessary prior express consent.” In the Matter of Rules and
Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, 30 FCC
Rcd. 7961, 7990 (July 10, 2015). The FCC also confirmed that “the scope of consent

                                          -3-
must be determined upon the facts of each situation.” 

(quotations
omitted). “[N]either the Commission’s rules nor its orders require any specific
method by which a caller must obtain . . . prior express consent.” 

                                         II.

       Zean’s Class Action Complaint alleged that he purchased a medical device
from Fairview in September 2014 that requires periodic purchases of replacement
supplies. Zean began receiving on his cellular telephone automated telemarketing
calls from Fairview referring to the device he had purchased and asking if he would
like Fairview to send replacement supplies, including masks, headgear, filters, and
tubing. When the calls went to Zean’s voicemail, Fairview left a two-and-a-half-
minute prerecorded message instructing Zean to press one to receive supplies, or
press two if he did not wish to receive supplies. The Complaint alleged that Zean
received approximately twenty-five calls between September 2014 and August 2015,
when he filed the Complaint. He further alleged that he asked a Fairview employee
to refrain from calling him with supply offers. “The employee agreed, and instructed
Plaintiff to call . . . when he needed to order supplies.” The Complaint did not date
that conversation or allege that Fairview made any automated telemarketing calls
after Zean asked Fairview to stop calling. Paragraph 40 alleged:

             40. The telephone calls were made and the voicemail messages
      left through the use of an automated dialing service or an artificial or
      prerecorded voice and without the express written consent of [Zean] and
      the proposed Class members.

      Fairview moved to dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim. In
support, Fairview submitted employee Jill McCartney’s declaration attaching two
“Fairview business records relating to the Plaintiff, Samuel Zean.” Exhibit A,



                                         -4-
identified as a “true and correct copy of a redacted Fairview business record executed
by Plaintiff,” includes the following unredacted text:

      Communication: I understand Fairview may need to contact me in
      regard to my services and accounts. I give permission for Fairview and
      its approved agents to contact me by phone (including my cell phone).
      This may include the use of auto-dialers or pre-recorded messages.

Below this line and more redacted text are Zean’s unredacted signature and the date,
“8-29-14.” Exhibit B, identified as a “true and correct copy of a redacted Fairview
business record in which Plaintiff provided his cellular telephone number to
Fairview,” is a heavily redacted document that includes a heading, “Questionnaire,”
followed by unredacted text: “Name: Samuel G. Zean,” and “cell phone . . . -1594.”
On page 6 appear Zean’s unredacted signature and a date, “8/23/13.”

      At the hearing on Fairview’s motion to dismiss, counsel for Zean argued:

            Defendant has submitted the Affidavit of Jill McCartney and two
      exhibits, Exhibit A and Exhibit B, on which they ask the Court to rule
      as a matter of law that Plaintiff provided consent within the meaning of
      the TCPA. This is Exhibit A, and it is completely redacted. We do not
      know what it is. . . . [E]verything is redacted except what purports to be
      my client’s signature and the date and this assertion . . . that he
      understands Fairview may need to contact him in regard to their services
      and accounts, and he gives permission to have them contact him. Again,
      we do not know what this is. My client hasn’t seen it, doesn’t have a
      copy of it. I haven’t seen it, and the Court hasn’t seen it without
      redactions. So, it’s obviously a very private document.

             This is Exhibit B. . . . It is completely redacted except for the last
      page, which interestingly was signed a year earlier than Exhibit A. My
      client . . . purchased a medical device from Fairview in September of
      2014. This was signed apparently in 2013.


                                          -5-
The district court asked counsel for Fairview during rebuttal, “How in the blazes do
you expect me to trust documents that are totally redacted?” Counsel replied, “I
would love, actually, to be able to have the full documents before you . . . . [b]ut I
think I’ve got a problem under [HIPAA], and I think I’ve got a bigger problem under
the Minnesota Health Records Act.2 . . . You actually have to have a written, signed
consent and authorization to release records from a patient with protected health
information.” Counsel for Zean did not reply to this colloquy.

       The district court granted Fairview’s motion to dismiss, concluding that the
plain language of 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A) means that “lack of prior express consent
is an element of a Zean’s prima facie case under the TCPA,” that Exhibits A and B
are documents “embraced by the pleadings” that may be considered in deciding the
motion to dismiss, and that Exhibits A and B establish that Zean gave Fairview prior
express consent to make calls to his cell phone relating to the purchase of replacement
supplies for the medical device he purchased from Fairview. 

.

                                           III.

       “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”

, quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009). A
claim is facially plausible if “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court
to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” 

.


      2
       These were references to restrictions in the federal Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) and in the Minnesota Health Records
Act (“MHRA”), Minn. Stat. § 144.293, subd. 1, which controls if its restrictions are
more stringent than HIPAA’s. See 45 C.F.R. § 160.203(b).

                                           -6-
       A. On appeal, Zean first argues the district court erred in concluding, contrary
to governing FCC rulings, that lack of “prior express consent” is an element of his
prima facie TCPA case, rather than an affirmative defense that Fairview must plead
and prove. This contention ignores the relevant inquiry. The TCPA statute provides
that Fairview is not liable if it made the calls in question “with the prior express
consent of the called party.” Regardless of which party bears the ultimate burden of
persuasion on the question of consent,3 Zean’s Class Action Complaint would not
have stated a facially plausible claim for TCPA relief without an allegation that
Fairview did not have his “prior express consent” to make the calls. Moreover, even
if a TCPA complaint lacking a no-consent allegation could survive a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion to dismiss, Zean’s Complaint in fact included that allegation.

      Thus, whether consent is an affirmative defense is irrelevant to the Rule
12(b)(6) inquiry under Iqbal. If an affirmative defense “is apparent on the face of the


      3
        The FCC rule is sensible, based on callers’ superior access to records likely
to show consent. See Schaffer v. Weast, 

, 60 (2005) (“[T]he ordinary
rule, based on considerations of fairness, does not place the burden upon a litigant of
establishing facts peculiarly within the knowledge of his adversary.”). Other circuits
applying the FCC’s rule have noted that consent is an “affirmative defense.” See Van
Patten v. Vertical Fitness Group, LLC, 

, 1044 (9th Cir. 2017); Murphy
v. DCI Biologicals Orlando, LLC, 

, 1305 (11th Cir. 2015). But the
FCC’s 2015 Order did not use the term “affirmative defense” and did not address the
“important distinction between [a defendant’s] burden of going forward with
evidence establishing a prima facie case for [a defense or exception], and [a
plaintiff’s] ultimate burden of persuasion.” NLRB v. Seedorff Masonry, Inc., 

, 1168 (8th Cir. 2016). The “ordinary default rule [is] that plaintiffs bear
the risk of failing to prove their claims.” 

. In this case, we
need not, and do not, decide whether the FCC’s characterization of consent as the
caller’s burden should be construed as limited to the burden of going forward with
evidence on the issue. Cf. Dir., Office of Workers’ Comp. Programs, Dep’t of Labor
v. Greenwich Collieries, 

, 272 (1994).


                                         -7-
complaint . . . [it] can provide the basis for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6).” Noble
Sys. Corp. v. Alorica Cent., LLC, 

, 983 (8th Cir. 2008) (citation
omitted); see Steinhoff v. Star Tribune Media Co., 

, at *3 (D.
Minn. Mar. 24, 2014) (dismissing TCPA claim on pleadings where prior express
consent was apparent).

      B. Zean next contends the district court erred in dismissing his Complaint
because his prior express consent was not apparent from the face of the Complaint,
and the district court erred in considering Exhibits A and B because they were not
“embraced” by the Complaint. This is a recurring issue presented in a novel context.
“Though ‘matters outside the pleadings’ may not be considered in deciding a Rule 12
motion to dismiss, documents necessarily embraced by the complaint are not matters
outside the pleading.” Enervations, Inc. v. Minn. Min. & Mfg. Co., 

,
1069 (8th Cir. 2004) (quotations omitted). If matters outside the pleadings “are
presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for
summary judgment under Rule 56.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d).

      In general, materials embraced by the complaint include “documents whose
contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but
which are not physically attached to the pleadings.” Ashanti v. City of Golden
Valley, 

, 1151 (8th Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted). Stated more
comprehensively:

      While courts primarily consider the allegations in the complaint in
      determining whether to grant a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, courts additionally
      consider “matters incorporated by reference or integral to the claim,
      items subject to judicial notice, matters of public record, orders, items
      appearing in the record of the case, and exhibits attached to the
      complaint whose authenticity is unquestioned;” without converting the
      motion into one for summary judgment.



                                        -8-
Miller v. Redwood Toxicology Lab, Inc., 

, 931 n.3 (8th Cir. 2012),
quoting 5B Wright & Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 1357 (3d ed. 2004).

       Zean argues that Exhibits A and B were not embraced by his Complaint
because they contradict the no-consent allegation in Paragraph 40. It is generally true
that the district court must convert a Rule 12(b)(6) motion into one for summary
judgment if it considers evidence “in opposition to the pleading.” BJC Health Sys.
v. Columbia Cas. Co., 

, 688 (8th Cir. 2003). But the issue is not so
simple in this case. “In a case involving a contract, the court may examine the
contract documents in deciding a motion to dismiss.” Stahl v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric.,

, 700 (8th Cir. 2003). This is true even if contract documents not
attached to the complaint refute a breach-of-contract claim, or a claim that defendant
breached a statutory or common law duty. See Gorog v. Best Buy Co., 

,
793 (8th Cir. 2014); Dittmer Props., L.P. v. F.D.I.C., 

, 1021 (8th Cir.
2013); 

; Steinhoff, 

, at *2 (order
form providing plaintiff’s cellular number “embraced by” TCPA pleadings).

       Here, the Complaint alleged breach of a statutory TCPA duty arising out of a
contractual relationship, Zean’s purchase of a medical device from Fairview. The
Complaint alleged in conclusory fashion that Zean did not give Fairview express
consent to make the calls. Exhibits A and B purport to be documents reflecting the
contractual relationship that refute this conclusory allegation. Courts “are not bound
to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation.” 

(quotation omitted). In these circumstances we agree with the district court
that “the exhibits at issue are embraced by the pleadings and will be considered by the
Court.” 

.

       C. Zean further argues that the district court erred in considering the heavily
redacted Exhibits A and B because he challenged their authenticity. We do not doubt
that a genuine dispute as to the authenticity of a document claimed to be embraced

                                         -9-
by the pleadings may require conversion of a motion to dismiss into one for summary
judgment. But in this case, authenticity is a bogus issue.

       Fairview submitted Exhibits A and B with its motion to dismiss. In response,
Zean argued that the motion was based on matters outside the pleadings and that, “on
its face, the purported written consent” did not extend “to prerecorded, telemarketing
voicemails.” At the hearing, counsel for Zean referred to the apparent consent
reflected in Exhibit A and complained, “we do not know what this is.” Though Zean
objected to the district court considering these exhibits, at no time did Zean argue that
the documents were not properly authenticated in accordance with Rule 901 of the
Federal Rules of Evidence. Thus, the district court did not commit plain error in
concluding that Exhibits A and B were properly authenticated documents reflecting
an aspect of the parties’ contractual relationship. See Woods v. Wells Fargo Bank,

, 356 (1st Cir. 2013); Davis v. HSBC Bank Nev., 

, 1160-
61 (9th Cir. 2012); Kling v. Fidelity Mgmt. Trust Co., 

, 127-28
(D. Mass. 2003).

       In response to Zean’s objection, Counsel for Fairview explained that disclosure
of the unredacted document without Zean’s consent risked violating HIPAA and the
more stringent MHRA. Zean did not respond further at the hearing. And at no time
before the district court ruled did Zean (i) give consent to disclose the unredacted
documents, (ii) affirm or deny that he signed Exhibit A and Exhibit B and they are or
are not part of his contractual relationship with one or more Fairview entities, or (iii)
ask the court to convert the motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment and
permit limited discovery on the issues of prior express consent, the scope of any prior
consent given, and the authenticity of Exhibits A and B. The reason for this tactical
decision is not hard to infer, because opening up these fact-intensive issues would
likely preclude class certification or establish that Zean was not a member of the
putative class. Given the contractual relationship alleged in the Complaint, the



                                          -10-
district court did not err in considering the documents as reflecting Zean’s pre-
purchase consent.

         D. Zean next argues the district court erred in finding that Fairview’s
telemarketing calls were within the scope of the consent established by Exhibit A to
call the cell phone number appearing on Exhibit B. Pointing to the first sentence, “I
understand Fairview may need to contact me,” Zean argues Fairview has not shown
a need to contact. The district court noted that the FCC’s 2015 Rule provided “that
the call must be closely related to the purpose for which the telephone number was
originally provided.” 30 FCC Rcd. at 8029 n.474. Here, the court concluded, Zean
expressly consented to Fairview calling his cell phone number in regard to services
and accounts. “Although Fairview may have been trying to ensure that it, rather than
another supplier, procured Zean’s business, the calls also served as a reminder and
a means for Zean to purchase new supplies for his medical equipment.” 

at 1134-35. We agree. Looking to the Complaint and Exhibits A and B, which
are contractual documents embraced by the Complaint, it is apparent that Zean gave
his prior express consent for the calls at issue. Accordingly, the Complaint failed to
state a claim. “[W]hether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief . . . [is] a
context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial
experience and common sense.” 

.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

KELLY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       I respectfully dissent because I disagree with the court’s conclusion in Part
III.C that the authenticity of the documents (Exhibits A and B) is not a viable issue
in genuine dispute. Fairview attached to its motion to dismiss a declaration from a
Fairview employee, along with two exhibits that Fairview characterizes as business
documents. Exhibit A consists of two pages. The first page is entirely redacted; it

                                        -11-
contains no visible text aside from the designation “Page 1 of 2” in the bottom right-
hand corner. The second page is entirely redacted with these exceptions: a single
paragraph labeled “Communication,” which includes language regarding apparent
consent; a signature purportedly belonging to Zean; and a date, August 29, 2014.
Exhibit A does not contain Zean’s phone number or contact information.

       The second document, Exhibit B, contains even less. Of Exhibit B’s six pages,
four are entirely redacted—meaning that all of the text on each of these four pages,
save a page number, is covered by a large black box. As to the remaining two pages,
the first is redacted such that only the word “Questionnaire,” the handwritten printed
name Samuel G. Zean, and the last four digits of a cell phone number remain. The
second page contains only a signature that Fairview alleges belongs to Zean and a
date, August 23, 2013. Notably, Exhibit B—the only document containing a phone
number—is dated a full year before the purchase giving rise to the calls in this case
allegedly occurred. Neither Exhibit B nor the attached affidavit explains how Exhibit
B relates to Zean’s transaction with Fairview one year later or how Exhibit B relates
to Exhibit A.

      In deciding a motion to dismiss, a court may consider documents necessarily
embraced by the pleadings, including “documents whose contents are alleged in a
complaint and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically
attached to the pleadings.” 

(internal quotation omitted).
Assuming a contract between Fairview and Zean regarding his 2014 purchase is
necessarily embraced by the pleadings, the court has no evidence aside from
Fairview’s affidavit that these heavily redacted exhibits are that contract. See Court
v. Hall Cty., 

, 1172 (8th Cir. 1984) (defendant’s affidavit constitutes
matter outside the pleading that must be excluded in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion). And, the authenticity of the exhibits is disputed. Zean objected to the
court’s consideration of the exhibits in deciding the motion to dismiss in both his
written opposition and at oral argument.

                                        -12-
       Rule 12(b)(6) is not permissive. It states: “If, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6)
or 12(c), matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court,
the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(d); see also BJC Health Sys. v. Columbia Cas. Co., 

, 688 (8th
Cir. 2003) (finding error in district court’s consideration of documents outside the
pleadings where the documents “may or may not be the only legal agreements
relevant to [the plaintiff’s] alleged contract with [the defendant],” and “the documents
provided by [the defendant] were neither undisputed nor the sole basis for [the
plaintiff’s] complaint”). Despite Zean’s objections and the district court’s skepticism
about the exhibits, the court considered these documents in ruling on Fairview’s
motion to dismiss, finding that they were necessarily embraced by the pleadings.
Because I believe the court erred in relying on these heavily redacted and contested
documents without converting the motion into one for summary judgment, and Zean’s
complaint alleges that he did not consent to receive robocalls, cf. BJC Health 

(finding harmless error), I would remand the case.
                          ______________________________




                                         -13-