United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 16-3248
                         ___________________________

                              United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                                   John Hunter, Sr.

                       lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                      for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: March 10, 2017
                                Filed: July 10, 2017
                                  ____________

Before LOKEN, MURPHY, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.

       A jury convicted John Hunter, Sr. of one count of conspiracy to defraud the
United States by filing false income tax returns in early 2010; nine counts of filing
false claims for payment of tax refunds between February 2010 and January 2012;
and two counts of aggravated identity theft in January 2012. The district court1
denied Hunter’s motions for a new trial or judgment of acquittal and sentenced him
to 70 months in prison. Hunter appeals, arguing that the government failed to prove
the single conspiracy charged in the Second Superseding Indictment, and that the
district court abused its discretion in admitting certain evidence, improperly imposed
sentencing enhancements, and erred in denying his motion for a new trial based on
ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.

                             I. The Conspiracy Issue.

       Hunter’s primary contention on appeal is that the United States failed to prove
a single overarching conspiracy because the evidence showed multiple, separate
“rimless wheel conspiracies.” When reviewing this claim, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict. See United States v. Hamilton, 

, 863 (8th Cir. 2016).

      At trial, the government introduced 48 fraudulent 2009 income tax returns
claiming $231,494 in refunds, Hunter’s own return and the returns of 47 “filing co-
conspirators” who were relatives of Hunter, people who lived with his relatives, and
people who knew Hunter through church. The IRS paid refunds totaling $152,182.

       The 47 fraudulent returns filed on behalf of others were electronically filed in
early 2010 through a tax preparation website from IP addresses in Minnesota and
northwestern Wisconsin. The returns accurately reported the individual’s name, date
of birth, social security number, and address. Many falsely reported wages between
$13,000 to $16,000, income levels that supported claims for the maximum earned
income tax credit. Some claimed tax withholding refunds, supported by fake W-2


      1
      The Honorable David S. Doty, United States District Judge for the District of
Minnesota.

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forms from real employers. Others reported false refundable education credits and
fictitious withholding from gambling winnings. IRS agents contacted employers
listed on the returns and determined fictitious employment and wages were reported.

       To receive tax refunds, Hunter or a tax-preparer associate would take out a
prepaid debit card in the filing taxpayer’s name, using that individual’s correct social
security number and date of birth, and entering the debit card’s bank routing and
account number on the tax return. IRS refunds were deposited in those accounts.
Hunter would share a portion of the fraud proceeds with the filer.

      IRS agents subpoenaed wireless providers associated with the IP addresses
from which the returns were filed. The majority were filed from IP addresses traced
to Hunter’s home addresses. Seven others were filed between January 20 and January
25, 2010 from an address traced to the Country Inn and Suites in Cottage Grove,
Minnesota, where Hunter had rented a room a few days before.

       Two IRS agents questioned Hunter at his home in a January 2013 consensual
interview. Hunter admitted that he participated in filing false returns. He said that
others from Atlanta and Miami had filed the returns from a hotel or using the Wi-fi
network in his home. Though expressing a desire to cooperate, Hunter refused to
provide their names, saying “I got myself into this.” When alerted that he could be
charged with identity theft, Hunter inquired how that would be possible when friends
had given him their identifying information for the purpose of filing false returns.

      Four alleged filing co-conspirators testified for the government at trial. Tekoah
Whitsett, who attended school with Hunter’s daughter, testified that Hunter prepared
her 2009 income tax return for a fee. The return falsified wages and employment
information. The IRS paid a $6,774 refund, and Hunter paid Whitsett $1,500 in cash.
When Whitsett asked for a copy of her tax return, Hunter told her that someone else
possessed it, “that he had been doing this for years and that he had worked with

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someone out in Woodbury.” Maricus Roseman testified that Hunter offered to file
his 2009 tax return. Roseman agreed and provided his personal identification
information. The return fraudulently obtained a $3,319 refund. Roseman testified
that Hunter only gave him a few hundred dollars, and explained that he was keeping
the remainder of the refund to split with a few more people.

       Noting that alleged conspirators testified at trial that they did not know each
other, Hunter argues the government’s evidence “at best” established multiple
conspiracies, rather than the single conspiracy charged in the indictment -- a rimless
wheel conspiracy in which multiple unconnected “spokes” dealt independently with
the same “hub” conspirator, Hunter. See Kotteakos v. United States, 

,
754-55 (1946). He asserts, without explanation, that he was “prejudiced by the
variance between the indictment and the proof.” Whether the government’s proof
established a single or multiple conspiracies is a question of fact; we reverse only if
“no reasonable jury could have found the single conspiracy charged in the
indictment . . . [and] this variance in the government’s proof has prejudiced [the]
defendant’s substantial rights.” 

(quotation omitted). “A
single conspiracy may exist even if the participants and their activities change over
time, and even if many participants are unaware of, or uninvolved in, some of the
transactions.” 

       The fundamental flaw in Hunter’s contention is that it misrepresents the
government’s proof at trial. The district court instructed the jury that it must find an
agreement between two or more persons to commit the conspiracy charged in the
indictment: to “defraud the United States by filing false, fictitious, or fraudulent
claims to the Internal Revenue Service.” Hunter posits that the government only
proved multiple conspiracies between filing conspirator “spokes” and Hunter, the
central hub. But, as we have described, the evidence permitted a reasonable jury to
find, based on Hunter’s admissions and substantial circumstantial evidence, that the
government proved a single conspiracy consisting of Hunter and other tax-preparer

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conspirators who enlisted filer conspirators to carry out their multiple fraudulent
transactions. Whether the filers were innocent participants or partially involved
conspirators is irrelevant. A single conspiracy was proved.

                               II. Evidentiary Issues.

       In his motion for a new trial, Hunter argued the district court erred in admitting
into evidence exhibits that recited the IP addresses used to file the false tax returns,
because the documents contained hearsay and the government did not provide
sufficient foundation for their admission. The district court denied the motion, noting
that the IP address evidence “was maintained by the IRS as part of its master file, and
the government established its admissibility as a business record under Federal Rule
of Evidence 803(6).” As these exhibits were admitted without objection at trial, we
review this contention for plain error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b).

       David McNulty, an investigator analyst with the IRS Scheme Development
Center, testified from personal knowledge that an IRS database contains all filed
income tax returns submitted to the IRS and includes the IP address from which an
electronically filed return originated. McNulty testified that he accesses and uses the
IRS database as part of his investigative duties, the database is kept in the regular
course of IRS business, and the records are created as returns are filed. McNulty
personally prepared government Exhibits 15 and 17, spreadsheets of data taken from
the 2009 tax returns at issue which included the IP addresses. Exhibits 18 through
20 are subsets of that same information. Foundation for other exhibits containing IP
addresses was provided by a CenturyLink corporate security witness. Admission of
these exhibits and denial of Hunter’s belated motion for a new trial did not constitute
abuse of discretion, let alone plain error. See United States v. Voice, 

,
879 (8th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 

(2011).




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                               III. Sentencing Issues.

       Citing Apprendi v. New Jersey, 

(2000), Hunter argues the district
court erred in imposing loss amount and role-in-the-offense sentencing guideline
enhancements because a jury did not make the underlying fact findings. This
argument is foreclosed by circuit precedent “because the district court’s findings did
not increase the statutory maximum sentence or the statutory mandatory minimum
sentence.” United States .v Mshihiri, 

, 1011 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2016). Hunter’s additional “double counting” argument is unintelligible.

                             IV. Motion for a New Trial.

       Finally, Hunter argues at length that the district court abused its discretion in
denying his motion for a new trial because trial counsel’s representation fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness and, “but for the cumulative effect of these
unprofessional errors,” there is a reasonable probability of a different outcome at trial.
See Strickland v. Washington, 

(1984). This issue was raised by Hunter
in a post-verdict motion for new trial, and further argued in a Reply Motion for New
Trial filed by newly-appointed counsel shortly before sentencing. The district court
treated this later pleading as a second, written motion for new trial, considered all the
ineffective assistance alleged, and denied the motion because Hunter had failed to
make a sufficient showing of either ineffective assistance or prejudice. After careful
review of the record before the district court, we conclude there was no abuse of
discretion in denying the motion for a new trial on this ground.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________




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