Filed: Aug. 09, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: United States Court of Appeals For the Eighth Circuit _ No. 17-3134 _ Craig Lyons, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Justin Anderson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tommy Applegate, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brandon Etzkorn, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gerald Fisher, Jr., Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; James Geary, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly S
Summary: United States Court of Appeals For the Eighth Circuit _ No. 17-3134 _ Craig Lyons, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Justin Anderson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tommy Applegate, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brandon Etzkorn, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gerald Fisher, Jr., Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; James Geary, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Si..
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United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 17-3134
___________________________
Craig Lyons, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Justin
Anderson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tommy
Applegate, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brandon
Etzkorn, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gerald Fisher,
Jr., Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; James Geary,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; William Mars,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Edward White,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Khanthalyxay La
Rasavong, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Pha
Nanthalansy, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Anong
Nanthalansy, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Richard
Casey, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gary Mars,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Larry Dodson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Wanda Thompson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Michael Hinman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lisa Jones, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Bobby Anderson, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Alan Young, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Mary Wewer, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Bradley Mayfield, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Amy Anderson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Brian Massey, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Connie Carrington, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Debra
Carter, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Shirley Cato,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Leonard Coffman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Linda Coffman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Freddie Cogburn, Jr.,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lynda Collins,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Ezell Cotton, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; John Cowen, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sharon Curtis, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Charles Davis, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Pam Evans, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Cecil Foster, Jr., Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Sharon Freeman, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Wilma
Garrison, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Patricia
Hamilton, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tammy
Hudson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jeremy Jones,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Marilyn Jones,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Helen Landenberger,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Mechelle Lovejoy,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Onita Martin,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brenda Mathis,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sylvia McVay,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Shannon Mixon,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jeffery Monteleone,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Patricia Nelson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Cathy Parker,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Angela Patrick,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Paul Roderiguez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Margie Sexton,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Genella Smith,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Scot Smith, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Nancy Sorenson, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Angela Thompson; Kenneth Thompson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Dennis Weir, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Doug Wheatley, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Raymond Davis, Individually and on Behalf
of Others Similarly Situated; Holly Johnson, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Monica DeLeon, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Steve Wilson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Paula Wilson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Ramiro Alonso, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Julie
Turley, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Amanda Martin,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Phyllis Lanoy,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sandra Kellybrew,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Alicia Partida,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Laura Washington,
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Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; David Glover,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Chris Russell,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Dora Perdido-Russell,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brian Tarkington,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Diana Roesler,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Michele Turner,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Cathy Radcliff,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sirina Arias, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brent Duvall, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Katie Hency, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Jose Mejia; Darlene Melton; Oscar Armando Mena;
Maria E. Menjivar; Jarman Moody; Jesus Morales; Jose A. Morales; Juan Carlos
Morales; Maria Del Carmen Morales; Marlon Garcia Morales; Walter Morales;
Domingo Moran; Tammy Morton; Elizabeth Moudy; Carrie Murchison; Ignacio
Murillo; Cynthia Nelson; Priscilla J. Noblett; Betty Norris; Wayne O'Briant; Jose
Luis Ochoa; Josefina Ochoa; Juan Ochoa; Raul Ochoa; Debra Oliver; Sharon
Lynnette Oliver; Walter Danilo Orrellana; Magaly Orellano; Raul Rodriguez
Orozco; Tommy Parks; Myrna G. Partida; Alfonso Paz; Juan Paz; Rodolfo Paz;
Lila Dean Pease; Danny L. Pendergraft; Vicente Perez; Cindy Phalan; Edith
Pledger; Josh Poirier; David Portillo; Teodoro Portillo; Mary L. Price; Renee
Qualls; Manuel Ramirez; Ricardo Ramos; Eddie Renier; Carrie Reyes; Gerordo
Reyes; David Rice; Edwin Rivas; Jael Rivera; Marlon Rivera; Mayra
Rivera-Enriquez; Jimmy Roberbs; Leona Roberbs; Perry Roberson; Edward
Robinson; Belinda Rodriguez; Blanca Rodriguez; Gregorio Rodriguez; Jorge Paz
Rodriguez; Tammy Rogers; Ana Romero-Urquilla; Antonio Rosales; Francsico
Rosales; Teresa Rosbia-Laws; Juana Salas; Maria Salas; Teodora Salas; Jose D.
Sanchez; Sheila Sanchez; Karen Sanders; Xiomara Sandoval; Omar Jovan F.
Scott; Jose Segovia; Mayra Sierra; Mary Smith; Zenas Smith, Sr.; Sammy Smith;
Betty Soriano; Marvin M. Soriano; Kimberley Ann Stewart; Krystal Strandlund;
Paul J. Strnad; Davida Elaine Summit; Judy Summit; Elizabeth Taylor; Linda
Taylor; Rebecca Taylor-Garrigus; Sheila Ann Tenango; Leonard Norman
Thompson; Luz Dary Torrellas; Hector Torres; Ronan F. Torres; Clem Tucker, III;
Ida L. Tucker; Fabio Valladares; Mayra Vazquez; Angelica Velazquez; Jean
Wagner; Cindy Wells; Charles White; Johnny D. Willcutt; Ashley Williams;
Dessie Williams; Jennifer Williams; Lillia Williams; Michael Williams; Cheryl T.
Windsor; Kelley Winkle; Lanny Wooten; Barbara Wright; James Wright; Joseph
Wright; Valerie Yandell; James M. Youngman; Alex A. Bonilla; Tyler Brafford;
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Paul Bragg; Christine Bristol; Anthony A. Brown; Earnest Lee Brown; Lenard
Ray Brown; Connie Denise Bryant; Carolyn Burdine; Donald Byers; Ubilberto
Caballero; Armando Cabello; Elder R. Cabrera; Linda Calvin; Mercedes E.
Campos; Vicente Campos; Rodolfo Canales; Alberto Cargas; Mercedes Castro;
Jorge Chica; Richard Choate; James M. Christen; William Clair; Randy Dewayne
Clark; Debra Coonce; Don Condley; Jessie Cooper; Jenny L. Corona; Warren
Cowen; Ernesto Antonio Crisostomo; Eric Criswell, Sr.; Nancy Cruz; Nelson A.
Cruz; Samuel Avilacruz; Charlotte Cummings; Clifford Harold Davis; Eddie Neil
Davis; Ellis Christopher Davis, Sr.; Claudiade Paz; Gail Debardelaben; Victor
Delgado; Ruth Demmitt; Barbara Devore; Carlos Diaz; Donna Diggs; Barbara A.
Dugger; Leonard Durham; India Duvall; Jodie Edwards; Doy England; Carla
Escobar; Helen Farmer; Miguel Figueroa; Joanna Kay Ford; Roxanne Foster;
Randy Freeman; Velma Freeman; Pamela Freitas; Joshua Tyler; Thomas Fryar;
Kathy Fryar; Richard Fryar; Frederico Fuentes; Stephen Gadberry; Aurora Garcia;
Elizabeth Garcia; Ignacio T. Garcia, Jr.; Patricia Morales Garcia; Charlie George;
James Michael George; Violet Germany; Tim Gist; Debbie Glass; Delfino
Gonzalez; Eloy Gonzalez, Jr.; Jose Gonzalez; Leticia Gonzalez; Luis Gonzales;
Nestor Gonzalez; Oscar Gonzalez; Linda Griffin; Marsha Hackler; Carrie Haley;
Nancy Ann Havenstrite; Victoria Mae Heaton; Nancy Hentschel; Alexander B.
Hernandez; Jose Luis Hernandez; Maribel Hernandez; Rosa M. Herrera; Donald
Hill; Randall Hillis; Connie Hollis; William Holmes; Donna L. Hudson; Natasha
Hutcherson; Stephanie Jackson; Sunny James; Wayman James; Donna G.
Johnson; Laura Johnson; Marianne Johnson; Joan Johnston; Artemio Juarez;
Linda Julian; Rebecca Lacy; Celina Lama; Marta Lara; Sonya Sue Leavell; Dennis
Lemarr; Irvin Lemarr; Carol Jean Lievsay; Donna S. Long; Abdon Lozano;
Deborah Mahan; Jorge A. Marcia; Antonio Paz Mares; Alicia Martin; Adriana
Martinez; Agustin Martinez; Carlos Martinez; Carlos D. Martinez; John Mason;
Ben Maturino; Judy C. McClure; Tommy McClure; Cynthia Dianne McDaniel;
Bonnie McNamara; Garland Freeman, Jr.; Rebekah Avery, As Administrator of
the Estate of Samuel Aver, Deceased other Samuel Avery; Danny Burton,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Grace Bryant,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Kimberly Anderson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Alan Arrington,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Dennis Berry,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Josefina Arias,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Kenneth Barnes,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; John Bewley,
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Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Francisco Bautista,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rosa Bonilla De Reyes,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Marvin Alexander,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Fulvia Aleman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Cesar Ayala, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Linda Brown, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Artemio Avalos, Individually and on Behalf
of Others Similarly Situated; Nathan Balch, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Keith Bell, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Robert Bowden, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Miguel Alvarado, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Ros
Acree, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tom Birge, Jr.,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jose Arcia, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Orlando Alcantar, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brenda Beech, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Bertha Abrego, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Clay Bryant, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Myrna Calito, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Martha Alvarez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Keith
Byrum, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; David Alexander,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jerry Brown, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Randall Boley, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Zachary Anderson, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sabino Bahena, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Mark Brashear, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Alfredo Arias, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Irma Avila, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Victor Alvidrez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Marco
Belmonte, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Curtis
Brunston, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Maria Bonilla,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Salvador Bonilla,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gary Brown, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Franklin Beltran, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Francine Byers, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Callie Bartlett, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Sarah Bohlier, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Lloyd Callan, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
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Israel A. Amaya, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Douglas
Beech, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lester Baugh,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jose Bonilla, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Carol Barnett, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Laura Baugh, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Dina Ayala, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Jacqueline Brooks, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Juana Alvarado, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Dora Brockman, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Theodore Bruce, Jr., Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Esparanza Alcantar, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lori
Brooks, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gary Canady,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gene Canady,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Carlos Carrillo,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Glendy Carrillo,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Mike Carrillo,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sandra Carrillo,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rudy Castillo,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Esmeralda Cavazos,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Ashanti Chenault,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Patricia Chenowith,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Chris Childers,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Cheryl Chronister,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; William Clark,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Mary Coffman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tellas Collier,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Barbara Collins,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Shannon Collins,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; David Conner,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; David Cook, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Joyce Cook, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Linda Cook, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Felisha Cooper, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Freda Cossey, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Denise Crain, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Carrie Crawford, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Juan
Crisostomo, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Justin
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Criswell, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Ruth Criswell,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Wanza Cross,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Timothy Davidson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Ellis Davis, Jr.,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Keeton Davis,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Kristina Davis,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Robert Delavan,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Helen Diaz, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jacinto Diaz, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Julianna Ditton, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Robert Ditton, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Rosa Dixon, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Heath Dollar, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Mario Doratt, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Alice
Dorsett, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lee Dorsey,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Carlos Duarte,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Katherine Duvall,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jimmy Earls, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rachel Edlin, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Bonita Embry, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Deirdre Embry, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Susan Emery, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Christian Enriquez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Irlanda Espinoza, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Johnny Floren, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Karen Ford, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Johnnie
Foster, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; William Foster,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Caryl Fowler,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Randy Fowler,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Debra Freeman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jeffery Freeman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lawrence Freeman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Michael Freeman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; William Freeman,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Yong Gabhart,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Danny Gallaher,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Kathy Garrigus,
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Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Samuel Genna,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Heidi Gering,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Irma Giran, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Isidro Godoy, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rebeca Godoy, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Ernest Goins, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Celia Gonzalez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Edin Gonzalez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Jose H. Gonzalez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Maria
Gonzalez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Linda Greer,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Theresa Grigsby,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rosa Guiterrez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Kristy Hagan,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; David Hardin,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lonnie Harris,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Travis Harvey,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Cathy Heflin,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Dyanna Hefner,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Hermes Henriquez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Brenda Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Carmen Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Guadalupe Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Henry Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Juan Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Maria Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Mercedes Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Raul Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rene Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rosa Hernandez,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Vickie Higgins,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Eddie Hill, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Guy Hill, Individually and on Behalf
of Others Similarly Situated; Pamela Hill, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Stephanie Hillis, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Melvin Hirtler, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Jerry Holland, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Denise Hon, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jerry
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Honaker, Sr., Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tommy
Honaker, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Kimberly
Hopson, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gennifer Horn,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Bernice Howard,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; David Huaranga,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Carol Huggins,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Anna Hughes,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Mary Hughes,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Krystal Humphrey,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rebecca Irwin,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rosa Izaguirre,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Frankie Jackson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Paul Jackson,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lori James, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jorge Jobel, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Clinton Jones, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Christy Jones, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Bernabe Jovel, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Cecil Keith, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Daniel Kelley, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Dustin
Kemp, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Lemuel Keys,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Reba King, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Shereacia Kinnon, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Christina Kugler, Individually and on Behalf
of Others Similarly Situated; Omar Lagos, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Roxana Lagos, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Charles Lane, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Deann Laymon, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Tony
Laymon, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Bobby Ledford,
Jr., Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Kimberly Lee,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; William Lee, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Debra Lenhart, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Michael Level, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Johnny Litsey, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Jerrad Littrell, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Jose Loaeza, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Garry Lopez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Gloria
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Lopez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Richard Love, Sr.,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Leslie Loveland,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Abdon Lozano, Jr.,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Mario Lozano,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Pamela Lute, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Reina Marcos, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rosa Mares, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Carolina Martinez, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Felipe Martinez, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Rosa Martinez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Santiago Martinez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Saul Martinez, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Raquiel Masters, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sandra
Mata, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Barbara Matthews,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Earl Matthews,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Melvin Maxwell,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Emerita May,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Carla McAlister,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Cheryl McGee,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Angela McVey,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Velma Meadows,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Ineda Meimerstorf,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Edwin Melgar,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Joseph Melton,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Joyce Metz, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Diane Misener, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sandra Molloy, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Teresa Monteleone, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Lourdes Montesinos, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Martha Montoya, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Silvestre Montoya, Individually and on Behalf of Others
Similarly Situated; Samuel Moore, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly
Situated; Terry Moore, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated;
Gilbert Morales, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jason
Morales, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Jose
Morales-Herrera, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Sherry
Morrell, Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Samuel Morgan,
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Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Angela Moro,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Rhonda Morris,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Amanda Morse,
Individually and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Katie Moss, Individually
and on Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Mary Moten, Individually and on
Behalf of Others Similarly Situated; Bill Moulder, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Christopher Myers, Individually and on Behalf of
Others Similarly Situated; Amanda Navarrete, Individually and on Behalf of
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lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiffs - Appellants
v.
Conagra Foods Packaged Foods LLC, doing business as ConAgra Foods
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee
____________
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Arkansas - Little Rock
____________
Submitted: April 10, 2018
Filed: August 9, 2018
____________
Before SMITH, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
____________
WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.
Employees of Conagra Foods Packaged Foods, LLC, (ConAgra) appeal the
dismissal of their claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq.,
and the Arkansas Minimum Wage Act, Ark. Code § 11-4-201, et seq., arguing that
factual disputes preclude summary judgment and that the district court1 erred in its
application of Arkansas law. We affirm.
I. Background
ConAgra produces prepared foods and food products in plants across the
country. Employees at ConAgra’s Russellville, Arkansas, plant (employees) must
don and doff company-provided personal protective equipment (protective
equipment) outside the plant’s production areas. Because the majority of employees
use time clocks within production areas, they are not compensated for their time
1
The Honorable James M. Moody, Jr., United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Arkansas.
-16-
donning and doffing their protective equipment and walking to and from the time
clocks.2
In March 2012, the employees’ union and ConAgra entered into negotiations
to revise the 2008 Collective Bargaining Agreement. The union submitted a proposal
that sought “a 10 minute paid dress out period” for employees. The parties dispute
what occurred during negotiations, but the employees have presented evidence that
ConAgra agreed to move its time clocks from production areas to changing areas so
that the employees could be compensated for time spent donning and doffing
protective equipment. In return, the union agreed to withdraw its proposal.
Ultimately, both parties entered into the 2012 Collective Bargaining Agreement,
which did not state that employees would be compensated for donning and doffing
protective equipment. Nor did it address whether ConAgra would move the time
clocks from production areas to changing areas.
ConAgra thereafter made no changes to its compensation practices for donning
and doffing protective equipment and did not move its time clocks to changing areas.
Neither the union nor any employee filed a grievance under the 2012 Collective
Bargaining Agreement demanding compensation for time spent donning and doffing
protective equipment.
II. Discussion
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, and we will
affirm if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party,
shows that no dispute of material fact exists and that the moving party is entitled to
2
The fry bake department employees are not involved in this litigation. They
use a time clock outside of a production area and may don and doff their protective
equipment while being paid.
-17-
judgment as a matter of law. Davidson & Schaaff, Inc. v. Liberty Nat’l Fire Ins. Co.,
69 F.3d 868, 870 (8th Cir. 1995). We also review de novo the district court’s
interpretation of state law. Macheca Transp. Co. v. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co.,
737 F.3d
1188, 1196 (8th Cir. 2013).
A. Fair Labor Standards Act Claims
Employers must pay their employees a minimum wage for hours worked, but
may exclude “any time spent in changing clothes or washing at the beginning or end
of each workday” if the time is excluded “by the express terms of or by custom or
practice under a bona fide collective-bargaining agreement applicable to the
particular employee.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(o). The parties agree that the 2012 Collective
Bargaining Agreement does not state that employees will be paid for their time spent
donning and doffing protective equipment. Thus, the issue before us is whether it
was the “custom or practice” under the 2012 Collective Bargaining Agreement for
employees not to be compensated for donning and doffing their protective equipment.
The employees argue that ConAgra cannot unilaterally create a custom or
practice by refusing to compensate them for time spent donning and doffing, but this
argument overlooks the parties’ previous interactions. Prior to 2012, “[t]he Parties
had a long-standing practice of non-payment for donning and doffing for most (but
not all) employees at the Russellville Plant[.]” Appellants’ Br. 28. Because this
practice continued after the 2012 Collective Bargaining Agreement took effect, we
do not view ConAgra as unilaterally imposing a custom or practice, but rather as
continuing a custom or practice that was in effect under the 2008 Collective
Bargaining Agreement. Moreover, the union and its employees have not
objected—under the agreement—to this practice. See Jackson v. Old EPT, LLC, 834
F.3d 872, 875 (8th Cir. 2016) (“The union accepted the offer by continuing to work
without striking and taking further actions relating to the bargaining relationship:
-18-
Union members filed 182 grievances alleging contractual violations since the last,
best, and final offer terms were implemented.”)
B. Arkansas Minimum Wage Act
In 2016, the Arkansas Supreme Court held that the Arkansas Minimum Wage
Act required employers to pay employees for time spent donning and doffing
protective equipment, regardless of the “custom and practice under the collective-
bargaining agreement.” Gerber Prods. Co. v. Hewitt, 492 S.W.3d 856, 864 (Ark.
2016). A year later, the Arkansas legislature passed Act 914, which sought to
legislatively overrule Gerber. Part of Act 914 amended Arkansas Code § 11-4-205
to include the underlined language:
Nothing in this subchapter, including the provisions of § 11-4-218(b),
shall be deemed to interfere with, impede, or in any way diminish the
right of employers and employees to bargain collectively through
representatives of their own choosing in order to establish wages or
other conditions of work.
This amendment attempted to clarify that the parties’ agreement controlled employee
compensation, regardless of Arkansas Code § 11-4-218(b)’s directive that “[a]ny
agreement between the employee and employer to work for less than minimum wages
shall be no defense to the action.”
Because it arises under Arkansas law, we will apply that law to appellants’
claim. Witzman v. Gross, 148 F.3d 988, 990 (8th Cir. 1998) (citing United Mine
Workers of Am. v. Gibbs,
383 U.S. 715, 726 (1966); Mangold v. Cal. Pub. Util.
Comm’n,
67 F.3d 1470, 1478 (9th Cir. 1995)). The issue before us is whether the
district court was entitled to consider Act 914 when predicting how the Arkansas
Supreme Court would construe Arkansas law.
-19-
The employees argue that the district court erred by finding “that the Arkansas
Supreme Court would abandon its decision in Gerber” and would follow Act 914.
The employees assert that the district court was bound by Gerber—not Act
914—because no Arkansas Supreme Court opinion has questioned its legal
underpinnings. The United States Supreme Court has explained, however, that
“[w]henever [the] law is authoritatively declared by a State, whether its voice be the
legislature or its highest court, such law ought to govern in litigation founded on that
law, whether the forum of application is a State or a federal court[.]” Guar. Tr. Co.
of N.Y. v. York, 326 U.S. 99, 112 (1945). When a state’s law is ambiguous or
uncertain, “we look to ‘relevant state precedent, analogous decisions, considered
dicta, and any other reliable data’ to determine how the Supreme Court of [Arkansas]
would construe [Arkansas] law.” Ashley Cty., Ark. v. Pfizer, Inc.,
552 F.3d 659, 665
(8th Cir. 2009) (quoting United Bank of Iowa v. Indep. Inputs (In re W. Iowa
Limestone, Inc.),
538 F.3d 858, 866 (8th Cir. 2008)); see Roginsky v. Richardson-
Merrell, Inc.,
378 F.2d 832, 851 (2d Cir. 1967) (“[W]hen a federal court must
determine state law, it should not slavishly follow lower or even upper court decisions
but ought to consider all the data the highest court of the state would use.” (citing
Corbin, The Laws of the Several States, 50 Yale L.J. 762 (1941))).
The employees argue that this all-encompassing approach is inconsistent with
our precedent, in particular J-McDaniel Construction Co., Inc. v. Mid-Continent
Casualty Co., 761 F.3d 916, 919 (8th Cir. 2014), which explained that “we are not at
liberty to disregard the binding law of the state, nor may we substitute our judgment
for that of the Arkansas Supreme Court.” J-McDaniel is distinguishable, however,
because the plaintiff in that case sought retroactive application of a statute that
created a new substantive right.
Id. at 918-19. Unlike the statute in J-McDaniel, Act
914 did not create a new substantive right under § 11-4-205, but merely clarified the
statute’s meaning that “[n]othing in this subchapter” applied to § 11-4-218(b), a
different statute within the subchapter. Such a change in text cannot be considered
the creation of a substantive right.
-20-
The employees also argue that Act 914 can be applied only prospectively,
because the Act limits itself “to conduct occurring on or after the effective date of this
act.” This quoted language does not apply to § 11-4-205, because it appears in a
section of Act 914 that created Arkansas Code § 11-4-221. This was made clear
when the statute was codified. Although Act 914 states that § 11-4-221(e) should
read, “This act applies only to conduct occurring on or after the effective date of this
act,” the codified version of the statute states, “This section applies only to conduct
occurring on or after April 5, 2017.” (emphasis added). We thus follow the statute
as codified.
After reviewing Gerber, Act 914, and the codified text of the Act, we predict
that if this issue were before the Arkansas Supreme Court today, it would not follow
Gerber but would instead apply the terms of the parties’ 2012 Collective Bargaining
Agreement.
III. Tool Time Compensation
The employees also seek compensation for their time spent checking-out and
checking-in tools that are necessary to do their work. The employees state that it
takes “two to five minutes” to check out tools and “no more than a few minutes” to
check them in. Response to Defendant’s Statement of Facts in Support of Its Motion
for Summary Judgment 9-10, 12. The employees argue that ConAgra could track
time spent checking-out and checking-in tools if ConAgra recorded the check-out and
check-in times and compared them with time-clock records. The question is whether
the time required to perform these activities is more than de minimis.
Employers are not required to pay employees for “insubstantial or insignificant
periods of time beyond the scheduled working hours, which cannot as a practical
administrative matter be precisely recorded for payroll purposes[.]” 29 C.F.R.
-21-
§ 785.47. This legal concept, known as “[t]he de minimis doctrine allows employers
to disregard otherwise compensable work when only a few seconds or minutes of
work beyond the scheduled working hours are in dispute.” Kellar v. Summit Seating
Inc., 664 F.3d 169, 176 (7th Cir. 2011) (citing Singh v. City of New York,
524 F.3d
361, 370 (2d Cir. 2008)). Courts consider the following factors when determining
whether the work performed by the employee is de minimis: “[1] the amount of time
spent on the extra work, [2] the practical administrative difficulties of recording
additional time, [3] the regularity with which the additional work is performed, and
[4] the aggregate amount of compensable time.”
Id. (citing Lindow v. United States,
738 F.2d 1057, 1062-63 (9th Cir. 1984); 29 C.F.R. § 785.47). Although “the amount
of daily time spent on the additional work” is “[a]n important factor in determining
whether a claim is de minimis,” no precisely calculated, rigid durational period
applies, but “[m]ost courts have found daily periods of approximately 10 minutes de
minimis even though otherwise compensable.”
Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1062 (citations
omitted).
The employees argue that the district court erred by concluding that the time
spent checking-out and checking-in tools was de minimis. We disagree. Under the
facts before us, we conclude that such time is de minimis in light of the short duration
of that process and the additional administrative burden necessary to compensate
employees for that time.
IV. Conclusion
We conclude that ConAgra is not required to compensate employees for the
time spent donning and doffing their protective equipment under either the Fair Labor
Standards Act or the Arkansas Minimum Wage Act. Likewise, ConAgra is not
required to compensate employees for the de minimis time spent checking-out and
checking-in tools.
The judgment is affirmed.
______________________________
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