Plaintiffs appeal from the district court's denial of their claim for overtime compensation under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). We affirm.

Employees and former employees of the Northern Division of the Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) worked as power plant operators, control room operators and general foremen of eight hydroelectric dams located along the Columbia and Snake rivers. They seek overtime compensation for 15 minutes of work per day for a period commencing 3 years prior to the filing of their lawsuit. They allege that the Corps required them to report to work 15 minutes before the start of their scheduled shifts to (1) review the log book regarding previous shift activities and plant conditions; (2) exchange information and clarify log entries with the employees leaving their shifts; (3) be available to relieve an outgoing employee who was operating the navigational locks at the time of the shift change; and (4) open and close project gates to gain entry to the dam projects. The Corps did not compensate plaintiffs for this pre-shift work. The parties consented to a trial before a United States Magistrate.

I. REVIEW OF THE LOG BOOK AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION

The district court found that employees arrived at work about 15 minutes early each day and sometimes used part of this time to read the log book and to exchange information. For the rest of the time, the court found that "they engaged in social conversation and performed non-work related activities." The court found that the employees spent an average of 5 to 15 minutes, usually closer to 5 minutes, to read the log book, and 2 to 3 minutes to exchange information. Therefore, plaintiffs spent about 7 to 8 minutes per day reading the log book and exchanging information, though this work was not always performed before their shifts.

A. Characterization of Pre-Shift Activities.

The district court held that these pre-shift activities were preliminary activities and therefore exempt from the overtime requirements. Under section 4(a) of the Portal-to-Portal Act, employers are not required to pay overtime compensation for "activities which are preliminary to or postliminary to said principal activity or activities ...." 29 U.S.C. Sec. 254(a)(2). Pre-shift activities are compensable if they are an "integral and indispensable part of the principal activities for which covered workmen are employed and are not specifically excluded by Section 4(a)(1)." Steiner v. Mitchell, 350 U.S. 247, 256, 76 S. Ct. 330, 335, 100 L. Ed. 267 (1956). The district court found that the reading of the log book and exchanging of information were necessary and integral parts of the employees' principal activities, but held that they were preliminary activities because they were "neither necessary nor required to be performed before the start of the shift."

The evidence supports the district court's finding that the Corps did not require the employees to report early. Most of the employees testified that they were never specifically ordered to report early, but that it was the custom to do so. They were never formally reprimanded for not arriving early. There was evidence that employees felt pressure from fellow workers to arrive early so that outgoing employees could leave 5 minutes early. Moreover, on July 18, 1977, the Corps issued a letter, known as the Westrick letter, stating its policy that employees were not required to arrive early to review the log book and exchange information.

The court also found that the employees did not have to read the log book and exchange information prior to the start of their shifts. The evidence showed that the employees did not always finish reading the log book or even look at the log book before their shifts, often because they did not arrive early enough to work. Moreover, all the necessary information could be derived from the log book.

Plaintiffs, however, correctly argue that the district court erred in holding that an employer must require an employee to arrive early to be liable for overtime compensation.1 An employer must pay overtime when he "suffers" or "permits" an employee to work in excess of 40 hours. 29 U.S.C. Secs. 203(g), 207(a). We have interpreted the words "suffer" or "permit" to mean "with the knowledge of the employer." Fox v. Summit King Mines, 143 F.2d 926, 932 (9th Cir.1944). Relying on Fox, we have more recently held that "an employer who knows or should have known that an employee is or was working overtime" is obligated to pay overtime. Forrester v. Roth's I.G.A. Foodliner, Inc., 646 F.2d 413, 414 (9th Cir.1981). "An employer who is armed with this knowledge cannot stand idly by and allow an employee to perform overtime work without proper compensation, even if the employee does not make a claim for the overtime compensation." Id.

Plaintiffs also correctly assert that the district court erroneously ruled that the pre-shift work was preliminary because the employees could have performed it during their regular working hours. As the Department of Labor stated in an interpretive bulletin, "Congress intended the words 'principal activities' to be construed liberally ... to include any work of consequence performed for an employer, no matter when the work is performed." 29 C.F.R. Sec. 790.8(a) (footnote omitted). We show great deference to an administrative interpretation given by the agency charged with the statute's administration. See Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16, 85 S. Ct. 792, 801, 13 L. Ed. 2d 616 (1965); Dunlop v. City Electric, Inc., 527 F.2d at 398 & n. 5 (Sec. 790.8(a) given great weight). The district court cites no authority, nor has this court found any, which suggests that an employee's labor is not integral and indispensable if it could have been performed during regular hours. As long as the work is "suffered" or "permitted" outside of normal hours, the work is compensable.

Despite these erroneous rulings, we affirm the district court's decision. Although prior to the Westrick letter the Corps "suffered" or "permitted" the overtime work2, plaintiffs reported early for their own convenience. Employees who report early to relieve outgoing employees before the end of their shifts do so for their own convenience rather than for the company's benefit. See Blum v. Great Lakes Carbon Corp., 418 F.2d 283, 287 (5th Cir.1969); Jackson v. Air Reduction Co., 402 F.2d 521, 524 (6th Cir.1968). In this case, the district court found that "it was often the practice of the employees to leave work up to 5 minutes before the end of their shifts. This was possible only if the replacement shift was present and ready to assume the shift 5 minutes early." Moreover, as the district court concluded, evidence showed that prior to the start of their shifts, plaintiffs "engaged in social conversation and performed non-work related activities." Many of the employees testified that they drank coffee and socialized before their shifts. To the extent plaintiffs arrived early for these reasons, their claim for overtime compensation is without merit.

Once the Corps issued the Westrick letter, it did not even "suffer" or "permit" the overtime work. An employer cannot escape its obligation to pay overtime compensation for necessary and indispensable work that it expects to be performed outside of normal hours or that must be performed prior to a shift simply by instructing employees not to report early. See Wirtz v. Bledsoe, 365 F.2d 277, 278 (10th Cir.1966); Handler v. Thrasher, 191 F.2d 120, 123 (10th Cir.1951). The employees in this case, however, could have performed the pre-shift work during regular hours. The Westrick letter, therefore, relieved the Corps of its liability to pay overtime compensation.3 Otherwise, the Corps would have no means of protecting itself from claims of overtime compensation. Moreover, the Corps did not pressure or even encourage the employees to report early to work. As the district court found, the Corps did not formally reprimand, dock, or give a poor evaluation to any employee for not reporting early.

B. The De Minimis Doctrine.

The district court held that the 7 to 8 minutes spent by employees reading the log book and exchanging information, even if not preliminary, was de minimis and therefore not compensable. Insofar as plaintiffs engaged in pre-shift work, we agree with the district court that the time was de minimis.

This is a case of first impression for this court applying the de minimis rule to claims of overtime compensation under FLSA. As a general rule, employees cannot recover for otherwise compensable time if it is de minimis. The Supreme Court noted:

When the matter in issue concerns only a few seconds or minutes of work beyond the scheduled working hours, such trifles may be disregarded. Split-second absurdities are not justified by the actualities of working conditions or by the policy of the Fair Labor Standards Act. It is only when an employee is required to give up a substantial measure of his time and effort that compensable working time is involved.

Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680, 692, 66 S. Ct. 1187, 1195, 90 L. Ed. 1515 (1946).

An important factor in determining whether a claim is de minimis is the amount of daily time spent on the additional work. There is no precise amount of time that may be denied compensation as de minimis. No rigid rule can be applied with mathematical certainty. Frank v. Wilson & Co., 172 F.2d 712, 716 (7th Cir.1949); Nardone v. General Motors, Inc., 207 F. Supp. 336, 341 (D.N.J.1962). Rather, common sense must be applied to the facts of each case.

Most courts have found daily periods of approximately 10 minutes de minimis even though otherwise compensable. See, e.g., E.I. du Pont De Nemours & Co. v. Harrup, 227 F.2d 133, 135-36 (4th Cir.1955) (10 minutes); Green v. Planters Nut & Chocolate Co., 177 F.2d 187, 188 (4th Cir.1949) ("obvious" that 10 minutes is de minimis ); Carter v. Panama Canal Co., 314 F. Supp. 386, 392 (D.D.C.1970) (2 to 15 minutes), aff'd, 463 F.2d 1289 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1012, 93 S. Ct. 441, 34 L. Ed. 2d 306 (1972); see also Hodgson v. Katz & Besthoff, # 38, Inc., 365 F. Supp. 1193, 1197 n. 3 (W.D.La.1973) (summary of de minimis holdings). But see Usery v. City Electric, Inc., 23 W.H. Cases 256, 257 (W.D.Tex.1976) (15 to 20 minutes not de minimis ).

The de minimis rule is concerned with the practical administrative difficulty of recording small amounts of time for payroll purposes. See 29 C.F.R. Sec. 785.47. Employers, therefore, must compensate employees for even small amounts of daily time unless that time is so miniscule that it cannot, as an administrative matter, be recorded for payroll purposes. Accordingly, the Court in Anderson reasoned that overtime compensation for "a few seconds or minutes" is de minimis "in light of the realities of the industrial world." 328 U.S. at 692, 66 S.Ct. at 1195. See Veech & Moon, De Minimis Non Curat Lex, 45 Mich.L.Rev. 537, 551 (1947) (Anderson de minimis rule concerns "just plain everyday practicality").

In addition, we will consider the size of the aggregate claim. Courts have granted relief for claims that might have been minimal on a daily basis but, when aggregated, amounted to a substantial claim. See Addison v. Huron Stevedoring Corp., 204 F.2d 88, 95 (2d Cir.) (less than $1.00 per week not de minimis ), cert. denied, 346 U.S. 877, 74 S. Ct. 120, 98 L. Ed. 384 (1953); Glenn L. Martin Nebraska Co. v. Culkin, 197 F.2d 981, 987 (8th Cir.) (30 minutes per day over 1 1/2 years not de minimis ), cert. denied, 344 U.S. 866, 73 S. Ct. 108, 97 L. Ed. 671 (1952); Landaas v. Canister Co., 188 F.2d 768, 771 (3d Cir.1951) ($21.67 to $256.88 per week over 3 years not de minimis ); Schimerowski v. Iowa Beef Packers, Inc., 196 N.W.2d 551, 555-56 (Iowa 1972) (15 minutes per day, amounting to verdicts ranging from $248.04 to $508.44, not de minimis ). But see Nardone v. General Motors, Inc., 207 F. Supp. 336, 340 (D.N.J.1962) (de minimis rule "in terms of minutes per day"). We would promote capricious and unfair results, for example, by compensating one worker $50 for one week's work while denying the same relief to another worker who has earned $1 a week for 50 weeks. See Addison, 204 F.2d at 95.

Moreover, courts in other contexts have applied the de minimis rule in relation to the total sum or claim involved in the litigation. See McKee v. Turner, 491 F.2d 1106, 1107 (9th Cir.1974) (request for an apology de minimis ); Northern v. Nelson, 448 F.2d 1266, 1267 (9th Cir.1971) ($1.05 claim de minimis ); see also Kostiuk v. Town of Riverhead, 570 F. Supp. 603, 610 (E.D.N.Y.1983) (summary of de minimis holdings). In this case, if the aggregate claim is insubstantial, we may dismiss it as groundless and unreasonable. Cf. Kostiuk, 570 F. Supp. at 610.

Finally, in applying the de minimis rule, we will consider whether the claimants performed the work on a regular basis. See Smith v. Cleveland Pneumatic Tool, Co., 173 F.2d 775, 776 (6th Cir.1949) (unpaid working time de minimis where "not a daily occurrence"); Hodgson v. Katz & Besthoff, # 38, Inc., 365 F. Supp. 1193, 1197 (W.D.La.1973) (court considered whether work "happened with a fair amount of regularity"); 29 C.F.R. Sec. 785.47 (employer should compensate "fixed or regular" working time, however small); see also Atkins v. General Motors Corp., 701 F.2d 1124, 1129 (5th Cir.1983) (2 isolated instances over 6 to 8 weeks de minimis ); Marshall v. Fabric World, Inc., 23 W.H. Cases 414, 421 (M.D.Ala.1977) (sporadic work de minimis ). Similarly, the uncertainty of how often employees performed the tasks and of how long a period was required for their performance are also relevant. See Nardone v. General Motors, Inc., 207 F. Supp. at 341; 29 C.F.R. Sec. 785.47.

To summarize, in determining whether otherwise compensable time is de minimis, we will consider (1) the practical administrative difficulty of recording the additional time; (2) the aggregate amount of compensable time; and (3) the regularity of the additional work.

In this case, plaintiffs' claims are de minimis. As an administrative matter, the Corps would have had difficulty recording the overtime. Although the Corps did pay overtime on some occasions for as little as 5 minutes of overtime, the Corps had no consistent policy to pay overtime for less than 15 minutes of work. As a general rule, the Corps did not pay overtime for intervals of less than 15 minutes. There was also a wide variance in the amount of pre-shift time spent on compensable activities as opposed to social activities. Although plaintiffs spent an average of 7 to 8 minutes a day reading the log book and exchanging information, they did not always perform these duties before their shifts. The Corps would have had difficulty monitoring this pre-shift activity. Moreover, although plaintiffs reported early on a regular basis, they did not regularly engage in compensable activities. The district court found that "most employees came in about 15 minutes early, and sometimes spent a portion of this time reading the log book or exchanging information." Although plaintiffs' aggregate claim may be substantial, we conclude that their claim is de minimis because of the administrative difficulty of recording the time and the irregularity of the additional pre-shift work.

A lockage occurred when a vessel came through the navigation locks at the dams. An operator was sent from the control room to the locks to perform the lockage. Occasionally, a lockage would occur at the time of a shift change and early arriving employees would be sent to the locks to relieve the operator. This practice enabled the departing employee to avoid having to work past the scheduled shift.

The district court found that an employee was asked to relieve the previous operator only once or twice a month, and that it took 5 to 15 minutes to relieve an operator. It properly concluded that this claim was de minimis. The aggregate amount of time involved was insignificant and the practice was irregular. A great deal of uncertainty surrounded the testimony as to how often lockages occurred at a shift change. Moreover, because of the ad hoc nature of this duty, it would have been difficult as an administrative matter for the Corps to record this overtime.

The employees working the swing and graveyard shifts alleged that they were required to report early to allow them time to open and close the security gates to the project areas. The district court found that this activity took no more than 3 minutes.

The district court properly held that the Portal-to-Portal Act specifically exempted from the FLSA overtime requirements the time plaintiffs took to open and close the project gates. The Act does not require employers to pay overtime for "walking, riding, or traveling to and from the actual place of performance of the principal activity or activities which such employee is employed to perform ...." 29 U.S.C. Sec. 254(a)(1). The opening and closing of gates enables the employees to reach their actual place of performance and is the kind of activity covered by this exception. See Carter v. Panama Canal Co., 314 F. Supp. at 390-91.

AFFIRMED.

I concur in the judgment on the ground that the trier of fact could reasonably have found the amounts of time spent by the employees in pre-shift reading and discussing of the logs and in lockage duties was de minimis. I therefore join Parts IB and II of Judge Choy's opinion. I would not reach the issue of opening and closing of gates discussed in Part III of Judge Choy's opinion, because appellant has not pursued the issue on this appeal.

While I agree as well with much of the discussion in Part I of Judge Choy's opinion, I cannot agree that the Westrick letter conclusively establishes that the Corps did not "suffer" or "permit" the work to be done outside of the normal shift. Mere issuance of written instructions against overtime is not sufficient to relieve the employer of liability if he nevertheless knows that overtime is being worked and allows it. Wirtz v. Bledsoe, 365 F.2d 277, 278 (10th Cir.1966). That rule is not made dependent upon the work's being incapable of performance during regular shift hours. See id. Nor is it determinative that the Corps did not pressure employees to engage in pre-shift work; the point is that the Corps, if it knows pre-shift work is being done, must apply pressure to end it if it does not want the work to be compensable. There is ample evidence here that the Corps knew of the work and "suffered" or "permitted" it to be done before the start of the shift.