United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 18-1597
                         ___________________________

                                    Mary R. Meier

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant

                                           v.

                 St. Louis, Missouri, City of; Doc’s Towing, Inc.

                      lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants - Appellees

 St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners; Richard H. Gray, Member, St. Louis
Board of Police Commissioners, in his official capacity; Thomas Irwin, Member,
St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners, in his official capacity; Erwin Switzer,
Member, St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners, in his official capacity; Bettye
Battle-Turner, Member, St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners, in her official
capacity; Francis G. Slay, in his official capacity as a member ex officio of the St.
   Louis City Board of Police Commissioners; St. Louis P.O. House, DSN 219

                             lllllllllllllllllllllDefendants
                                     ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: April 15, 2019
                              Filed: August 19, 2019
                                  ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, ARNOLD and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
                             ____________
KELLY, Circuit Judge.

       Mary Meier sued the City of St. Louis and Doc’s Towing, Inc., claiming that
both defendants violated her rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments
when her car was towed and stored without her consent or a warrant. The district
court granted summary judgment in the defendants’ favor, concluding that neither
defendant was a party who could be held liable for any alleged constitutional
violation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Because we conclude that Meier has adduced
evidence sufficient to establish both defendants’ liability, we reverse and remand for
further proceedings.

                                           I

      In December 2015, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department (SLMPD)
Officer Ashley Kelly responded to a hit-and-run accident. Based on information
received from the victim, she suspected that the vehicle that left the scene was a Ford
F-150 truck registered to Meier. So she asked a SLMPD clerk to report the truck as
“wanted” for an ordinance violation on the Regional Justice Information Service
(REJIS) network. REJIS is a computer network established by a cooperative
agreement between the City of St. Louis and St. Louis County. It allows law
enforcement agencies within the county to share information with each other.

       On the early morning of March 17, 2016, Maryland Heights Police Department
(MHPD) Officer Cliff House saw Ben Meier (Mary Meier’s son) and a companion
sitting in a truck in a hotel parking lot. House looked up the truck’s license plate
number on REJIS and saw that it was wanted by SLMPD. He approached the truck’s
occupants and eventually arrested them for reasons unconnected to the wanted report.
He directed dispatch to arrange for the truck to be towed because of the wanted
report, among other things. MHPD dispatch arranged for Doc’s Towing to pick up
the truck. When a driver from Doc’s Towing arrived, House indicated that the truck

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was wanted by the City of St. Louis. The driver wrote “Maryland Heights Police
Department,” “Hold,” and the date on the truck’s back window and then towed it to
Doc’s Towing, where it was stored.

      MHPD dispatch sent SLMPD a message through REJIS: “We have located this
vehicle and we are towing it to Doc’s Towing due to an arrest.” SLMPD responded,
“Please notify our First District Detective Bureau in the morning with arrest
information.” In the morning, SLMPD followed up with another message to MHPD:
“Advise driver/owner of vehicle to respond to the First District Detective Bureau
regarding release of vehicle.” MHPD mailed Meier a notice that the truck had been
towed to Doc’s Towing.

      On March 18, Meier and her son went to Doc’s Towing to get the truck back.
An employee told them that MHPD had “released” the truck but that SLMPD still had
a “hold” on the truck, and therefore it could not be released. Later that month, Ben
Meier contacted SLMPD Detective John Russo to figure out how to remove the
wanted hold on the truck. Russo explained that Ben would have to answer SLMPD’s
“questions relative to the accident.”

       Eventually, Meier hired a lawyer, Jeff Rath, to help her get the truck back.
After numerous phone calls, Rath obtained a boilerplate “release order” form from
SLMPD that “rescinded” the March 17 “hold order” on the truck. Rath faxed the
release order to Doc’s Towing on April 29. Doc’s Towing then allowed Meier to
retrieve the truck after paying a tow fee and a separate storage fee based on the
number of days in storage. Unfortunately, the truck had been damaged during its time
in storage, and an employee who mistakenly believed that the truck had been
abandoned by its owner had already applied for salvage title. Doc’s Towing
attempted to remedy this error, but at the time briefing was completed on this appeal,
Meier still had not obtained clean title for the truck.



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                                           II

       Meier sued various defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a statute that
establishes a cause of action against a person who, under color of law, causes a
violation of the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. The district court granted summary
judgment in favor of St. Louis and Doc’s Towing, concluding that these two
defendants could not be held liable under § 1983 because Meier had not adduced
evidence establishing that either defendant acted pursuant to an official policy or that
Doc’s Towing had acted under color of law. “We review the grant of a summary
judgment motion de novo and examine the record in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party.” Smith v. Insley’s Inc., 

, 879 (8th Cir. 2007).
“Summary judgment is only appropriate if the evidence viewed in this manner
demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

each appellee’s liability in
turn.

                                           A

       Municipalities like St. Louis may be held liable under § 1983 only if the
alleged constitutional violation was caused by an “action pursuant to official
municipal policy of some nature.” Szabla v. City of Brooklyn Park, 

,
389 (8th Cir. 2007) (en banc) (quoting Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 

,
691 (1978)). Meier claims that SLMPD has a policy, albeit an unwritten one, of
reporting vehicles as wanted on REJIS in hopes of detaining the vehicle against the
owner’s wishes and without a warrant. To establish the existence of such an
“unwritten or unofficial policy,” Meier must demonstrate “(1) the existence of a
continuing, widespread, persistent pattern of unconstitutional misconduct by the
[municipality’s] employees; (2) deliberate indifference to or tacit authorization of
such conduct by the [municipality’s] policymaking officials after notice to the
officials of that misconduct; and (3) that [she] was injured by acts pursuant to the

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[municipality’s] custom, i.e., that the custom was a moving force behind the
constitutional violation.” Brewington v. Keener, 

, 801 (8th Cir. 2018)
(quoting Corwin v. City of Independence, 

, 700 (8th Cir. 2016)).

        We conclude that Meier has adduced evidence from which a reasonable juror
could find that each of these three elements is met. Rath testified during a deposition
that in his experience as a criminal defense attorney, SLMPD “regularly” detains
vehicles suspected of criminal involvement in hopes of identifying the owner or
driver of the vehicle. Cynthia Jennings, the REJIS training officer, teaches officers
throughout St. Louis County that “[w]anted means . . . once you stop that vehicle and
confirm the status of it, that vehicle would then be held if it meets the criteria from
the originating agency.” SLMPD Captain Steven Mueller, whom SLMPD designated
as its representative under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6), also understands
that reporting a vehicle as wanted on REJIS is a request that the investigating officer
“[d]etain [the vehicle] for us.” These statements, if believed, would demonstrate
SLMPD employees’ continuing, widespread, persistent practice of using wanted
reports to seize vehicles without a warrant as an investigative tool. St. Louis does not
contest that Jenning and Mueller are policymaking officials, so their statements also
demonstrate that SLMPD’s policymaking officials are aware of this practice. See
Dahl v. Rice County, 

, 743 (8th Cir. 2010) (“A policy can be inferred
from a single decision taken by the highest officials responsible for setting policy in
that area of the government’s business.”).

      A jury could also find that this policy resulted in Doc’s Towing’s retention of
Meier’s car. SLMPD reported Meier’s truck wanted, and after it received MHPD’s
notice that the truck had been located, it instructed MHPD to “[a]dvise driver/owner
of vehicle to respond to the First District Detective Bureau regarding release of
vehicle.” When Ben Meier contacted SLMPD, Detective Russo believed that there
was a “hold placed [on the truck] as it is wanted for leaving the scene,” and he told
Ben to “respond to St. Louis Police Department to answer questions relative to the

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accident” to get the truck back. The release order provides further confirmation that
the wanted report was intended to effect the seizure of Meier’s truck, as it indicates
that it rescinds a “hold order” entered the day that the truck was towed.

       St. Louis argues that it uses “hold orders” to “authorize[] the towing of a
vehicle” and that “‘wanted’ and ‘hold’ are not synonymous.” Because SLMPD
officers never issued a “hold order” for Meier’s truck, St. Louis reasons, its policy
cannot be responsible for the truck’s seizure—MHPD and Doc’s Towing simply
misunderstood SLMPD’s REJIS report. The evidence viewed in Meier’s favor does
not support this argument. “Hold orders” are not mentioned in the REJIS manual, and
Jennings understands a wanted report to “be synonymous with the word hold.” As
discussed above, several SLMPD employees, including policymaking officials and
the individuals personally involved in Meier’s case, believe a wanted report operates
as a request “to take [the vehicle] into custody.” And the release order issued by an
SLMPD employee could be read to recognize that Meier’s truck was held pursuant
to a “hold order.” A reasonable jury could find that Meier’s truck was towed and held
pursuant to SLMPD’s unwritten but widespread and persistent policy of reporting
vehicles as wanted for the purpose of detaining them without a warrant.

       St. Louis also argues that regardless of its policy, it cannot be held liable
because Meier has not brought claims against any individual SLMPD employee. It
relies on Whitney v. City of St. Louis, 

(8th Cir. 2018), in which we
stated that “absent a constitutional violation by a city employee, there can be no
§ 1983 or Monell liability for the City.” 

This argument misreads Whitney.
Municipal liability requires a constitutional violation by a municipal employee, but
it does not require the plaintiff to bring suit against the individual employee. See
Webb v. City of Maplewood, 

, 487–88 (8th Cir.) (“[O]ur case law has
been clear . . . that although there must be an unconstitutional act by a municipal
employee before a municipality can be held liable, there need not be a finding that a
municipal employee is liable in his or her individual capacity.” (cleaned up)), cert.

                                         -6-
denied, 

(2018). Assuming that the seizure of Meier’s truck violated
her constitutional rights—an assumption that St. Louis does not dispute at this
juncture—Meier has adduced evidence sufficient to establish St. Louis’s liability for
that violation.

                                         B

       To succeed on her § 1983 claim against Doc’s Towing, Meier must
demonstrate that the company was acting under color of law. See 

. An act violating the Constitution is considered to have occurred under color
of law if it is “fairly attributable” to a governmental entity. 

v.
Edmondson Oil Co., 

, 937 (1982)). “The Supreme Court has recognized
a number of circumstances in which a private party may be characterized as a
[governmental] actor,” including “where a private actor is a ‘willful participant in
joint activity with the [governmental entity] or its agents.’” Wickersham v. City of
Columbia, 

, 597 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co.,

, 151 (1970)). “The one unyielding requirement is that there be a ‘close
nexus’ not merely between the state and the private party, but between the state and
the alleged deprivation itself.” 

Acad. v. Tenn. Secondary
Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 

, 295 (2001)).

       Doc’s Towing argues that Meier has not adduced any evidence of a “close
nexus” between St. Louis and the detention of her truck. But the evidence would
allow a reasonable jury to find just that. As explained above, a jury could find that
SLMPD intended Doc’s Towing to detain Meier’s truck until it obtained the
information it was looking for and authorized the truck’s release. A jury could also
find that Doc’s Towing understood SLMPD’s intent and acted accordingly. When
Meier attempted to retrieve the truck, a Doc’s Towing employee refused to release it,
explaining to her “that a hold from the St. Louis Police Department was put on the
car.” The president of Doc’s Towing confirmed in a deposition that “Doc’s Towing

                                         -7-
was told to hold [the truck] based on the City of St. Louis’s ‘wanted’ and to hold it
until the City of St. Louis released it.” This was in accordance with Doc’s Towing’s
policy of not releasing a vehicle with a “hold” or “wanted” on it without police
authorization. Once Doc’s Towing received the release order from SLMPD, it
released the truck to Meier in accordance with its policy. When viewed in this light,
the evidence indicates that SLMPD and Doc’s Towing shared a mutual understanding
concerning the truck and that Doc’s Towing willfully participated in SLMPD’s
policy. See Magee v. Trs. of Hamline Univ., 

, 536 (8th Cir. 2014)
(holding that “a mutual understanding, or a meeting of the minds, between the private
party and the state actor” is sufficient to establish that the private party was acting
under color of law (quoting Pendleton v. St. Louis Cty., 

, 1011 (8th Cir.
1999))). We conclude that Meier has adduced evidence from which a reasonable
juror could find that Doc’s Towing was acting under color of law when it refused to
allow her access to her truck.

                                          III

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s decision and remand
for further proceedings.
                       ______________________________




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