In 1942, the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation (FFMC) conveyed by special warranty deed a fee simply interest in certain land in Summit County, Utah, to Hyrum and Florence Newton. The original deed and all copies other than a recorded version kept in the Summit County Recorder's Office are apparently no longer in existence. The parties dispute the exact contents of the original 1942 deed. Appellants claim that the deed reserved to the FFMC a one-half mineral interest in the property. As recorded, however, the deed contains no such reservation.

In 1957, the FFMC conveyed by quitclaim deed to the United States all of its mineral interest in various tracts of property, including the Newtons' property. The United States subsequently leased its claimed one-half mineral interest to the other appellants in this case.

In 1960, the Newtons conveyed their entire interest in the property to a family corporation, the Hyrum J. Newton & Sons Sheep Company (Newton Company). Beginning in 1971, this family corporation leased the entire mineral interest in the property to the appellees.

Appellees brought suit on January 21, 1976, under 28 U.S.C. § 2409a to quiet title to the disputed mineral rights. Contending that the Utah recording statutes provided the appellees with constructive notice of the 1957 deed to the United States, appellants moved for summary judgment on the ground that the action was barred by the limitations period of § 2409a(f). That section bars a quiet title action against the United States twelve years after the claimant "knew or should have known of the claim of the United States." The district court denied the motion. It declined to apply Utah law, concluding that the phrase "knew or should have known" should be given a uniform federal interpretation rather than decided according to state law. The federal interpretation adopted by the court was that a "stray" deed1 imparts no constructive notice to subsequent takers.

The appellees also moved for summary judgment. After excluding all of appellants' proffered evidence bearing on the contents of the 1942 deed, the court granted appellees' motion, quieting title in the appellees and requiring the appellants to account to the appellees for all profits realized under the claimed one-half mineral interest.

Section 2409a authorizes quiet title actions against the United States, but provides:

Any civil action under this section shall be barred unless it is commenced within twelve years of the date upon which it accrued. Such action shall be deemed to have accrued on the date the plaintiff or his predecessor in interest knew or should have known of the claim of the United States.

28 U.S.C. § 2409a(f).

This suit was commenced on January 21, 1976. Thus, if the Newtons or the Newton Company knew or should have known of the mineral claim of the United States prior to January 21, 1964, the suit must be dismissed. Appellants do not allege actual knowledge prior to this date. They insist, however, that the Newton Company "should have known" of the government's claim because under Utah law the recorded 1957 quitclaim deed to the United States provided constructive notice. Appellees contend that the district court properly rejected the application of state law in favor of a uniform federal law.

Because § 2409a limits the sovereign immunity of the United States, it must be interpreted according to federal law. See United States v. Standard Oil Co., 332 U.S. 301, 309-10, 67 S. Ct. 1604, 1609, 91 L. Ed. 2067 (1947); Newport Air Park, Inc. v. United States, 419 F.2d 342, 347 (1st Cir. 1969). Cf. Wheeldin v. Wheeler, 373 U.S. 647, 652, 83 S. Ct. 1441, 1445, 10 L. Ed. 2d 605 (1963); Garner v. Rathburn, 346 F.2d 55, 56 (10th Cir. 1965). However, federal courts may properly look to state law as an aid in determining the application of statutory language to specific facts. See, e. g., Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills, 353 U.S. 448, 456-57, 77 S. Ct. 912, 917-18, 1 L. Ed. 2d 972 (1957); United States v. Crain, 589 F.2d 996, 998-99 (9th Cir. 1979). Local practices and local rules are particularly indicative of whether a party should have known a relevant fact. Moreover, questions involving ownership, transfer and title to real estate have traditionally been resolved according to the laws of the state where the realty is located. See Oregon ex rel. State Land Board v. Corvallis Sand & Gravel Co., 429 U.S. 363, 378-79, 97 S. Ct. 582, 590-91, 50 L. Ed. 2d 550 (1977); United States v. Doyle, 468 F.2d 633, 636 (10th Cir. 1972).

Applying these principles, we conclude that one of the conditions that will satisfy the "should have known" language of § 2409a(f) and trigger the limitations period is constructive notice under applicable state recording statutes. Accordingly, as a matter of federal law, we believe that a party "should have known" of a claim of the United States at the time he was clearly and properly imputed with constructive notice of that claim under local recording statutes.

Courts of other states that maintain official tract indexes apparently disagree over the question whether a stray deed imparts constructive notice. Compare McCoy v. Davis, 38 N.D. 328, 164 N.W. 951, 954 (1917), and Perkins v. Cissell, 32 Okl. 827, 124 P. 7, 9 (1912), with Fullerton Lumber Co. v. Tinker, 22 S.D. 427, 118 N.W. 700 (1908), and Balch v. Arnold, 9 Wyo. 17, 59 P. 434, 439 (1899). The Utah Supreme Court has never squarely resolved the issue. However, early Utah cases tend to support the position that a stray deed recorded on a tract index does not give constructive notice. See Boyer v. Pahvant Mercantile & Investment Co., 76 Utah 1, 287 P. 188, 191 (1930); Drake v. Reggel, 10 Utah 376, 37 P. 583, 584 (1894). Cf. Flemetis v. McArthur, 119 Utah 268, 226 P.2d 124, 126 (1951). Furthermore, at all times relevant to this suit in 1957 when the quitclaim deed to the United States was recorded, in 1960 when the warranty deed was given to the Newton Company, and in 1964, 12 years prior to the initiation of this suit the officially adopted position of the Utah State Bar was that a stray deed appearing on the tract index could be ignored. Record, vol. 1, at 99, 152. That position has since been amended.2

It is thus evident that Utah law on constructive notice from stray deeds is inconclusive and ambiguous, and was so at all times relevant to this case. A federal court applying state law may properly determine how the state courts will resolve ambiguities in state law. However, we need not do so in this case.3 We need determine only that state law on the issue is ambiguous.

The operative words of the statute "should have known" import a test of reasonableness. Only if it was unreasonable for the Newton Company to have failed to discover the claim of the United States should the limitations provision of § 2409a(f) become operative. When, as here, the relevant state law is inconclusive and ambiguous on the effect of a stray deed, we are not convinced that, as a matter of federal law, a party should be considered so unreasonable in failing to have discovered the existence of a claim that he will be charged with constructive knowledge of that claim. The doctrine of constructive notice, which creates a fiction and deals with hypothetical facts, is a harsh doctrine which should be resorted to reluctantly and construed strictly. See United States v. Suring State Bank, 150 F. Supp. 60, 62 (E.D.Wis.1957); Cody Finance Co. v. Leggett, 116 F. Supp. 700, 706 (D.Wyo.1953), aff'd sub nom. Reconstruction Finance Corp. v. Cody Finance Co., 214 F.2d 695 (10th Cir. 1954).

We emphasize that we are not deciding how Utah law would be applied in a similar situation. We hold only that under the circumstances of this case where the limitations period was triggered, if at all, only through constructive notice under state law, and the state law on constructive notice is ambiguous we are unwilling to say for purposes of this federal statute that the Newton Company "should have known" of the claim of the United States.

Having determined that the action was not barred by the limitations period of § 2409a(f), the district court was faced with two alternative approaches to resolve the merits of the dispute. The court could have determined whether the Newton Company or any of its successors in interest was a bona fide purchaser sufficient to cut off any interest in the appellants.4 The court selected, however, to decide first whether FFMC conveyed the disputed mineral interest to the Newtons in the 1942 deed, or whether it reserved the interest to itself.5 If the original 1942 deed contained no mineral reservation clause, the appellants obviously have no mineral interest in the property.

Because appellees brought this quiet title action, they have the burden of establishing their title to the disputed interest. See Littlefield v. Nelson, 246 F.2d 956, 959 (10th Cir. 1957); Perpetual Royalty Corp. v. Kipfer, 253 F. Supp. 571, 573-74 (D.Kan.1965), aff'd, 361 F.2d 317 (10th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 1025, 87 S. Ct. 743, 17 L. Ed. 2d 673 (1967); Olsen v. Park Daughters Investment Co., 29 Utah 2d 421, 511 P.2d 145, 146 (1973). By introducing the recorded version of the deed, which showed that they received the entire interest in the property, appellees established a prima facie right to relief. See Utah Code Ann. § 78-25-3 (1953). The burden then shifted to the appellants to introduce evidence of the invalidity or inaccuracy of the recorded version of the deed. In granting summary judgment, the court excluded all of the evidence proffered by appellants.

The appellants offered evidence in an attempt to show that the routine practice of the FFMC was to reserve a one-half mineral interest in all property transferred during the relevant period. The court excluded this evidence on the ground that under Rule 1005 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, the availability of a properly recorded version of the 1942 deed precluded admission of any other evidence of the contents of the deed. We believe the court misinterpreted the purpose and effect of Rule 1005.

The contents of an official record, or of a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed, including data compilations in any form, if otherwise admissible, may be proved by copy, certified as correct in accordance with rule 902 or testified to be correct by a witness who has compared it with the original. If a copy which complies with the foregoing cannot be obtained by the exercise of reasonable diligence, then other evidence of the contents may be given.

The notes of the Advisory Committee on the proposed rules of evidence help explain the purpose of this rule:

Public records call for somewhat different treatment. Removing them from their usual place of keeping would be attended by serious inconvenience to the public and to the custodian. As a consequence judicial decisions and statutes commonly hold that no explanation need be given for failure to produce the original of a public record. . . . This blanket dispensation from producing or accounting for the original would open the door to the introduction of every kind of secondary evidence of contents of public records were it not for the preference given certified or compared copies. Recognition of degrees of secondary evidence in this situation is an appropriate quid pro quo for not applying the requirement of producing the original.

Rule 1005 authorizes the admission of certified copies of records and documents filed and stored in public offices. The purpose of the rule is to eliminate the necessity of the custodian of public records producing the originals in court. This purpose is not furthered by extending the rule to encompass documents not filed and stored in public offices.

Rule 1005, by its terms, extends to "a document authorized to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed." This language encompasses deeds, mortgages and other documents filed in a county recorder's office. However, it is the actual record maintained by the public office which is the object of Rule 1005, not the original deed from which the record is made. If the original deed is returned to the parties after it is recorded, it is not a public record as contemplated by Rule 1005.

Applying Rule 1005 to exclude all other evidence of the contents of a deed is especially troublesome in a case such as this one. We cannot embrace an interpretation of the Rule which would exclude all evidence of the original deed other than the recorded version when the very question in controversy is whether the original deed was correctly transcribed onto the recorded version. Rule 1004(1), which authorizes the admission of other evidence of the contents of a writing if all originals are lost or destroyed, rather than Rule 1005, is applicable to the 1942 deed.6 Accordingly, assuming it is otherwise admissible, evidence of a routine practice of the FFMC is relevant to prove conduct under Rule 406, and is admissible in lieu of the original under Rule 1004(1). Even if the evidence is not extremely probative, as indicated by the court, Record, vol. 2, at 431 n.2, it is sufficient to create a question of fact and render summary judgment improper. Accordingly, the case must be remanded for the district court to consider admissibility of the evidence under a proper interpretation of Rules 1004 and 1005.

The appellants offered into evidence a photocopy of what is purportedly a conformed copy of the 1942 deed. The copy was found in a case file of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). In excluding the file copy, the court indicated that it was "apparently incapable of being properly authenticated," and, in any event, admission would be "unfair" under Rule 1003 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Record, vol. 2, at 428-30.

Documentary evidence introduced in federal courts must be authenticated under the provisions of Rules 901 or 902 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Specifically, the proponent of such evidence must produce evidence "sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims." Fed.R.Evid. 901(a). The district court did not decide that the file copy could not be properly authenticated, but rather that it was "apparently incapable" of proper authentication. On remand, the appellants should be given the opportunity to properly authenticate the file copy under the provisions of Rule 901.7

The court also excluded the file copy on the ground that it would be "unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original" under Rule 1003.8 The trial court felt that admission of the file copy would be unfair because the most critical part of the original conformed copy (the reservation clause) is not completely reproduced in the "duplicate." We find no abuse of discretion in this holding.

In determining that admission of the file copy would be "unfair," the court was apparently considering admission for purposes of proving the contents of the original conformed copy (and ultimately, the original 1942 deed). However, the appellants also urge admissibility of the file copy for other purposes. They argue that the file copy supports their claim that the original 1942 deed was prepared on standard form 657, that it bears the same identification number as the county recorder's copy and the Federal Land Bank ledger, and that it demonstrates the physical length of the land description, supporting the theory that a flapped attachment was used on the 1942 deed. Even if admission of the file copy is unfair for the purpose of proving the contents of the original conformed copy, it may not be unfair for other purposes. Assuming the appellants can satisfactorily authenticate the file copy, on remand the district court should consider admissibility for these purposes.

The appellants urge that the district court improperly failed to consider an official BLM land office plat and a historical index which reflect the government's retained mineral interest. The court did not rule on this evidence, but said in a footnote:

(D)efendants allege that certain official land office plats or indexes reflect a mineral reservation in the federal government. The court, however, has seen no evidence supporting this allegation or the inference defendants wish to be drawn therefrom.

Record, vol. 2, at 431 n.1.

In fact, the evidence was before the court. The index and plat were submitted by some of the appellants as exhibits to a July 6, 1976, motion for summary judgment. Record, vol. 1, at 34-36. Furthermore, they were specifically mentioned in the appellants' memorandum in opposition to the appellees' motion for summary judgment. Record, vol. 2, at 317-18. Accordingly, on remand the district court should consider this evidence.9

The appellants also offered other evidence including a blank standard deed form 657, a copy of the 1957 quitclaim deed and certain working files of the BLM. On remand, the court should consider the admissibility of such evidence. The blank standard deed form would be relevant upon sufficient showing that the 1942 deed was prepared on a similar form. The 1957 quitclaim deed is not a "nullity" as suggested by the court. Record, vol. 2, at 431 n.1. Rather, it represents a valid transfer of all interest retained by the FFMC, if any, to the United States. However, the appellants must show that it is relevant to issues in this case and otherwise admissible. The working files of the BLM, although not necessarily admissible as public records, may be admissible to show the practice of the agency and the manner in which deeds with lengthy descriptions were constructed.

Because of the ambiguities in Utah law on constructive notice, this case is not barred by virtue of the "should have known" language of 28 U.S.C. § 2409a(f). However, the court's order granting summary judgment in favor of the appellees must be reversed. The court excluded much of the appellants' evidence on erroneous grounds. If otherwise admissible, the proffered evidence is sufficient to create questions of fact. On remand, the district court must reconsider the admissibility of the evidence in light of this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.