OPINION AND ORDER

RESTANI, Judge.

This matter comes before the court following the court's decisions in Lifestyle Enterprise, Inc. v. United States, 768 F.Supp.2d 1286 (CIT 2011) ("Lifestyle I"), in which the court remanded Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and New Shipper Reviews, 74 Fed.Reg. 41,374 (Dep't Commerce Aug. 17, 2009) ("Final Results") to the U.S. Department of Commerce ("Commerce" or the "Department") and Lifestyle Enterprise, Inc. v. United States, 844 F.Supp.2d 1283 (CIT 2012) ("Lifestyle II"), in which the court remanded Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Remand (Dep't Commerce Aug. 26, 2011) (Docket No. 132) ("First Remand Results") to Commerce. For the reasons stated below, the court finds that Commerce complied with the court's remand instructions with regard to the selection of the surrogate value for wood input, but Commerce has not complied with the court's remand instructions regarding Orient's AFA rate. Thus, Commerce's Second Remand Results are sustained in part and remanded in part. See Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Second Remand (Dep't Commerce June 11, 2012) (Docket No. 183) ("Second Remand Results").

BACKGROUND

The facts of this case have been well-documented in the court's previous opinions. See Lifestyle I, 768 F.Supp.2d at 1293-95; Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1286-87. The court presumes familiarity with these decisions but briefly summarizes the facts relevant to this opinion.

The plaintiffs, Lifestyle Enterprise, Inc. ("Lifestyle"), Orient International Holding Shanghai Foreign Trade Co., Ltd. ("Orient"), Guangdong Yihua Timber Industry Co., Ltd. ("Yihua Timber"), Dream Rooms Furniture (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Ron's Warehouse Furniture, Emerald Home Furnishings, LLC, and Trade Masters of Texas, Inc., and intervenor defendants American Furniture Manufacturers Committee for Legal Trade and Vaughan-Bassett Furniture Company, Inc. (collectively "AFMC") challenged the Final Results of an administrative review of the antidumping ("AD") duty order on wooden bedroom furniture from the People's Republic of China ("PRC" or "China"), which assigned Orient a weighted average dumping margin2 of 216.01% as part of the PRC-wide entity and Yihua Timber the dumping margin of 29.89%. See Final Results, 74 Fed.Reg. at 41,380; Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China: Amended Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and New Shipper Reviews, 74 Fed.Reg. 55,810, 55,811 (Dep't Commerce Oct. 29, 2009). Upon considering the parties' motions for judgment on the agency record, the court held, inter alia, that substantial evidence did not support denial of a separate rate for Orient and that the rate of 216.01% assigned to Orient was not corroborated. Lifestyle I, 768 F.Supp.2d at 1296-99. The court also held that substantial evidence did not support Commerce's decision on the data set for wood inputs. Id. at 1301-02. The court remanded for reconsideration or further explanation. Id. at 1314-15. On remand, Commerce 1) found "that the information on the record corroborates the rate of 216.01 percent, as it relates to Orient," based on total adverse facts available ("AFA"), and 2) "continue[d] to find that it is appropriate to value wood inputs using [World Trade Atlas ("WTA")] import data." First Remand Results 8, 31. Despite Commerce's explanation, the court found that Commerce had not presented substantial evidence linking the source of the 216.01% AFA rate to Orient and therefore "Commerce ha[d] failed to show some relationship between the AFA rate and the actual dumping margin." Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1291 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The court also found that Commerce had "failed to support its rejection of a volume-based approach," and instructed Commerce that "unless it chooses to reopen the record to gather more evidence, to use the volume data set for wood inputs." Id. at 1297-98.3

In the Second Remand Results, Commerce chose not to reopen the record and recalculated the valuation of wood inputs using NSO volume-based data. Second Remand Results 1, 7. Commerce also calculated a new AFA rate of 130.81% for Orient. Id. at 9. Plaintiff Lifestyle challenges Commerce's determination regarding Orient's AFA rate. Cmts. of Lifestyle Enterprise, Inc., Trade Masters of Texas, Inc. and Emerald Home Furnishings, LLC on Department of Commerce June 11, 2012 Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Second Remand 12 ("Lifestyle Cmts."). Yihua Timber challenges Commerce's use of NSO volume-based data to value wood inputs.4 Yihua's Cmts. on Commerce's Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Second Remand 1 ("Yihua Timber Cmts."). The Government and AFMC ask the court to sustain the Second Remand Results. Def.'s Resp. to Pls.' Remand Cmts. 1 ("Def.'s Resp."); AFMC's Cmts. Concerning Commerce's Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Second Remand 1 ("AFMC Cmts.").5

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). The court will not uphold Commerce's final determination in an AD review if it is "unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law...." 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

DISCUSSION

I. Orient's AFA Rate

Lifestyle argues that Orient's AFA rate was not reasonably reflective of Orient's commercial reality, punitive, and "aberrantly high and egregiously out of line with the rate calculated for Yihua [Timber], a comparable company." Lifestyle Cmts. 8-9, 11. Specifically, Lifestyle contends that Commerce used an insufficient percentage of Yihua Timber's sales, yielding an excessively high AFA rate.6 Id. at 9-10. This claim has merit.

If an interested party has failed to cooperate in not providing valid data upon which Commerce can calculate an AD rate, Commerce may calculate a rate using inferences which are "adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available." 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b). In doing so, Commerce may rely on information derived from the petition, a final determination in the investigation, any previous review, or any other information placed on the record. Id. "An AFA rate must be `a reasonably accurate estimate of the respondent's actual rate, albeit with some built-in increase intended as a deterrent to non-compliance.'" Gallant Ocean (Thai.) Co. v. United States, 602 F.3d 1319, 1323 (Fed.Cir.2010) (quoting F.lli De Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed.Cir.2000)). "Commerce may not select unreasonably high rates having no relationship to the respondent's actual dumping margin." Id. Although the exact limits of the corroboration requirement are not clear here, corroboration pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c) is not sought because Commerce selected a margin based on information from the current POR. The AFA rate selected by Commerce nevertheless must be supported by substantial evidence. Selection of an AFA rate based on minuscule data will not suffice. An AFA rate must not be aberrant or punitive, and should bear a rational relationship to respondent's commercial reality.7 See KYD, Inc. v. United States, 607 F.3d 760, 767-68 (Fed.Cir.2010) (Commerce's determination is not punitive where it is in accordance with statutory requirements); Essar Steel Ltd. v. United States, 678 F.3d 1268, 1276 (Fed.Cir.2012) ("The imposition of adverse facts can be inappropriate if it is overly punitive.").8

In the draft Second Remand Results, Commerce calculated a new AFA rate for Orient based on Yihua Timber's revised dumping margin of 40.74% and "added an additional amount to ensure compliance by only selecting Yihua Timber's sales transactions that produced positive margins," thereby assigning Orient an AFA rate of 46.53%. Second Remand Results 1, 8. After the draft results, Commerce "determined that the 46.53 percent rate [was] not sufficiently adverse to provide respondents with an incentive to cooperate." Id. at 8 (internal quotation marks and footnote omitted). Commerce is likely not incorrect in this regard. The next step is more problematic. In the final Second Remand Results, Commerce examined an invoice from Orient's section A questionnaire response, which Orient had not withdrawn. Id. Commerce then selected CONNUM-specific margins for Yihua Timber's sales of the same product types sold by Orient as reflected in the invoice, selected the highest specific margin for each of Yihua Timber's products (excluding margins over 216%), and then averaged those margins together for an AFA rate of 130.81%.9 Id.

Here, Commerce has based Orient's AFA rate on an impermissibly small percentage of the sales of a different but cooperating respondent. In Lifestyle II, the court cautioned that "[s]pecific transactions are generally uninformative." 844 F.Supp.2d at 1291 n. 9; see KYD, 607 F.3d at 767 (stating that Commerce had validated an AFA rate in the prior review through "high-volume transaction-specific margins for cooperative companies"). Cases such as Ta Chen and PAM lie at the outer reach of an acceptable percentage of sales upon which to base an AFA rate and have additional facts that make the small percentages less troubling there. See Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Inc. v. United States, 298 F.3d 1330, 1339 (Fed.Cir.2002) (finding that 0.04% of respondent's sales reflected a partial AFA rate of 30.95% where actual sales data was "reflective of some, albeit a small portion, of [respondent's] actual sales"); PAM, S.p.A. v. United States, 582 F.3d 1336, 1340 (Fed. Cir.2009) (finding that 0.5% of non-cooperating respondent's sales supported an AFA rate of 45.49%). Some of the product-specific margins Commerce relied upon here were based on a single transaction where the percentage of product-specific sales was even smaller than the percentages accepted in Ta Chen and PAM. Generally, a larger percentage of a party's sales data is needed to support a very high margin. See Taifa IV, 780 F.Supp.2d at 1350 (finding Commerce provided substantial evidence for an AFA rate of 145.90% where Commerce relied on 36% of the non-cooperating respondent's verified sales data from the last year in which it cooperated); Mid Continent Nail Corp. v. United States, 712 F.Supp.2d 1370, 1378 (CIT 2010) (providing that, in the context of targeted dumping, 33% is considered reasonable for establishing a pattern of activity); iScholar, Inc. v. United States, Slip Op. 11-4, 2011 WL 109014, at *2-3 (CIT Jan. 13, 2011) (sustaining a rate of 72.03% based on a single transaction of around 50 units by a cooperating respondent because the transaction was "within the mainstream"). The transactions selected by Commerce, the very highest CONNUM-specific margins under 216.01%, were clearly outside the mainstream.10

Lifestyle also alleges that Commerce engaged in a "closed-door session with counsel to the AFMC," "gave no warning to the parties" prior to the final results, "did an about face," and "did not provide parties with an opportunity to file" comments after the final Second Remand Results. Lifestyle Cmts. 5-6. Although Lifestyle does not make any legal claims based on these actions, Commerce's methodology was new to the plaintiffs. In the draft Second Remand Results, Commerce discussed only an AFA rate of 46.53%, comprised of Yihua Timber's calculated rate of 40.74% plus an additional amount to encourage compliance. Draft Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Second Remand, Conf. App. to Cmts. of Lifestyle Enter., Inc., Trade Masters of Texas, Inc. and Emerald Home Furnishings, LLC on Dep't of Commerce June 11, 2012 Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Second Remand ("Lifestyle App."), Tab 1, at 10. In the final Second Remand Results, Commerce considered AFA rates of 216.01%, 130.81%, 100%, and 69%.11 Commerce would be well-served by giving parties an equal opportunity to respond to as well as providing adequate time to comment on significant changes in methodology.

Lastly, Commerce has ignored the court's remand instructions in Lifestyle I and Lifestyle II. Commerce failed to comply with the court's remand order because Commerce did not follow the court's direction that Commerce "should start with the highest rate calculated for a comparable respondent or respondents and then add an additional amount to ensure compliance." Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1291 n. 13. Additionally, Commerce still has not explained why Orient's rate increased so dramatically from its prior margin. See Lifestyle I, 768 F.Supp.2d at 1299; Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1290. "When rates are in multiples of 100%, one might assume that a bit more corroboration or record support is warranted." Qingdao Taifa Grp., Co. v. United States, 760 F.Supp.2d 1379, 1386 n. 7 (CIT 2010) ("Taifa III"). Commerce explained that "some relationship between the AFA rate and the actual dumping margin," Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1291, was shown because "it is: a) contemporaneous (i.e., from the instant review), b) from a `comparable' respondent based on the information on the record, and c) based on sales of the same types of merchandise sold by Orient during the same period." Second Remand Results at 16. If this was all the court required, then the percentage of sales and those sales' relationship to commercial reality for this respondent would be wholly irrelevant. But this is not the case and Commerce must show more. The use of contemporaneous data, particularly where data are cherry-picked and manipulated, does not obviate the necessity of Commerce to provide substantial evidence of a rational relationship between the AFA rate chosen and the commercial reality of the non-cooperating respondent. On the facts of this case, a distorted rate based on a very small percentage of a comparable company's like-product sales does not meet this threshold.

Because Commerce's task is to identify the amount necessary to deter noncompliance, Commerce must look at the relationship between the AFA rate granted in the current administrative review and the rate of past and present cooperating respondents of comparable size. Gallant, 602 F.3d at 1324. Absent record evidence to the contrary, the difference between these rates and the AFA rate is the deterrent. Where the AFA rate is multiples of the baseline, this indicates that the rate may not be supported by substantial evidence. See De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032. An AFA rate over 100% may be some evidence that the rate is punitive. Taifa III, 760 F.Supp.2d at 1386 n. 7. Unlike cases in which the rate and amount of deterrent were facially within the bounds of commercial reality, see, e.g., Ta Chen, 298 F.3d at 1339; PAM, 582 F.3d at 1340, here, Commerce must provide substantial evidence for such a high AFA rate by using, in some manner, data in the mainstream of normal transactions of cooperating respondents or otherwise relying upon data reflecting commercial reality.

"Commerce need not select, as the AFA rate, a rate that represents the typical dumping margin for the industry in question." KYD, 607 F.3d at 765-66. But Commerce must select an AFA rate that has not been artificially constructed for the sole purpose of punishing a non-compliant respondent. By selecting a very small number of the highest product-specific margins from a different respondent, Commerce appears to have done just that. Thus Commerce's determination that Orient should receive an AFA rate of 130.81% is not supported by substantial evidence.

II. Wood Input Valuation

Yihua Timber argues that Commerce erred when it did not consider two alternatives to NSO volume-based data to value certain wood inputs. Yihua Timber Cmts. 2. No other party challenges Commerce's decision to use NSO volume-based data over WTA weight-based data in the Second Remand Results, and Yihua Timber's challenge is too late. Therefore, the court sustains Commerce's determination on this issue.

A party has waived an argument where it does not present the argument "until after it ha[s] filed its principal summary judgment brief ... [because] parties must give a trial court a fair opportunity to rule on an issue...." Novosteel SA v. United States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1274 (Fed.Cir.2002); KYD, Inc. v. United States, 836 F.Supp.2d 1410, 1414 n. 2 (CIT 2012). "[A]ll claims, arguments, and objections that [a plaintiff has] elected not to address in its post-remand briefs must be deemed waived." Bond Street, Ltd. v. United States, 774 F.Supp.2d 1251, 1261 n. 4 (CIT 2011).

In 2009, prior to the Final Results, Yihua Timber argued that Commerce should not rely on NSO volume-based data to calculate the surrogate values for various wood inputs, as Commerce had done in the Preliminary Results. Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Antidumping Duty Administrative and New Shipper Reviews of Wooden Bedroom Furniture from the People's Republic of China, A-570-890, POR 1/1/07-12/31/07, at 7 (Aug. 10, 2009) ("Issues and Decision Memorandum"), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/prc/E9-19666-1.pdf (last visited Aug. 27, 2012). Yihua Timber also argued that Commerce should not use Philippine Harmonized Tariff Schedule ("HTS") codes to value lumber and plywood. Id. Instead, Yihua Timber proposed that Commerce use domestic market data from the Philippines Forest and Management Bureau, export data from the United States to the Philippines, or export data from the United States to the PRC. Id. Yihua Timber had placed WTA weight-based data on the record in 2008 and also proposed using NSO weight-based data which it considered "substantially the same as the Philippine import data published in the World Trade Atlas...." Case Br. of Guangdong Yihua Timber Indus. Co., Ltd. (May 28, 2009), P.R. 557, at 12; Yihua Timber's Submission of Surrogate Factor Values (Nov. 4, 2008), P.R. 403, Ex. 1, at 1. Commerce rejected NSO volume-based data and also declined to use any of Yihua Timber's proposed alternatives. Issues and Decision Memorandum 8-9. Instead, Commerce relied on WTA weight-based data. Id. at 6-7. In its complaint before this court, Yihua Timber contested Commerce's use of WTA weight-based data as a surrogate value for poplar, ash, and plywood on the basis that reliable domestic market price data existed. Complaint, Consol. Ct. No. 09-00398, Docket No. 15 at 12. Yihua Timber neither moved for summary judgment on this issue nor argued against AFMC's claims regarding NSO volume-based data. Consol. Court. No. 09-00398, Docket No. 62; Consol. Court No. 09-00398, Docket No. 94. Fellow plaintiff Lifestyle argued that Commerce's adoption of WTA weight-based data was supported by substantial evidence. Consol. Ct. No. 09-00398, Docket No. 83, at 25-26. The court questioned Commerce's use of WTA weight-based data in Lifestyle I before rejecting it in Lifestyle II. Lifestyle I, 768 F.Supp.2d at 1301-02; Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1292-97. When the court reviewed Commerce's First Remand Results, Yihua Timber filed a one-page brief asking the court to sustain Commerce's determination and declined to participate in oral argument. After significant questioning during two lengthy oral arguments, the court found that "[t]he parties agree that these are the two potentially applicable data sets." Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1293 n. 16. At the very least Yihua Timber could have advised the court that it was maintaining an alternate argument regarding data sets.

Yihua Timber now argues that Commerce should adopt Philippine volume-based domestic market data based on species indigenous to the Philippines or export prices from the United States to the Philippines. Yihua Timber Cmts. 2. Specifically, Yihua Timber argues that NSO volume-based data are inferior to domestic data and export data because NSO data relies on HTS basket categories and reflects the use of a standard conversion ratio. Id. at 2-3. Yihua Timber argues that domestic data are superior in particular because Commerce has a preference for domestic over import data. Id. at 2. First, the domestic data for which Yihua Timber now argues were likely more favorable to the plaintiffs than WTA weight-based data.12 Thus, Yihua Timber did not receive a completely favorable result and its claim was ripe after the Final Results. Second, whether Commerce should rely on HTS import data or domestic data is an entirely separate issue from the issue of whether Commerce should rely on weight-based or volume-based data. Yihua Timber did have an opportunity to raise this claim on a motion for summary judgment and chose not to do so there or before the court at any time before Commerce chose between the two data set options available to it. By not preserving its claim for orderly consideration by the court, Yihua Timber has waived it. Third, the court rejects Yihua Timber's arguments regarding standard conversion ratio for the same reasons the court did so in its prior opinion. See Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1296-97. Yihua Timber was aware of challenges to the valuation of wood inputs in 2009. After hours of oral argument and hundreds of pages of briefs, Yihua Timber cannot appear at the eleventh hour with a claim it set aside more than two years ago that was clearly related to an open issue.

Additionally, Commerce has addressed the merits of Yihua Timber's arguments regarding domestic data and export data. See Issues and Decision Memorandum 7-9; Second Remand Results 10-13. Commerce found that the domestic data were comprised entirely of tropical lumber not used by Yihua Timber. Issues and Decision Memorandum 12. Despite Yihua Timber's efforts to create a parallel between tropical hardwood lumber (species of Gmelina, Bagras, Binuang, Philippine Mahogany, Lauan, Narra, Apitong, Tanguile, Kalantas, and Yakal) and the relevant wood inputs, the tropical woods are simply not the same as poplar and ash. Even if the court accepts the principle that Commerce can rely on species of wood indigenous to a surrogate country as surrogate values for species of wood indigenous to China, Yihua Timber must put forth more than an article from 1907. Much has changed, even the literature of botany, over the past 100 years. Commerce also found that using U.S. export data would impermissibly treat the United States as a surrogate country for the PRC. Issues and Decision Memorandum 7-9. Assuming arguendo Yihua Timber's claim is not waived, Commerce's determination is supported by substantial evidence.

For reasons stated in its prior opinion, Lifestyle II, 844 F.Supp.2d at 1292-97, the court sustains Commerce's decision to value wood inputs using NSO volume-based data.13

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Commerce's determination to value certain wood inputs using NSO volume-based data is sustained. Commerce's decision to grant an AFA rate of 130.81% to Orient is remanded.

Commerce shall file its remand determination with the court within 60 days of this date. The parties have 30 days thereafter to file objections, and the Government will have 15 days thereafter to file its response.