FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            May 23, 2017
                         _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
MICHAEL BLOUGH,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 16-6176
                                                    (D.C. No. 5:15-CV-00646-L)
RURAL ELECTRIC COOP, INC., an                              (W.D. Okla.)
Oklahoma corporation; DALE NYE,
individually and as an employee of Rural
Electric Coop, Inc.,

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, HOLMES, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Michael Blough appeals the district court’s dismissal of his action for

wrongful termination and disability discrimination and the court’s denial of his

motion for relief from judgment. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

affirm.




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I.    BACKGROUND

      Mr. Blough worked as a lineman for defendant Rural Electric Coop, Inc.

(REC). In 2009, after an injury, he remained an uncompensated REC employee and

began receiving long-term disability (LTD) benefits under a plan subject to the

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA Plan). His LTD benefits

were terminated some two years later, and in December 2012, REC terminated his

employment. In 2013, he filed an action against a number of defendants, including

REC and one of its employees, Dale Nye, who is also a defendant in this action.

Mr. Blough asserted four claims, including an ERISA claim and a wrongful

termination claim under Oklahoma law. The district court ruled in favor of REC and

Mr. Nye on the ERISA claim and two other claims but declined to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over the wrongful termination claim and dismissed it

without prejudice.

      In 2015, Mr. Blough filed another action in which he asserted two claims

against REC and Mr. Nye. In the first claim, he alleged that two months after his

LTD benefits were terminated, REC informed him that it did not have any jobs he

could perform with his restrictions and eventually terminated his employment and his

participation in the ERISA Plan. Mr. Blough asserted that due to this wrongful

termination, he was entitled to “total disability benefits,” “other benefits” under the

ERISA Plan and “the terms of his employment,” and damages. Aplt. App. at 31. He

asked to “be reinstated as an un-compensated employee of REC . . . [and] as a

participant in the [ERISA] plan.” 

marks omitted). The full

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extent of the allegations in his second claim were: (1) “Defendant violated the

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the ‘ADA’) by failing to provide

employment to a position he was qualified to perform, based solely on his disability”;

and (2) “Defendant terminated [Mr. Blough] after [he] had applied for another

position, therefore, acting in retaliation against [him] and violating the ADA.” 

In his prayer for relief, he sought “the amount of past due benefits” he was

entitled to under the ERISA Plan, reinstatement “as an uncompensated employee,”

attorney’s fees, costs, and whatever other relief the court deemed “just and proper.”

       Defendants filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Defendants

asked the court to dismiss the first claim in part on the ground of res judicata, arguing

that to the extent Mr. Blough sought “total disability benefits” under the ERISA Plan,

his claim was adjudicated on the merits in the prior lawsuit. Defendants also sought

dismissal of the first claim due to Mr. Blough’s failure to plead any theory under

Oklahoma law on which his wrongful termination claim was based. Defendants

argued that the ADA claim should be dismissed because Mr. Blough had filed his

administrative charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission beyond a statutory time limit or, in the alternative, because Mr. Blough

did not allege sufficient facts to plausibly show he was entitled to ADA relief.

        Mr. Blough did not file a response to the motion. Two weeks after his

response was due, the district court ruled on the motion. The court first observed that

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its local rules vested it with the discretion to deem the motion confessed due to

Mr. Blough’s failure to oppose it. Apparently in the alternative, the court

determined, summarily, that the motion had merit and that defendants had established

their entitlement to dismissal as a matter of law. Accordingly, the court granted the

motion and dismissed the action.

      The same day the district court filed its dismissal order, Mr. Blough, through

his attorney, filed a motion for relief from the order under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 60. He argued that defendants’ counsel had agreed with his attorney on a

two-week extension to file a response to the dismissal motion because his attorney’s

father was extremely ill and later hospitalized. Despite acknowledging that his

attorney had not asked the court for a two-week extension, Mr. Blough contended

that he had “stated proper arguments to support” the Rule 60 motion and asked the

court for permission to file a response to the dismissal motion. 

Defendants responded that regardless of whether their dismissal motion was deemed

confessed, Mr. Blough had failed to demonstrate that the motion did not have merit

and therefore he was not entitled to Rule 60 relief from judgment.

      Mr. Blough filed a reply arguing why the district court was wrong to dismiss

his action for failure to state a claim. He first summarily asserted that he had stated a

remedy for his wrongful termination claim and that the claim had not been previously

adjudicated. He next argued that the timeliness of his ADA charge was a question of

fact, and when the court granted the motion to dismiss, it did not have before it

deposition testimony from defendant Nye or another REC employee revealing that

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“[Mr.] Nye had made the sole decision to terminate [Mr. Blough’s] employment and

not hire him for another job within the company for which he was qualified.” ECF

No. 10 at 3–4.1 Mr. Blough claimed this was the first time he discovered a

discriminatory motive behind the termination of his employment and the refusal to

hire him for another job at REC for which he was qualified. And he suggested that

when measured from that date, his ADA charge was timely. In the alternative,

Mr. Blough requested leave to amend if the court determined that he had not

adequately pleaded either claim.

      In ruling on the Rule 60 motion, the district court first made clear that in its

dismissal order, it had concurred with defendants’ arguments that Mr. Blough’s claim

for disability benefits was barred by res judicata, that he failed to adequately plead a

state-law wrongful termination claim, and that his ADA claim was both untimely and

lacked sufficient facts to state a claim for relief. Because Mr. Blough did not specify

which subsections of Rule 60 he was relying on, the district court analyzed the

motion under subsection (b)(1)’s “excusable neglect” ground for relief and

subsection (b)(6)’s catch-all ground (“any other reason that justifies relief”). The

court determined that Mr. Blough had not demonstrated an entitlement to relief under

either ground. This appeal followed.


      1
         Our citation is to the district court’s docket number. Contrary to 10th Cir.
R. 10.3(D)(2) and 30.1(B)(1), Mr. Blough’s appendix does not include his reply in
support of his Rule 60(b) motion, but we may take judicial notice of it, see Guttman
v. Khalsa, 

, 1130 n.5 (10th Cir. 2012) (stating that we can take judicial
notice of filings in the district court even when they are not included in the record on
appeal).
                                            5
II.    DISCUSSION

       A.     Dismissal order

       We review de novo an order granting a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss,

accepting the well-pleaded factual allegations as true and construing them most

favorably to the plaintiff. Thomas v. Kaven, 

, 1190 (10th Cir. 2014).

“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 

, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim has

facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to

draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” 

not require probability, “but it asks for more than a

sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” 

argues that in ruling on the motion to dismiss, the district court

improperly relied on material outside of the complaint, namely, an exhibit attached to

the dismissal motion and filings in his previous lawsuit against defendants. He

argues that this reliance required the district court to convert the dismissal motion to

one for summary judgment. See Gee v. Pacheco, 

, 1186 (10th Cir.

2010) (explaining that, subject to limited exceptions, a district court must convert a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion to one for summary judgment when its ruling relies on

documents and matters outside the complaint). We need not resolve this procedural

argument. Even where conversion is warranted, any error in failing to convert “is

harmless if the dismissal can be justified under Rule 12(b)(6) standards without

                                             6
reference to matters outside of plaintiff’s complaint.” Miller v. Glanz, 

, 1566 (10th Cir. 1991). And here, as we proceed to explain, the dismissal can

be justified without reference to extra-pleading matters. Indeed, the district court did

just that when it ruled in the alternative that Mr. Blough’s action should be dismissed

because he failed to adequately plead his wrongful termination and ADA claims.2

       A plaintiff is not required to establish a prima facie case in his complaint to

survive Rule 12(b)(6) scrutiny, but “the elements of each alleged cause of action help

to determine whether [the] [p]laintiff has set forth a plausible claim.” Khalik v.

United Air Lines, 

, 1192 (10th Cir. 2012). We therefore look at the

elements of each of Mr. Blough’s claims when determining if the district court

properly ruled that he failed to adequately plead any plausible claims for relief.

      First, under Oklahoma law, a wrongful termination claim is viable under a tort

theory only “where an [at-will3] employee is discharged for refusing to act in

violation of an established and well-defined public policy or for performing an act

consistent with a clear and compelling public policy.” Burk v. K-Mart Corp.,

, 29 (Okla. 1989). And “to prevail in an action brought for wrongful

discharge in violation of Oklahoma’s public policy, a plaintiff must first identify an

Oklahoma public policy goal that is clear and compelling and articulated in existing

      2
         Mr. Blough has not taken issue with the district court’s ruling that to the
extent he asserted an ERISA claim, it was barred by res judicata. In fact, he
conceded as much in his Rule 60(b) reply. See ECF No. 10 at 1 (“[A]ll of
Plaintiff[’]s claims for disability benefits have been adjudicated in a prior case.”).
We therefore do not address that ruling.
      3
          Mr. Blough has never suggested he was not an at-will employee.
                                            7
constitutional, statutory or jurisprudential law.” McCrady v. Okla. Dep’t of Pub.

Safety, 

, 475 (Okla. 2005). Because Mr. Blough did not allege that the

termination of his employment violated Oklahoma public policy or even refer to any

purported “clear and compelling” Oklahoma public policy goal, he did not meet his

pleading burden to frame his “complaint with enough factual matter (taken as true) to

suggest that he . . . [was] entitled to relief,” Robbins v. Oklahoma, 

,

1247 (10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). We therefore conclude that

the district court properly dismissed the wrongful termination claim for failure to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

      Second, to state a prima facie ADA claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate that he

“(1) is a disabled person as defined by the ADA; (2) is qualified, with or without

reasonable accommodation, to perform the essential functions of the job held or

desired; and (3) suffered discrimination by an employer or prospective employer

because of that disability.” Dewitt v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 

, 1308

(10th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Mr. Blough did not present

sufficient facts to suggest he met any of the elements of a prima facie ADA case.

The conclusory allegations, which we described in full above, are only “unadorned,

the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation[s],” which the Supreme Court

rejected as insufficient pleading in 

.

      On appeal, Mr. Blough asserts that he can show the elements of a prima facie

case. He also claims he presented “evidence” of unlawful discrimination, Aplt.

Opening Br. at 27–28, which we assume comprises several documents in his

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appellate appendix, including (1) excerpts of depositions taken during the previous

lawsuit and (2) exhibits presented in support of a motion for summary judgment in

the previous lawsuit. The first problem with this argument is that Mr. Blough did not

provide sufficient allegations in his complaint, and it is the sufficiency of the

complaint that a Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests. The second problem is that we fail to

see where the “evidence” he now identifies was presented to the district court in this

case. We therefore may not consider it. See Allen v. Minnstar, Inc., 

,

1475 (10th Cir. 1993) (explaining that an appellate court cannot consider portions of

depositions not filed or presented to in the district court). Accordingly, we conclude

that the district court properly dismissed the ADA claim for failure to plausibly state

a claim for relief.

       Because we affirm the district court’s inadequate-pleading rationale for

granting the motion to dismiss, we need not address Mr. Blough’s arguments about

the district court’s other reasons for granting the motion (failure to oppose the

motion, untimeliness of the ADA claim).

       B.     Rule 60(b) order

       We review the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion for abuse of discretion, “keeping

in mind that Rule 60(b) relief is extraordinary and may be granted only in exceptional

circumstances.” Butler v. Kempthorne, 

, 1110 (10th Cir. 2008)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Under this standard, we will not reverse a district

court’s decision unless there was a legal error or the decision was “arbitrary,



                                            9
capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable.” Reed v. Mineta, 

,

1066 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      As noted, the district court construed Mr. Blough’s Rule 60(b) motion as

resting on Rule 60(b)(1)’s “excusable neglect” ground for relief and Rule 60(b)(6)’s

catch-all ground (“any other reason that justifies relief”). In analyzing whether there

was excusable neglect, the court took account of factors we have set out as relevant:

“the danger of prejudice to the opposing party, the length of the delay and its

potential impact on judicial proceedings, the reason for the delay, including whether

it was within the reasonable control of the movant, . . . whether the movant acted in

good faith[,]” and the merits of “the moving party’s underlying claim.” Jennings v.

Rivers, 

, 856–57 (10th Cir. 2005) (brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Recognizing that “fault in the delay [is] perhaps the most important single

factor,” 

(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted), the district court

first observed that the Rule 60(b) “motion [did] not specifically state that

[Mr. Blough’s] counsel was herself incapacitated or otherwise unable to file a simple

motion for an extension of time to file the response due to the illness of her father,”

Aplt. App. at 8. The court relied on Barta v. Long, 

, 909–10 (10th Cir.

1982), for the principle that conclusory statements are insufficient to establish

excusable neglect, and it found that the motion lacked the detail necessary to make a

finding of excusable neglect. The court further found that Mr. Blough’s attorney



                                           10
“simply and inexcusably overlooked the filing of a motion” for an extension, Aplt.

App. at 8, and so the delay factor “weigh[ed] heavily against granting relief,” 

      The district court next decided that defendants would be unfairly prejudiced if

Mr. Blough were afforded an opportunity to file a response to the dismissal motion

given the already lengthy procedural history between the parties (including the prior

lawsuit) and the court’s previous, alternative ruling that the motion to dismiss was

meritorious. For the same reasons, the court found that the length of the delay, while

not strongly favoring denial of relief, would have a substantial effect on the case.

The court also determined that although the record did not show plaintiff’s counsel

had acted in bad faith, the court could not find she had acted in good faith given her

“failure to even address the factors the court should consider in granting a [Rule 60]

motion.” 

court reiterated its previous conclusion that dismissal was

supported by the record.

      The court then observed that relief is warranted under Rule 60(b)(6) only in

cases of “unusual or compelling” circumstances or when the denial of relief “offends

justice,” Cashner v. Freedom Stores, Inc., 

, 580 (10th Cir. 1996) (internal

quotation marks omitted). The court found nothing unusual, compelling, or offensive

to justice in denying the Rule 60 motion because “a party acts through chosen

counsel, whose carelessness or ignorance, therefore, generally does not constitute

grounds for relief for [her] client,” Sec. Nat’l Bank of Enid v. John Deere Co.,

, 520 (10th Cir. 1991); see also Pelican Prod. Corp. v. Marino, 

1143, 1147 (10th Cir. 1990) (finding “nothing unfair about requiring a party to be

bound by the actions of his attorney-agent”).

          We see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s reasoning. The court

applied the appropriate standards in a reasonable manner given the facts before it. In

his appellate brief, Mr. Blough describes some additional facts surrounding the

illness of his attorney’s father, including that his attorney is a solo practitioner whose

only office assistant was her niece, and that his attorney’s father was critically ill at

the time, underwent major surgery, and later passed away. He therefore claims that

when his attorney filed the Rule 60(b) motion, she was “grief stricken,” “in shock,”

and “unable to articulate this situation to the District Court.” Aplt. Opening Br.

at 31. Ordinarily, absent an argument for plain-error review (not made here), we do

not consider theories or contentions for reversal raised for the first time on appeal.

See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 

, 1131 (10th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he

failure to argue for plain error and its application on appeal . . . surely marks the end

of the road for an argument for reversal not first presented to the district court.”). In

any event, Mr. Blough’s attorney was able to articulate a detailed argument in the

reply in support of the Rule 60 motion but even then offered nothing to buttress the

argument that her neglect was excusable, instead limiting the argument to whether

the complaint’s allegations were sufficient to withstand Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal.

Hence, although we are sympathetic to the situation his attorney faced, we remain of

the view that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Rule 60(b)

relief.

                                             12
       Finally, by not challenging the district court’s refusal to permit him to amend

his complaint, Mr. Blough has waived appellate review of the issue. See State Farm

Fire & Cas. Co. v. Mhoon, 

, 984 n.7 (10th Cir. 1994) (explaining that

issue not raised in opening brief is waived). But even if he had not waived it, he still

would not prevail in this appeal. The district court denied amendment because it

could not find Rule 60(b)(1) excusable neglect. See Aplt. App. at 9. This, combined

with the denial of relief under Rule 60(b)(6), comports with the principle that a

Rule 60(b) movant seeking a chance to amend a pleading after the dismissal of a case

must first show entitlement to relief from the dismissal. See The Tool Box, Inc. v.

Ogden City Corp., 

, 1087 (10th Cir. 2005) (“[O]nce judgment is

entered, the filing of an amended complaint is not permissible until judgment is set

aside or vacated pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) or 60(b).” (internal quotation marks

omitted)). Having found Rule 60(b) relief unwarranted, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in declining to give Mr. Blough a chance to amend his complaint.

III.   CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Jerome A. Holmes
                                            Circuit Judge




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