NOT FOR PUBLICATION                          FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 18 2018
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MEGAN STONE; CHRISTINE CAROSI,                   No.   18-35502
individually and as the representatives of all
persons similarly situated,                      D.C. No. 3:16-cv-05383-BHS

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
 v.

GEICO GENERAL INSURANCE CO.,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Western District of Washington
                    Benjamin H. Settle, District Judge, Presiding

                         Argued and Submitted July 9, 2018
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: FERNANDEZ and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** Senior
District Judge.

      Megan Stone and Christine Carosi (“plaintiffs”) appeal the district court’s

denial of their renewed motion to remand this action to state court and their motion



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, Senior United States District Judge for
the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
for reconsideration. They contend that the district court lacked subject matter

jurisdiction under the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d).

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c)(1). Reviewing the district court’s

jurisdictional ruling de novo and its factual findings for clear error, see Yocupicio

v. PAE Grp., LLC, 

, 1059 (9th Cir. 2015), we affirm.

      1. In determining the amount in controversy, the district court did not

clearly err in its implied finding that attorney’s fees for coverage-related issues—

so-called “Olympic Steamship fees”—might not be segregable from other

attorney’s fees.1 If it is impossible to reasonably segregate recoverable and non-

recoverable fees, then the entirety of the fees are recoverable. See King County v.

Vinci Constr. Grands Projets/Parsons RCI/Frontier-Kemper, JV, 

,

1100 (Wash. 2017). Thus, for jurisdictional purposes, if it is possible that such

segregation will not be feasible, the entire amount of attorney’s fees should be

included in calculating the amount in controversy. See Chavez v. JPMorgan Chase

& Co., 

, 417 (9th Cir. 2018) (explaining that the amount in

controversy includes all amounts “at stake” in the litigation at the time of removal,

“whatever the likelihood that [the plaintiff] will actually recover them”).



      1
         Under Washington law, attorney’s fees related to the litigation of
“coverage” issues are recoverable, see Olympic S.S. v. Centennial Ins., 

, 681 (Wash. 1991), while those related solely to litigation of “claims” issues
are not, see Dayton v. Farmers Ins. Grp., 

, 898 (Wash. 1994).

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      The amount of damages that plaintiffs’ proposed class could potentially

recover inherently depends on “who is insured,” a coverage issue. Vinci 

. Moreover, unlike other litigation where coverage questions and

damages questions are litigated in distinct phases, e.g., McGreevy v. Or. Mut. Ins.,

, 802 (Wash. Ct. App. 1998), disapproved on other grounds by

Panorama Vill. Condo. Owners Ass’n Bd. of Dirs. v. Allstate Ins., 

, 917

(Wash. 2001), here they have been litigated together. While it is possible that,

prior to the end of litigation, the district court “could easily dispose of any

coverage issue” favorably to plaintiffs through summary judgment, it is also

possible that coverage issues will continue to be litigated through trial. Therefore,

the district court did not err by including all potential attorney’s fees in the amount

in controversy.

      Nor did the district court clearly err in finding, based on the amount of

attorney’s fees at stake in a similar case involving the same attorneys and the same

defendant, that the fees here could exceed the difference between the damages at

issue and CAFA’s $5 million threshold. Cf. Kroske v. U.S. Bank Corp., 

, 980 (9th Cir. 2005) (“In determining the amount in controversy, the district

court properly considered [the plaintiff’s] interrogatory answers and emotional

distress damage awards in similar age discrimination cases in Washington.”).




                                           3
      2. The district court properly determined that removal was timely. While it

is now clear that the potential damages are much higher than plaintiffs originally

alleged, GEICO had no duty to investigate its own records to determine the

accuracy of plaintiffs’ damages estimate. See Harris v. Bankers Life & Cas., 

, 693–94 (9th Cir. 2005). That GEICO did in fact investigate—and may

have realized five months before removal that damages could exceed $5 million—

is irrelevant. “[A] ‘defendant’s subjective knowledge cannot convert a non-

removable action into a removable one’ such that the thirty-day time limit of §

1446(b)(1) or (b)(3) begins to run.” Roth v. CHA Hollywood Med. Ctr., LP, 

, 1126 (9th Cir. 2013). At the earliest, GEICO received “a copy of an

amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which it may first be

ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable,” thereby

triggering the 30-day removal period, 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1), when plaintiffs

moved for class certification.

      3. The parties’ overbroad motions to seal various documents (docket entry

nos. 13, 14, 18, 21, 28, 30) are denied. See 9th Cir. Interim R. 27-13(a); Foltz v.

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins., 

, 1136–38 (9th Cir. 2003). These

documents shall be made public 30 days from the date of this disposition unless the

parties submit versions which limit the redactions to two types of information: the

number of GEICO UIM claimants (in total or a subset meeting certain criteria) and


                                          4
the average amount that GEICO paid per claimant for rental car reimbursement.

Plaintiffs’ motion to supplement the record (docket entry no. 12) is granted.

      AFFIRMED.




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