FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           May 30, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                           No. 18-2015
                                               (D.C. Nos. 1:16-CV-00648-MV-GBW and
SHANNON D. CONCHO,                                      1:12-CR-02229-MV-1)
                                                               (D.N.M.)
      Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

              ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
                     _________________________________

Before LUCERO, HARTZ, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Shannon Concho seeks a certificate of appealability (“COA”) to appeal the

district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 petition. We deny a COA and dismiss

the appeal.

                                           I

      Concho pled guilty to one count of using, carrying, possessing, and

brandishing a firearm during, in relation to, and in furtherance of a “crime of

violence” in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The underlying offense was assault

with a dangerous weapon with intent to do bodily harm under 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3).

In a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement, the parties agreed to an 84-month sentence,

      *
         This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the
case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
and Concho waived his rights to directly appeal or collaterally attack his sentence

except on the grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel. At sentencing, the district

court imposed the agreed-upon sentence and two years’ supervised release.

      On June 23, 2016, Concho filed a § 2255 motion arguing that the residual

clause of § 924(c)(3)(B) is no longer valid in the wake of Johnson v. United States,

(2015). He therefore claims that his underlying offense—assault

with a dangerous weapon—no longer qualifies as a crime of violence. The district

court rejected his motion and denied a COA. Concho timely appealed.

                                           II

      A prisoner may not appeal the denial of habeas relief under § 2255 without a

COA. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B). We will issue a COA “only if the applicant has

made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” § 2253(c)(2).

This standard requires Concho to show “that reasonable jurists could debate whether

(or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different

manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to

proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 

, 484 (2000) (quotation omitted).

      Concho is correct that the residual clause of § 924(c)(3)(B) is

unconstitutionally vague. See United States v. Salas, 

, 684 (10th Cir.

2018). But Concho’s conviction for assault with a dangerous weapon nevertheless

qualifies as a crime of violence under § 924(c)’s elements clause, which remains

good law. That provision defines as a crime of violence any felony offense that “has



                                            2
as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against

another.” § 924(c)(3)(A).

      “To determine whether a prior conviction qualifies as a crime of violence, we

apply the categorical approach if the criminal statute under which the defendant was

charged contains only one set of elements.” United States v. Ontiveros, 

, 535 (10th Cir. 2017). As we have noted, “[t]he elements differentiating assault

with a dangerous weapon from simple assault are the use of a deadly weapon and the

intent to commit bodily harm.” United States v. Bruce, 

, 1164 n.4

(10th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted). And as the Supreme Court has explained,

“physical force is simply force exerted by and through concrete bodies, as opposed to

intellectual force or emotional force.” United States v. Castleman, 

,

1414 (2014) (quotations omitted). We therefore reject Concho’s argument that

assault with a dangerous weapon cannot qualify as a crime of violence under the

elements clause because it can be committed without direct physical contact. See

Brundage v. United States, 

, 619 (10th Cir. 1966) (noting that assault

with a dangerous weapon must be “committed knowingly, that is with knowledge as

to what the defendant was doing and with the desire or wish to bring about a serious

bodily injury to the person of another”); see also 

(rejecting a similar argument in light of Castleman).




                                           3
                               III

For the foregoing reasons, we DENY a COA and DISMISS the appeal.




                                Entered for the Court


                                Carlos F. Lucero
                                Circuit Judge




                                4