U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
             C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                          ________________________

                               No. ACM 39303
                          ________________________

                            UNITED STATES
                                Appellee
                                      v.
                         Andrew J. BARNES
           Airman First Class (E-3), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                          ________________________
        Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 29 August 2018
                          ________________________
Military Judge: L. Martin Powell.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 52
months, and reduction to E-1. Sentence adjudged 30 March 2017 by
GCM convened at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland.
For Appellant: Captain Mark J. Schwartz, USAF.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major J.
Ronald Steelman III, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before JOHNSON, DENNIS, and LEWIS, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judge DENNIS and Judge LEWIS joined.
                          ________________________

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
                          ________________________

JOHNSON, Senior Judge:
    Appellant, contrary to his pleas, was found guilty by a military judge sit-
ting as a general court-martial of three specifications of aggravated assault
with a means or force likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm in vio-
lation of Article 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §
                      United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


928. The military judge sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable discharge, con-
finement for 52 months, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The convening au-
thority approved the adjudged sentence but deferred the reduction in rank
and mandatory forfeiture of pay and allowances until action and then waived
the mandatory forfeitures for six months for the benefit of Appellant’s spouse
and dependent child.
    Appellant raises three issues on appeal: (1) whether his sentence is inap-
propriately severe; (2) whether his convictions for aggravated assault with a
means or force likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm are factually
sufficient; and (3) whether Appellant was subjected to cruel and unusual
post-trial punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment 1 and Article 55,
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 855. 2 We find no relief is warranted and we affirm the
findings and sentence.

                                 I. BACKGROUND
    In January 2016, Appellant was stationed at Joint Base Andrews, Mary-
land, where he lived on base with his wife SB and infant daughter EB. On 25
January 2016, SB prepared a bath for EB, who was approximately seven
weeks old at the time, while Appellant stayed with EB in an adjoining room.
EB began crying before the bath and would not stop. During the bath, Appel-
lant and SB noticed EB’s leg was swollen. Appellant touched EB’s leg and
“felt something was wrong.” Appellant and SB took EB to the on-base emer-
gency room. An x-ray revealed EB’s femur was severely fractured—in fact,
completely broken in two. The x-ray also indicated the possible presence of
other fractures. EB was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed National Mili-
tary Medical Center (Walter Reed), which was better equipped to deal with
severe pediatric fractures.
    Subsequent evaluation revealed that in addition to the broken femur, EB
had a recently-fractured scapula and had previously suffered multiple poste-
rior rib fractures that had been healing for some time. When questioned by
medical providers at Joint Base Andrews and Walter Reed, Appellant specu-
lated that EB’s leg may have broken when it struck his leg or a table as he
flipped her over prior to the bath. Appellant further speculated the rib inju-
ries may have been caused on an occasion when he rolled on top of EB as he
was sleeping or by the family’s dogs jumping on EB. The providers found

1   U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
2Appellant personally raises all three of these issues pursuant to United States v.
Grostefon, 

(C.M.A. 1982).




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                    United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


these explanations unconvincing. At trial, Captain (CAPT) AG, United States
Navy (USN), a child abuse pediatrician assigned to Walter Reed, testified for
the Government as an expert witness in child abuse pediatrics that leg frac-
tures, scapula fractures, multiple rib fractures, and the presence of multiple
fractures in general in such a young child were all highly-specific indicators
of child abuse.
    Appellant was interviewed by agents of the Air Force Office of Special In-
vestigations (AFOSI). Appellant admitted he had not been “a hundred per-
cent truthful with the doctors” or SB. Appellant agreed it was hard to believe
EB’s broken leg could have been caused by her leg striking his leg as he
flipped her over. He described roughly handling EB in additional ways, in-
cluding squeezing her torso as he tossed her in the air to play with her; grab-
bing her and forcefully squeezing her by the legs; and falling on her leg with
his knee. Appellant admitted that on 25 January 2016 he was “frustrated”
and “took it out” on EB by flipping her over roughly before the bath. He stat-
ed that on another occasion he squeezed EB’s legs with enough force to break
her bones, although he did not intend to break them. Appellant admitted that
he “hurt [his] own baby” and that his “body just does it” and he does not
“think.” He further admitted that before EB was born he had been worried
about hurting the baby because he acts “on impulse” when he is frustrated
and that he “still need[ed] help.”
    At trial, Appellant was charged with, inter alia, three specifications of ag-
gravated assault intentionally inflicting grievous bodily harm on a child, to
wit: a proximal transverse left femur fracture, multiple posterior rib frac-
tures, and a left scapula fracture, in violation of Article 128, UCMJ. With re-
spect to these three specifications, Appellant pleaded not guilty to the offens-
es charged but guilty to the lesser included offenses of assault consummated
by a battery on a child in violation of Article 128, UCMJ. 3 The trial proceeded
as to the charged offenses. The military judge found Appellant not guilty of
intentionally inflicting grievous bodily harm, but guilty of three specifications
of the lesser included offenses of aggravated assault with a means or force
likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm, also in violation of Article
128, UCMJ. 4


3 Appellant pleaded guilty by exceptions and substitutions as to the mechanism of
injury involved in the specification alleging the scapula fracture, admitting to sub-
jecting EB’s “shoulder to unlawful force” rather than subjecting her “torso to blunt
force trauma.”
4With respect to the scapula fracture, the military judge made findings by exceptions
and substitutions using language that mirrored Appellant’s guilty plea. The military
(Footnote continues on next page)


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                     United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


                                   II. DISCUSSION
A. Sentence Appropriateness
    1. Law
    We review issues of sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v.
Lane, 

, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Cole, 

,
272 (C.M.A. 1990)). We may affirm only as much of the sentence as we find
correct in law and fact and determine should be approved on the basis of the
entire record. Article 66(c), UCMJ. “We assess sentence appropriateness by
considering the particular appellant, the nature and seriousness of the of-
fense[s], the appellant’s record of service, and all matters contained in the
record of trial.” United States v. Sauk, 

, 606 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2015) (citing United States v. Anderson, 

, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2009)). Although we have great discretion to determine whether a sentence is
appropriate, we have no authority to grant mercy. United States v. Nerad, 

, 146 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
    2. Analysis
    Appellant bases his claim that his sentence is inappropriately severe in
part on his review of “numerous cases similar to [his],” of which “a large
number . . . received a lesser punishment.” However, Appellant provides a
citation only for United States v. Wiglitton, 2016 CCA LEXIS 376 (A. Ct.
Crim. App. 13 Jun. 2016), recon. granted, United States v. Wiglitton, 2016
CCA LEXIS 567 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 19 Sep. 2016). In Wiglitton, the accused
pleaded guilty to two specifications of aggravated assault on a child and one
specification of assault consummated by a battery on a child in violation of
Article 128, UCMJ, and two specifications of child endangerment by culpable
negligence in violation of Article 134, UCMJ. 5 The accused’s approved sen-
tence included a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 30 months, and re-
duction to the grade of E-1. Appellant requests his dishonorable discharge be
modified to a bad-conduct discharge and his term of confinement be reduced
to 30 months.



judge found Appellant not guilty, in accordance with his pleas, of an additional speci-
fication of aggravated assault intentionally inflicting grievous bodily harm on a child.
A fifth specification of aggravated assault intentionally inflicting grievous bodily
harm on a child was withdrawn and dismissed.
5On reconsideration, our sister court set aside and dismissed one of the specifications
of aggravated assault on a child and reassessed and affirmed the approved sentence.
Wiglitton, 2016 CCA LEXIS 567, at *5–6.




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                    United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


    Although Wiglitton is not “closely related” to Appellant’s case, 6 we
acknowledge that we may compare the cases to consider the propriety of Ap-
pellant’s sentence, although we are not required to do so. See United States v.
Wacha, 

, 267 (C.A.A.F. 2001); United States v. Lacy, 

,
288 (C.A.A.F. 1999). However, unless the cases are closely related, “[t]he ap-
propriateness of a sentence generally should be determined without reference
or comparison to sentences in other cases.” United States v. LeBlanc, 

, 659 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015) (en banc) (citing United States v. Ballard,

, 283 (C.M.A. 1985)). We do not find Appellant’s reference to
Wiglitton persuasive; rather, it illustrates the wisdom of this court’s admoni-
tion in LeBlanc that sentence comparisons in non-closely-related cases are
generally to be avoided. Apart from the fact that Specialist Wiglitton, unlike
Appellant, pleaded guilty to the offenses of which he was convicted, and the
fact that the Army Court of Criminal Appeals set aside one of the aggravated
assault convictions, the opinions in that case give few details as to the partic-
ular circumstances of the case that drive a sentence appropriateness deter-
mination. See 

.
     As for the particular circumstances of Appellant’s case, he repeatedly in-
flicted grievous bodily harm on his infant daughter EB by breaking her leg,
multiple ribs, and scapula. CAPT AG testified that EB’s bones would not
break easily and these injuries would have required a “significant amount of
force.” Appellant emphasizes the impact his incarceration has had on his
family, his desire to be reunited with them, and his participation in rehabili-
tation programs and counseling before his trial. However, these points that
Appellant urges do not render the imposed sentence inappropriately severe,
and this court has no authority to engage in clemency. 

.
Having given individualized consideration to Appellant, the nature and seri-
ousness of the offenses, Appellant’s record of service, and all other matters
contained in the record of trial, we cannot say the sentence imposed by the
military judge is inappropriately severe.
B. Factual Sufficiency
    1. Law
   We review issues of factual sufficiency de novo. Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 866(c); United States v. Washington, 

, 399 (C.A.A.F.


6 Cases are “closely related” when, for example, they involve “coactors involved in a
common crime, servicemembers involved in a common or parallel scheme, or some
other direct nexus between the servicemembers whose sentences are sought to be
compared.” United States v. Lacy, 

, 288 (C.A.A.F. 1999).




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                   United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


2002). Our assessment of factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence pro-
duced at trial. United States v. Dykes, 

, 272 (C.M.A. 1993). The
test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in the rec-
ord of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed the
witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” United States v. Turner, 

, 325 (C.M.A. 1987); see also
United States v. Reed, 

, 41 (C.A.A.F. 2000). In conducting this
unique appellate role, we take “a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,” apply-
ing “neither a presumption of innocence nor a presumption of guilt” to “make
[our] own independent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes
proof of each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

.
    The elements of the offense of aggravated assault with a means or force
likely to produce death or grievous bodily harm in violation of Article 128,
UCMJ, of which Appellant was convicted include: (1) that Appellant did bodi-
ly harm to EB; (2) that he did so with a certain means or force; (3) that the
bodily harm was done with unlawful force or violence; and (4) that the means
or force was used in a manner likely to produce death or grievous bodily
harm. See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.) (MCM), pt. IV,
¶ 54b(4). “Grievous bodily harm” means serious bodily injury and includes
fractured or dislocated bones. MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54c(4)(a)(iii).
   2. Analysis
    With respect to the factual sufficiency of his convictions, Appellant simply
contends he “never meant to intentionally hurt [his] daughter” and asks us to
find him guilty only of the offenses to which he pleaded guilty. We are not
persuaded.
   The Government introduced compelling evidence through the testimony of
four doctors with knowledge of the case and through radiological images that
EB suffered a broken femur, multiple posterior rib fractures, and a fractured
scapula. These injuries, individually and collectively in an infant too young to
crawl, much less walk, were highly-specific indicators of child abuse. The
medical evidence and Appellant’s guilty plea colloquy with the military judge
indicated these injuries were inflicted on three separate occasions.
    Moreover, these injuries required the application of a significant amount
of force. EB’s femur was snapped in two. The doctors who testified generally
agreed that Appellant’s description of how this injury occurred—that he
roughly flipped EB onto her back before her bath by pulling her leg—would




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                    United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


not cause such an injury; more force than Appellant admitted to would be re-
quired. 7 Appellant told the military judge he believed EB, then six weeks old,
suffered the broken ribs in mid-January 2016 when Appellant squeezed EB’s
torso with both hands in frustration because she would not stop crying. CAPT
AG testified this was exactly the means by which such posterior fractures to
the ribs could occur, and it stands to reason an adult male who squeezes a
six-week-old infant in such a way is likely to inflict grievous bodily harm such
as broken ribs. As for the fractured scapula, Appellant told the military judge
that, on a separate occasion before EB suffered the broken femur, Appellant
lifted EB off the couch quickly by her hands and tossed her into the air before
catching her; he believed this is when EB’s scapula was broken. However,
CAPT AG testified that such a scapula injury was “very rare” with an “ex-
treme high specificity for abuse in children,” and that there is no common ac-
cidental mechanism for such an injury, which generally requires “blunt force
trauma directly to the scapula.”
    At trial, the Defense introduced the testimony of Dr. SG, who testified as
an expert medical doctor and radiologist. Inter alia, Dr. SG opined that imag-
es of EB’s bones taken around the time her femur was broken contained indi-
cations that EB may have temporarily suffered from rickets, a rare condition
that results in weakened bones in children. However, in their initial testimo-
ny and again in rebuttal, CAPT AG and EB’s attending pediatric radiologist,
Commander KF (USN), rejected this notion. They specifically and effectively
explained why no diagnosis of rickets or other bone-compromising condition
was warranted based on a multi-disciplinary evaluation by EB’s team of pro-
viders, and Appellant does not now rely on Dr. SG’s testimony to attack the
factual sufficiency of his convictions.
    Instead, Appellant continues to maintain he did not intentionally break
EB’s bones. However, intentionally inflicting grievous bodily harm is the of-
fense of which he was acquitted. The record convincingly demonstrates Ap-
pellant repeatedly assaulted EB in a manner likely to cause death or grievous
bodily harm, as indeed he did. Having weighed the evidence in the record of
trial and having made allowances for not having personally observed the wit-
nesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See

.




7 At one point during the AFOSI interview Appellant suggested for the first time that
he may have fallen on EB’s leg with his knee on 25 January 2016. However, Appel-
lant did not refer to such an event during his colloquy with the military judge.




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                   United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


C. Post-Trial Confinement Conditions
   1. Law
    “Both the Eighth Amendment and Article 55, UCMJ, prohibit cruel and
unusual punishment. In general, we apply the Supreme Court’s interpreta-
tion of the Eighth Amendment to claims raised under Article 55, UCMJ, ex-
cept where legislative intent to provide greater protections under Article 55 . .
. is apparent.” United States v. Gay, 

, 740 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2015) aff’d, 

(C.A.A.F. 2016) (citation omitted). To demonstrate a
violation of the Eighth Amendment, an appellant must show:
       (1) an objectively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting
       in the denial of necessities; (2) a culpable state of mind on the
       part of prison officials amounting to deliberate indifference to
       [his] health and safety; and (3) that [he] has exhausted the
       prisoner-grievance system . . . and that he has petitioned for re-
       lief under Article 138, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 938.
United States v. Lovett, 

, 215 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). Pursuant to our broad authority and mandate
under Article 66(c), UCMJ, to approve only so much of the sentence as we
find appropriate in law and fact, we may grant sentence relief due to an ap-
pellant’s post-trial treatment even in the absence of an Eighth Amendment or
Article 55, UCMJ, violation. 

–43; see United States v.
Tardif, 

, 223 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
   2. Analysis
    Appellant contends he was subjected to cruel and unusual punishment
during the 11 days he spent in the Prince George’s County (Maryland) Deten-
tion Center (PGCDC) immediately following his trial before his transfer to a
military confinement facility. Specifically, he asserts the toilet in his cell was
clogged for the first three days of his confinement before it was repaired; the
floor of the cell appeared stained with urine and the walls appeared “covered
in vomit, blood, and urine stains;” he was provided two sets of clothing but
not permitted to wash them; he was not allowed out of his cell for an hour
each day as he was supposed to be; on one occasion when his cell was
searched he was awakened and “forced out of bed” while his arm was in a
sling following shoulder surgery; he was deprived of medication for depres-
sion for the first four days; and he was not afforded opportunities to call his
attorney. Affidavits from Appellant’s spouse SB and his first sergeant that
were provided to the convening authority as part of Appellant’s clemency
submission contained many of these same complaints. Their affidavits also
suggested that the PGCDC counted the time he spent receiving their visits
towards the one hour a day he was allotted outside his cell, and that on one


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                   United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


day Appellant declined the hour because he was sleeping. SB and the first
sergeant complained to the PGCDC staff, which apparently resulted in Ap-
pellant receiving an additional hour of recreation time on one occasion. Ap-
pellant also asserts he was “refused medical attention,” but fails to provide
any further details or articulate any specific harm as a result of this alleged
denial or any of the other conditions of which he complains.
    In response, the Government provided a declaration from Staff Sergeant
(SSgt) JG, the Air Force’s Noncommissioned Officer in Charge of Confine-
ment for the National Capital Region. SSgt JG stated, inter alia, there was
no record from the PGCDC that Appellant filed any grievance or work order
regarding his toilet or the other conditions of his cell. SSgt JG further stated
that the PGCDC staff related to him that Appellant used part of his one-hour
recreation time to shower and make phone calls, which limited the time
available for other activity.
    To the extent there are contradictions between Appellant’s declaration
and SSgt JG’s declaration, we have considered whether a post-trial eviden-
tiary hearing is required to resolve factual disputes. See United States v.
Ginn, 

, 248 (C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v. DuBay, 

, 413 (C.M.A. 1967). We are convinced such a hearing is unnecessary.
Even if we resolve any contradictions in Appellant’s favor, the alleged condi-
tions would not result in relief. See 

.
    We do not doubt Appellant was subjected to highly unpleasant conditions
at the PGCDC. However, the standard for securing relief for cruel and unu-
sual punishment our superior court articulated in Lovett is a demanding one.
On the record before us, Appellant has failed to demonstrate either “an objec-
tively, sufficiently serious act or omission resulting in the denial of necessi-
ties” or “a culpable state of mind on the part of prison officials amounting to
deliberate indifference to [his] health and safety.” 

. Fur-
thermore, Appellant has failed to demonstrate he filed a complaint pursuant
to Article 138, UCMJ, or used the prisoner grievance system in place at the
PGCDC. 

we have considered whether the conditions of Appellant’s con-
finement warrant sentence relief under our Article 66(c), UCMJ, authority
even in the absence of cruel or unusual punishment. See 

–
43. We find they do not.

                               III. CONCLUSION
   The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no
error materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred.



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                  United States v. Barnes, No. ACM 39303


Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the
findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.


                FOR THE COURT



                CAROL K. JOYCE
                Clerk of the Court




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