Interpretation of Section 586 of the Foreign
                Operations, Export Financing, and Related
                      Programs Appropriations Act
Existing statutory provisions that prohibit or impose mandatory restrictions on the public release of
  information are not overridden by section 586 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and
  Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2003, which requires the President to order federal agencies
  “to expeditiously declassify and release to the victims’ families” information regarding the murders
  of certain Americans in El Salvador and Guatemala. Provisions that permit but do not require the
  government to withhold information are, however, overridden by section 586.
It is permissible to interpret the scope of the information covered by section 586 to be limited to
   classified information.

                                                                                       July 18, 2003

           MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL

   This memorandum responds to your Office’s request for our opinion on two
questions concerning the interpretation of section 586 of the Foreign Operations,
Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2003, Pub. L. No.
108-7, 117 Stat. 11, 215–16 (Feb. 20, 2003) (“Foreign Operations Appropriations
Act”). Section 586 requires the President to order federal agencies “to expedi-
tiously declassify and release to the victims’ families” information regarding the
murders of certain Americans in El Salvador and Guatemala. Your Office has
asked (1) whether the directive to release information overrides existing statutory
provisions prohibiting or limiting the public release of information, and (2)
whether it is permissible to interpret the scope of the information covered by
section 586 to be limited to currently classified information. For the reasons set
forth below, we conclude that existing statutory provisions that prohibit or impose
mandatory restrictions on the public release of information are not overridden by
section 586, but that provisions that permit but do not require the government to
withhold information are overridden. We also conclude that it is permissible to
interpret the scope of the information covered by the statutory directive to be
limited to classified information.

                                                 I.

   Section 586 was enacted as part of the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act
on February 20, 2003. It provides as follows:

        (a) Information relevant to the December 2, 1980, murders of four
        American churchwomen in El Salvador, and the May 5, 2001, mur-
        der of Sister Barbara Ann Ford and the murders of other American




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        citizens in Guatemala since December 1999, should be investigated
        and made public.

        (b) Not later than 45 days after enactment of this Act, the President
        shall order all Federal agencies and departments, including the Fed-
        eral Bureau of Investigation, that possess relevant information, to
        expeditiously declassify and release to the victims’ families such in-
        formation, consistent with existing standards and procedures on clas-
        sification, and shall provide a copy of such order to the Committees
        on Appropriations.

        (c) In making determinations concerning declassification and release
        of relevant information, all Federal agencies and departments should
        use the discretion contained within such existing standards and pro-
        cedures on classification in support of releasing, rather than with-
        holding, such information.

        (d) All reasonable efforts should be taken by the American Embassy
        in Guatemala to work with relevant agencies of the Guatemalan
        Government to protect the safety of American citizens in Guatemala,
        and to assist in the investigations of violations of human rights.

   We believe that your first question is controlled by the text of subsection (b),
which directs the President, within 45 days of enactment, to order federal agencies
“that possess relevant information, to expeditiously declassify and release to the
victims’ families such information, consistent with existing standards and
procedures on classification.”1 Significantly, this subsection does not directly
impose disclosure requirements on any agency, nor does it purport to modify
existing statutory mandates to which any agency is subject. Rather, the statutory
language by its terms directs only the issuance of an order by the President. It
neither purports to override any other statute, nor grants the President authority to
do so. And the President does not otherwise possess the authority to disregard
constitutionally valid statutes; such statutes may be overridden only pursuant to
the legislative process set forth in Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution. We
therefore conclude that the President’s order, and the obligations it imposes on the
agencies, are limited by existing statutory authorities and restrictions. Where other
statutes prohibit or impose mandatory restrictions on the public disclosure of


    1
      In his signing statement concerning section 586, Statement on Signing the Consolidated Appro-
priations Resolution, 2003, 39 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 225, 227 (Feb. 24, 2003), President Bush
delegated his responsibility to issue the order to the Attorney General, who implemented the statutory
directive by issuing a memorandum to the heads of all federal departments and agencies, dated April 4,
2003. The substance of that memorandum does not bear directly on the questions that you have asked
us to address.




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information, the order issued pursuant to section 586 cannot require a different
result.
   Our conclusion is reinforced by the “cardinal principle of statutory construction
that repeals by implication are not favored.” United States v. United Cont’l Tuna
Corp., 

, 168 (1976). To find that section 586 overrides statutes
prohibiting or restricting the disclosure of information, in the absence of any
express language to that effect, would be to find an implied repeal of those
statutes. However, “[i]n the absence of some affirmative showing of an intention
to repeal, the only permissible justification for a repeal by implication is when the
earlier and later statutes are irreconcilable.” Morton v. Mancari, 

, 550
(1974). Under our reading, section 586 is certainly reconcilable with existing
statutory disclosure restrictions: where existing statutes prohibit or impose manda-
tory restrictions on disclosure, full effect is given to those statutes; where disclo-
sure is not so prohibited or restricted, the order issued pursuant to section 586 is
controlling. See 

(“when two statutes are capable of co-existence, it is the
duty of the courts . . . to regard each as effective”).
    Different analysis governs statutes that permit, but do not require, agencies to
withhold information from the public. Such statutes do not restrict the Executive’s
authority to release information; rather, they allow discretion either to withhold or
disclose information. Because the President has the authority to order agencies to
release information that could be withheld pursuant to discretionary statutes of this
sort, we conclude that section 586 requires him to do so, subject to his constitu-
tional prerogative to withhold information, the disclosure of which would impair
the performance of his constitutional duties, see Statement on Signing the
Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, 39 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 225,
227 (Feb. 24, 2003) (the Attorney General “shall ensure that [section 586] is
implemented in a manner consistent with the President’s constitutional authority to
withhold information, the disclosure of which could impair foreign relations,
national security, the deliberative processes of the Executive, or the performance
of the Executive’s constitutional duties”), and “consistent with existing standards
and procedures on classification,” Pub. L. No. 108-7, § 586(b), 117 Stat. at 215–
16.2




    2
      While section 586 permits agencies to withhold information “consistent with existing standards
and procedures on classification,” Pub. L. No. 108-7, § 586(b), 117 Stat. at 215–16, it also informs the
application of these standards and procedures in certain respects. First, it suggests that agencies “should
use the discretion contained within such existing standards and procedures on classification in support
of releasing, rather than withholding [relevant] information.” 

Second, the requirement that
the President order agencies “to expeditiously declassify and release” relevant information, 

appears to require that agencies expedite declassification determinations.




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                                          II.

    We believe that the text of section 586 is ambiguous with respect to your se-
cond question. On the one hand, section 586(a), which refers to “[i]nformation
relevant to the December 2, 1980, murders of four American churchwomen in
El Salvador, and the May 5, 2001, murder of Sister Barbara Ann Ford and the
murders of other American citizens in Guatemala since December 1999,” can be
understood to define the scope of the information covered by subsection (b). On
the other hand, the operative language of subsection (b) requires only that the
President order the agencies “to expeditiously declassify and release” information
“consistent with existing standards and procedures on classification.” A natural
implication of this directive’s grammatical structure and emphasis on classification
is that it refers only to documents that are currently classified. The remaining
provisions of section 586 do not clearly resolve this ambiguity, with the result that
the statute can be read in two different ways.
    The reading that would entail a broader scope for the covered information
would rely on subsection (a), as well as subsection (b)’s reference to federal
agencies “that possess relevant information.” If subsection (a) is understood to
define “relevant information,” and if this portion of subsection (b) in turn is
viewed as controlling without reference to other text, then both classified and
unclassified information would be covered by the President’s order. As explained
more fully below, however, this reading creates certain grammatical difficulties
since subsection (b)’s subsequent references to declassification and existing
standards and procedures on classification cannot be read literally to apply to
unclassified information. Nevertheless, we believe this broader reading to be a
reasonable interpretation of the statute.
    We believe it equally reasonable, however, to interpret the directive of section
586 to be limited to classified information. This narrower reading is supported by
the grammatical structure of the operative language of subsection (b). Not only
must the President direct agencies to both “declassify and release” the contemplat-
ed information, he must also direct that they do both “consistent with existing
standards and procedures on classification.” Were subsection (b) intended to cover
both classified and unclassified information, one would not expect the former
phrase to be cast in the conjunctive, since unclassified information cannot be
declassified, but only released. And if the conjunctive is not to be understood
literally, one would expect the latter phrase to be placed so as to modify only
“declassify,” since existing standards and procedures on classification would not
govern the release of currently unclassified information.
    Technical grammatical considerations aside, this reading of section 586 also
seems to follow from the statute’s emphasis on classified information. In addition
to subsection (b)’s focus on declassification and the standards and procedures on
classification, the immediately following provision, subsection (c), is also centered
on classified information: it directs that “[i]n making determinations concerning



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declassification and release,” agencies “should use the discretion contained within
such existing standards and procedures on classification in support of releasing,
rather than withholding, such information.”
   Under this narrower interpretation, section 586 is understood to be focused on a
perceived need for an expedited effort to declassify and release classified infor-
mation on the murders in El Salvador and Guatemala. On this view, subsection
(b)’s reference to “Federal agencies and departments . . . that possess relevant
information” may be understood not to delineate the scope of the President’s order
but rather to identify the agencies to which it should be directed. Section 586(a)
may be similarly understood not as a substantive definition but as an indication of
Congress’s desire that information regarding these murders “should be investigat-
ed and made public.” It is quite possible that Congress believed that the principal
obstacle to achieving these ends is the government’s lengthy and piecemeal
declassification process. Congress may well have believed that most unclassified
information has already been released on those murders, or that existing law, such
as the Freedom of Information Act,3 provides adequate means of obtaining
unclassified information. Section 586 can thus be understood as a targeted
response to the important, but discrete, problems posed by classified information.
On this understanding, the statute advances purposes set forth in subsection (a),
but it does so through the calibrated means of overriding waiting periods and other
delays relating to the declassification process and suggesting that declassification
discretion should be exercised in favor of releasing, rather than withholding,
relevant information.
   We believe the Executive may permissibly choose to interpret the directive of
section 586 to be limited to classified information. Because subsection (b) directs
the issuance of an order implementing section 586, we believe that the statute
necessarily confers interpretive authority to resolve statutory ambiguities. See U.S.
Const. art. II, § 3 (President “shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully execut-
ed”); Mississippi v. Johnson, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 475, 499 (1866) (President’s
“exercise of the power to see that the laws are faithfully executed” is not subject to
judicial control, at least where anything is “left to discretion” or there is “room for
the exercise of judgment”); cf. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council,
Inc., 

, 842–45 (1984); United States v. Mead Corp., 

(2001). We need not resolve the precise scope of the interpretive authority
conferred, however. In light of the grammatical structure of the operative language
in subsection (b), the focus of subsections (b) and (c) on classification, and the



    3
      The Freedom of Information Act requires government agencies to make their records available to
non-governmental requesters, see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A) (2000), subject to certain exemptions that
authorize agencies to withhold requested records, see 

Of particular pertinence here is
Exemption One, which authorizes the withholding of all properly classified information. See 

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         Interpretation of Section 586 of Foreign Operations Appropriations Act


eminent plausibility of the narrower interpretation of the statute, we believe it to
be permissible under any standard that might apply.

                                             HOWARD C. NIELSON, JR.
                                           Deputy Assistant Attorney General
                                               Office of Legal Counsel




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