MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER DENYING THOMAS J. LYNCH'S MOTION FOR AN ALLOWANCE OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE PRIORITY CLAIM

TAMARA O. MITCHELL, Bankruptcy Judge.

THIS MATTER came before the Court for hearing on October 3, 2017 on the Motion/Application/Request of Thomas J. Lynch for Allowance and Payment of Administrative Expense Claim Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A), § 503(c)(1) and (2), and § 507(a)(2) (the "Application") filed by Thomas J. Lynch ("Lynch") on April 26, 2017, seeking administrative expense priority for the payment of a severance benefit in the amount of $285,547.80. Lynch contends this amount is due under a prepetition employment agreement with the Debtor, Walter Energy, Inc. (the "Debtor"), when his employment was terminated after the filing of the bankruptcy petition in this case. The motion is opposed by the Chapter 7 Trustee and by Warrior Met Coal, Inc. ("Warrior Met").2 At the hearing before the Court on October 3, 2017, the parties offered evidence, including live testimony, and presented oral arguments. The Court permitted the parties to submit supplemental briefs in support of their positions.

This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334(b), 151, and 157(a) and the District Court's General Order of Reference Dated July 16, 1984, as Amended July 17, 1984.3 This is a core proceeding arising under Title 11 of the United States Code as defined in 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A) and (B).4 This Court has considered the pleadings, arguments of counsel, the testimony of the witness, the exhibits, and the law, and finds and concludes as follows:5

FINDINGS OF FACTS6

According to his testimony, Lynch is a human resources professional with more than thirty years of labor relations and human resources experience. Lynch has served as a labor relations attorney, negotiating labor contracts and managing employee relations. Lynch testified that the Debtor began recruiting Lynch for a position as its Senior Vice President of Human Resources in March of 2012. According to Lynch, the Debtor's President and CEO, Walter J. Scheller ("Scheller") informed him that any employment offer would include a severance package, which Lynch testified was important to him since he had been in a position of having been previously involuntarily terminated. On March 22, 2012, Lynch signed an employment agreement (the "Employment Agreement") with the Debtor for the position of Senior Vice President of Human Resources. Lynch Exh. 3. The Employment Agreement, which contained non-competition and non-disparagement provisions, outlined the terms and conditions of employment as well as provisions for severance pay and other benefits that he would be entitled to, including a monthly payment amount for twelve months based on his salary and bonuses, if the Debtor terminated Lynch's employment without cause. Id.

Lynch testified that he began working for the Debtor in April 2012. He further testified that in June of 2015 Scheller informed him that management cuts had to be made, and gave him the choice of leaving at that time with two and one-half months' pay or remaining employed until August 31, 2015, staying on the payroll, with his Employment Agreement in place.7 According to Lynch he chose to stay through August 31, 2015 so that he would be employed as he conducted a job search, so that he would potentially receive a quarterly bonus payment, and because, based on what Scheller had told him, it could be more favorable for him if the Debtor filed bankruptcy prior to the termination of his employment. Lynch explained that after his conversation with Scheller he stopped going into the office to work but was available on an as-needed basis for most of June and all of July and August 2015, although he was on vacation for two or three weeks during that time. Lynch stated he has been paid for his services through August 31, 2015.

Lynch testified that he continued to abide by the Employment Agreement by not revealing any confidential information, not making any disparaging remarks about the Debtor, not engaging in employment that could have been considered competition with the Debtor, and not enticing any of the Debtor's employees to leave the company. Lynch explained that after some of his prior jobs he had made disparaging comments about the former employer and attempted to hire away employees from the former employer, but that he never did either with regard to the Debtor. Lynch testified that after his termination he had considered working in labor relations and asserted that he had knowledge that could have been beneficial to unions, such as knowledge of negotiations strategy, but did not pursue any such employment due to the Employment Agreement. He admitted, however, that the United Mineworkers' Union never reached out to him to discuss employment.

The Debtor filed its petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on July 15, 2015, after the time that Lynch had the conversation with Scheller. Lynch's employment with the Debtor ended weeks later, on August 31, 2015. Lynch testified that sometime after the bankruptcy filing he received a notice that the Debtor proposed to assume his Employment Agreement. He further testified that he filed an objection, not to the assumption of the Employment Agreement itself, but to the proposed cure amount of $0. See Docs. 1171 and 1348. Thereafter, on April 6, 2016, the Debtor filed an omnibus motion seeking, among other things, rejection of the Employment Agreement nunc pro tunc to April 6, 2016. See Doc. 2264. The omnibus motion was granted by this Court on April 27, 2016. See Doc. 2335. On April 26, 2017, Lynch filed his Application that is now before this Court. Doc. 2982.

It is Lynch's contention that his abiding by the non-disparagement and non-compete clauses he provided value, and thus a benefit, to the estate post-petition. As a result, Lynch claims he is due to be paid as an administrative expense $285,547.80 for severance payments described in the Employment Agreement. While Lynch asserted in his Application and supporting Brief that he seeks allowance of an administrative expense under 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A), (c)(1), and (c)(2), as well as 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(2), Lynch's arguments focus primarily on § 503(b)(1).

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A)

Lynch asserts that he is entitled to an administrative expense under § 503(b)(1)(A)8 of the Bankruptcy Code because he provided a benefit to the Debtor's estate by honoring the non-competition and non-disparagement terms of the Employment Agreement following his termination. Warrior Met asserts Lynch is not entitled to an administrative expense because the Lynch's right to severance pay arose pre-petition when the Employment Agreement was executed, and in addition, the estate received no benefit post-petition from Lynch's inactivity.

Under § 503(b)(1)(A), administrative expenses shall be allowed for actual and necessary costs of preserving the estate. 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A). Two requisites must be present in order for a claim to qualify as an administrative expense. First, "an expenditure must have occurred, or an obligation must have been incurred, post-petition." In re Hackney, 351 B.R. 179, 184 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. 2006) (Cohen, J.) (collecting cases). Second, "[t]he expenses must confer a `concrete benefit to the debtor's estate' . . . ." In re Faber, 477 B.R. 912, (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2012) (Briskman, J.) (quoting In re Sports Shinko, 333 B.R. 483, 490 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2005)). In an application for administrative expense, the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence is on the movant. Tippins Bank and Trust v. Jarriel (In re Jarriel), 518 B.R. 140, 146 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2014).

Post-petition transaction

"[A]n expense is entitled to administrative priority treatment only if . . . it results from a transaction between the claimant and the trustee of the bankruptcy estate or a debtor in possession. . . ." Lasky v. Phones For All, Inc. (In re Phones For All, Inc.), 362 B.R. 914, 918 (N.D. Tex. 2001); see also In re Harnischfeger Indus., Inc., 293 B.R. 650, 659 (Bankr. D. Del. 2003) ("`[the claimant] must show either that the debtor-in-possession (not the pre-petition entity) incurred the transaction on which the claim is based, or that the claimant furnished the consideration to the debtor-in-possession (not the pre-petition entity).'" (alteration in original) (quoting In re CIS Corp., 142 B.R. 640, 643 (S.D.N.Y. 1992))); Hackney, 351 B.R. at 185 ("`Pre-filing debts are not administrative expenses; they are the antithesis of administrative expenses.'" (quoting In re Kmart Corp., 359 F.3d 866, 872 (7th Cir. 2004))); In re CEI Roofing, Inc., 315 B.R. 50, 54 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2004).

The claim of a creditor arising under a pre-petition contract is a general unsecured claim, even if the time for performance occurs post-petition. See Stewart Foods, Inc. v. Broecker (In re Stewart Foods, Inc.), 64 F.3d 141, 144-46 (4th Cir. 1995). The rule holds true for severance payments — they are pre-petition claims when they arise from an agreement executed pre-petition, and the fact that payment is contingent (and perhaps comes due post-petition) is of no consequence. See McMillian v. FDIC, 81 F.3d 1041, 1047 (11th Cir. 1996). In McMillian v. FDIC, addressing a claim for severance pay, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals noted that "[a] claim exists before insolvency if it is based on a pre-insolvency contract which requires payment upon a stated event. . . . It is the contract right which must exist before insolvency, not the fully-matured obligation to repay." Id.9

In In re Robb & Stucky, Ltd., the debtor and one of its officers entered into an employment agreement providing for severance payments and benefits should the officer be terminated without cause. In re Robb & Stucky, Ltd., No. 8:11-bk-02801-CED, 2011 WL 3948805, at *1 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2011). Sometime thereafter the debtor filed its bankruptcy petition, subsequently terminated the officer's employment, and rejected the employment agreement effective as of the termination date. Id. The officer filed an application for payment of administrative expenses. Id. at *2. In concluding that the officer held a pre-petition claim, the court noted:

Id.

In this case, Lynch executed the Employment Agreement with the Debtor pre-petition and thus the Debtor's obligation to Lynch arose pre-petition. The fact that Lynch's termination occurred post-petition is irrelevant. In his Brief, Lynch contends that he earned the severance pay post-petition by complying with the restrictions in the Employment Agreement; nonetheless, the fact remains that the obligation was incurred pre-petition and therefore does not satisfy the requirement for an administrative expense.

The Court acknowledges that a contrary result was reached in several of the cases cited by Lynch. However, Court is not persuaded by, and declines to follow, those cases. The decisions in Straus-Duparquet v. Local Union No. 3, 386 F.2d 649 (2d Cir. 1967) and In re Public Ledger, 161 F.2d 762 (3d Cir. 1947) have been questioned by recent decisions. See Robb & Stucky Ltd., 2011 WL 3948805, at *3; In re AppliedTheory Corp., 312 B.R. 225, 228 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2004); In re Hooker Invs., Inc., 145 B.R. 138, 141 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1992). Further, Public Ledger was decided in 1947, pre-dating the enactment of the Bankruptcy Code. Robb & Stucky Ltd., 2011 WL 3948805, at *3. Public Ledger represents a holding that has been recognized as out of step with the Bankruptcy Code. In re FBI Distrib. Corp., 330 F.3d 36, 45 (1st Cir. 2003) ("[T]he Public Ledger court used other language to suggest that a debtor in possession could assume a contract by implication, without court approval, and thus be bound by all the terms of the prepetition contract. . . . [T]his is not the law under the Bankruptcy Code.") (citations omitted); Robb & Stucky Ltd., 2011 WL 3948805, at *3 ("the [Public Ledger] court, in determining whether severance pay was entitled to priority as costs of administration, equated the employees' continued post-petition employment with an assumption of their contracts. . . . The Bankruptcy Code does not permit such an implied finding[.]"). Matson v. Alarcon is inapplicable because the claimant in that decision sought priority under § 507(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code, which has not been argued by Lynch as a reason for allowing him an administrative expense. Matson v. Alarcon, 651 F.3d 404 (4th Cir. 2011). Campo Electronics v. Ross is also inapplicable because, unlike Lynch's Employment Agreement, the employment contract in that case was assumed post-petition. Campo Elec. v. Ross, 247 B.R. 646, 649 (E.D. La. 1998).

In his Brief, Lynch cites to Cramer v. Mammoth Mart, Inc. (In re Mammoth Mart, Inc.) as supporting his contention that he is entitled to an administrative expense. Cramer v. Mammoth Mart, Inc. (In re Mammoth Mart, Inc.), 536 F.2d 950 (1st Cir. 1976). As noted by Lynch, the Mammoth Mart court opined:

Mammoth Mart, 536 F.2d at 955.10 Under the facts before the Court, the amount of Lynch's severance pay for a specified twelve-month period would be determined based on his salary and bonuses. The Mammoth Mart court concluded that under similar facts the consideration of "being an employee in good standing at the time of discharge" was post-petition consideration. However, as previously discussed, there is ample case law, including law from within the Eleventh Circuit, in which courts have concluded that a claim based on a pre-petition contract is a pre-petition claim. The Court is not persuaded by anything to the contrary in Mammoth Mart.

Benefit to the estate

Even if Lynch had established that his obligation owed to him was a post-petition obligation, Lynch did not establish that he provided any benefit to the estate. Lynch contends that honoring the non-disparagement and non-competition terms of his Employment Agreement provided an actual and necessary benefit to the Debtor's estate. Providing a potential benefit to a debtor's estate does not arise to the level of a benefit that is "actual and necessary." In re Mid Region Petroleum, Inc., 1 F.3d 1130, 1133 (10th Cir. 1993). See also Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Dobbins, 35 F.3d 860, 866 (4th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted) (emphasis in original) ("[T]he mere potential of benefit to the estate is insufficient for the claim to acquire status as an administrative expense."). In fact, the benefit must be "`an actual concrete benefit'" before the claim may be paid as an administrative expense. Jarriel, 518 B.R. at 146 (quoting Broadcast Corp. of Ga. v. Broadfoot (In re Subscription Tel. of Greater Atlanta), 789 F.2d 1530, 1532 (11th Cir. 1986)).

In this case, Lynch failed to present any evidence that his inactions provided any actual or necessary benefit to the estate. Lynch asserts that breaching the non-disparagement or non-competition terms of the Employment Agreement would have harmed the estate, and honoring those terms thereby added value to the estate. Lynch also asserts that he could have worked with the United Mine Workers of America (the "Union") and recruited employees of the Debtor absent the non-competition provision. Both assertions are nothing but speculation. Lynch admitted that the Union never contacted him, and he has provided no evidence to establish that his employment with the Union was even a possibility. The Court finds Lynch's inaction in relation to the non-competition and non-disparagement terms fails to rise to the level of "actual and necessary" as required under § 523(b)(1)(A).

Because this Court finds that Lynch's claim is a pre-petition obligation, and Lynch's inaction did not benefit the Debtor's estate, the Court concludes that Lynch is not entitled to an administrative expense under § 503(b)(1)(A).

11 U.S.C. §§ 503(c)(1) and (c)(2)

In his Motion and supporting Brief Lynch argues that the amounts he claims are due from the Debtor should be allowed as administrative expenses under Bankruptcy Code §§ 503(c)(1) and (2);11 however, Lynch did not present testimony or other evidence from which the Court could conclude that he is entitled to an administrative expense under either of these sections.

11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(2)

Section 507(a)(2)12 provides second priority status for administrative expenses. Since no administrative expenses are due to Lynch, any amounts owed to him by the Debtor are not due to be given priority under § 507(a)(2).

EQUITY

Both in his Brief and at the hearing, Lynch asked the Court to consider equitable principles to allow Lynch an administrative expense. Lynch's counsel argued at the hearing that that since Lynch's Employment Agreement was originally on a list to be assumed Lynch had reason to believe it would be assumed and thus did not engage in prohibited conduct. It appears that Lynch believes his compliance is enough to warrant the allowance of an administrative claim despite the eventual rejection of his Employment Agreement. This Court, having presided over this case since its inception, notes that during the course of the Debtor's bankruptcy there have been numerous individuals who have suffered financially. For instance, after much consideration and deliberation this Court ultimately allowed the Debtor to reject collective bargaining agreements that contained protections for numerous employees, many (if not most) of whom had worked for much less compensation than Lynch. Some of those employees have long-lasting health problems as a result of working in the mines. It would be difficult for this Court to say that equity dictates the allowance of an administrative expense in an amount in excess of $200,000 for one highly-compensated officer who did not get his entire expected benefit from his Employment Agreement while others in dire straits have gone without. Further, in considering the equity of allowing Lynch's claim, the Court notes that other unsecured creditors, including individual small business owners, have also suffered losses. Unfortunately for Mr. Lynch, in weighing the many losses of numerous individuals and entities, the equities do not weigh in his favor. The Court concludes that Lynch is not entitled to an administrative expense on equitable grounds.

CONCLUSION

The Court finds Lynch failed to establish that he is entitled to be paid an administrative expense under Bankruptcy Code §§ 503(b)(1)(A), (c)(1), (c)(2), 507(a)(2), or any equitable principle. As to § 503(b)(1)(A), Lynch's Employment Agreement providing for severance pay under certain conditions was a pre-petition contract, and as such, any amounts due under the contract are pre-petition claims. Furthermore, while Lynch may have refrained from disparaging or competing with his former employer, any benefit that his inaction may have bestowed upon the estate did not rise to the level of a concrete benefit justifying an administrative expense. There is little evidence, if any, before the Court that would allow the Court to entertain Lynch's claim that he is entitled to an administrative expense pursuant to §§ 503(c)(1) or (c)(2), or § 507(a)(2). Lastly, any amounts due to Lynch are not due to be paid as an administrative expense on the basis of equitable principles. Accordingly, Lynch's Application is due to be disallowed.

It is therefore ORDERED ADJUDGED and DECREED that the Application is DISALLOWED.