Appellant is a non-Spanish-speaking American citizen facing trial in the Superior Court of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico on charges of violations of the Controlled Substances Act of Puerto Rico, Title 24, Chapter 111, L.P.R.A. As is the current practice in all proceedings in courts of the Commonwealth, the proceedings with respect to appellant have been, and will continue to be, conducted entirely in Spanish.* Appellant has retained a bilingual co-attorney resident in Puerto Rico, although his chosen counsel, resident on the mainland, practices in English only. The court has offered to provide appellant with an interpreter.

Unsatisfied with this arrangement, appellant filed a section 1983 action in federal district court in Puerto Rico, seeking an injunction enjoining the Commonwealth from proceeding against him in any language other than English, and contending that to do otherwise violated his rights to due process, fair trial, assistance of counsel, and equal protection. After a hearing, the district court dismissed his complaint, and this appeal followed.

We affirm the judgment below, on the ground that the issuance of the requested injunction by a federal court is barred by the doctrine of Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S. Ct. 746, 27 L. Ed. 2d 669 (1971). The federal intrusion into Puerto Rico's judicial system that would result from such an injunction is obvious. To give but two examples, neither jurors in Puerto Rico nor members of the Bar of the Commonwealth are currently required to know English. The injunction here would either halt the proceedings entirely, or require a significant reorientation of the Puerto Rico court system so as to accommodate a jury trial in English. Such interference is prohibited by the Younger doctrine absent only the most compelling of circumstances.

Appellant has not demonstrated the existence of any such compelling circumstances. It cannot be said that Spanish is being used in bad faith as a means of harassment. Spanish is the primary language throughout Puerto Rico, which is not a state but rather possesses a special political relationship with the United States. That an accused is tried in a language unknown to himself does not, without more, deprive him of a fair trial provided a suitable interpreter is afforded. See United States v. DeJesus Boria, 518 F.2d 368, 371 (1st Cir. 1975); United States v. Carrion, 488 F.2d 12 (1st Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 907, 94 S. Ct. 1613, 40 L. Ed. 2d 112 (1974). Most importantly, appellant has failed to make a showing of irreparable harm, a precondition to injunctive relief even in the absence of other Younger considerations. He asserts that he will be unable to understand the proceedings against him, but so long as a competent interpreter is available, this will not be the case, any more than it is for an exclusively Spanish-speaking accused in the federal courts. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico recognizes that a non-Spanish speaker has the right to an interpreter in its courts, and that this right is of federal constitutional dimension. People v. Superior Court, 92 P.R.R. 580, 589-90 (1965). It is well-known, moreover, that many available members of the Puerto Rico bar are competent in both English and Spanish.

Appellant's alleged harm is speculative at this time because he has not been convicted. If he should be convicted, the alleged harm is not irreparable, because he will be able to present his constitutional argument on direct appeal in the Commonwealth courts, and if unsuccessful will also be able to present it in the federal courts, either via appeal or certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States, or via habeas corpus in the inferior federal courts. We thus find lacking the extraordinary circumstances which under Younger would alone warrant enjoining criminal proceedings in the Puerto Rico courts.

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.