USCA1 Opinion
United States Court of Appeals
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
For the First Circuit
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No. 92-2380
No. 91-1330
UNITED STATES,
Appellee,
v.
MICHAEL FISHER,
Defendant, Appellant.
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APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]
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Before
Boudin, Circuit Judge,
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Campbell, Senior Circuit Judge,
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and Stahl, Circuit Judge.
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Anthony M. Traini for appellant.
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A. Clayton Spencer, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
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A. John Pappalardo, United States Attorney, was on brief for appellee.
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August 17, 1993
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STAHL, Circuit Judge. In this appeal, defendant-
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appellant Michael Fisher challenges his convictions for
attempting and conspiring to possess with intent to
distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. 846.1 After
careful consideration of defendant's arguments, we affirm.
I.
I.
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BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
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In mid-1989, the United States Drug Enforcement
Agency ("DEA"), initiated a "reverse sting" in which it
planned to sell narcotics to Ali Osseiran, a known narcotics
trafficker. In June 1989, Joseph Khoury, a paid DEA
informant, met with Osseiran at his place of business,
Absolute Diamonds in Boston. At that time, Osseiran
expressed interest in participating in a large drug
transaction. Khoury then introduced Osseiran to Aziz Malik,
another DEA informant, whom Khoury portrayed as a significant
drug dealer.
On October 31, 1989, Malik offered to involve
Osseiran in a future heroin transaction on the condition that
Osseiran provide one million dollars in financing. Shortly
thereafter, on November 3, 1989, Osseiran told Malik that he
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1. 21 U.S.C. 846 provides:
Any person who attempts or conspires to commit
any [controlled substance] offense . . . shall be
subject to the same penalties as those prescribed
for the offense, the commission of which was the
object of the attempt or conspiracy.
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2
was interested in purchasing 25 kilograms of heroin and that
he already had two buyers interested in five kilograms of
heroin each. He also told Malik that his buyers would
require a sample of the heroin. At one point, Osseiran
accidentally let slip that a sample would be going to a
person named "Mike" in East Boston.
On November 20, 1989, in accordance with Osseiran's
instructions, Malik delivered to Rashid Haloui, Osseiran's
employee, a two-gram sample of heroin, which was divided in
half. Haloui, in accordance with Osseiran's instructions,
then drove to East Boston and delivered one portion of the
sample to defendant Michael Fisher. Later that evening,
Malik called Osseiran to see if the buyers had approved of
the samples. Osseiran told him that the buyers liked the
samples and that the money would be forthcoming.
In the ensuing weeks, Malik and Osseiran had
several meetings during which they discussed arrangements for
the delivery of the entire amount of heroin.
Contemporaneously, Osseiran informed Malik that he was having
difficulty obtaining the up-front money. He also advised
Malik that if the drugs were cocaine rather than heroin, he
could put the deal together more easily. Osseiran reiterated
that he had two buyers for five kilograms of heroin each, but
that he was not sure what to do with the rest of the drugs.
-3-
3
During a meeting in mid-December, Malik agreed to
exchange ten kilograms of the previously agreed upon heroin
for seventy kilograms of cocaine. Because the original
twenty-five kilogram deal had been subsequently reduced to
twenty kilograms, a total of ten kilograms of heroin and
seventy kilograms of cocaine were now to be delivered to
Osseiran.
On December 26, Osseiran informed Malik that he was
prepared to consummate the deal. It was agreed that the
delivery would be concluded within the next couple of days.
On December 28, Osseiran and Malik made arrangements for the
delivery to take place the next day.
On the morning of December 29, Fisher visited
Absolute Diamonds and conferred with Osseiran for a short
time. Later that afternoon, Malik met with Osseiran at
Absolute Diamonds, and received from him a shopping bag
containing money and what appeared to be diamonds.2 While
at the store, Malik made a phone call ordering the delivery
of the drugs.
As instructed by Osseiran, Haloui went to the Logan
Airport Hilton to make the pick-up. At Logan, Malik's
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2. The parties had previously agreed that because Osseiran
had not been able to raise the full amount of money agreed
upon, diamonds from the jewelry store would act as collateral
until full payment was made. As it turned out, the stones in
the shopping bag were imitation gems made from cubic
zirconia.
-4-
4
courier, who actually was another DEA informant, Tauquir
Islam, gave Haloui a bag purporting to contain 15 kilos of
cocaine.3 Immediately thereafter, Haloui was arrested. At
oraround thesametime, Osseiranwasarrested atAbsoluteDiamonds.
After his arrest, Haloui told the DEA agents that
Osseiran had instructed him to deliver the bag to Fisher at
Fisher's liquor store in East Boston. Haloui agreed to
assist the government by participating in a controlled
delivery of the drugs to Fisher. Haloui and Islam then went
to Fisher's store. When they arrived, Fisher met them outside
the store and refused delivery of the drugs.4 Fisher then
motioned Haloui inside the store and privately told Haloui
that he was aware that Osseiran had been arrested and that
Islam was a "cop." Fisher was arrested on the evening of
December 29, 1989.
On January 26, 1990, Fisher, Osseiran, and Haloui
were charged in a four count indictment. Counts I and II
charged Osseiran and Haloui with attempt (Count I) and
conspiracy (Count II) to possess with intent to distribute
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3. The bag actually contained flour.
4. Fisher, in an increasingly agitated state, had been
repeatedly calling Osseiran's jewelry store throughout the
afternoon and asking to speak with Osseiran, who was under
arrest. During the course of these telephone calls, Fisher
both identified himself by name to the DEA agent who had
remained in the store after the arrest and, when asked for
his telephone number so that Osseiran could return the call,
told the agent, "They know my number."
-5-
5
more than five kilograms of cocaine and more than one
kilogram of heroin. Counts III and IV charged Fisher with
attempt (Count III) and conspiracy (Count IV) to possess with
intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine.
Due to his post-arrest confessions and the
constitutional concerns raised thereby, Haloui was tried
separately. See Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 137
___ ______ _____________
(1968). On June 1, 1990, Haloui was acquitted and ordered to
remain in the jurisdiction as a material witness for the
upcoming trial of Osseiran and Fisher. On October 10, 1990,
the thirteenth day of Osseiran's and Fisher's trial, Osseiran
pleaded guilty.5 On October 16, 1991, the jury found Fisher
guilty on Counts III and IV. Subsequently, Fisher dismissed
his trial counsel and hired the attorney now representing him
on appeal. Fisher's new counsel promptly filed a variety of
motions attacking the verdict, each of which the district
court denied. Upon resolution of these motions, Fisher was
sentenced to two concurrent ten year prison terms.6
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5. The government dismissed Counts I and II of the
indictment against Osseiran and allowed him to plead instead
to an information charging the same offenses but for an
unspecified quantity of drugs. The unspecified quantities in
the amended indictment allowed the trial judge to depart
downward below the ten year mandatory minimum. Osseiran was
then sentenced to three years of imprisonment.
6. This sentence constituted a downward departure from the
minimum 151 month term required by the United States
Sentencing Guidelines.
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6
On June 3, 1991, Fisher, claiming ineffective
assistance of trial counsel, filed a petition for habeas
corpus with the district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
2255.7 As the basis therefor, Fisher complained of trial
counsel's failure to raise seven separate issues. At the
same time, Fisher filed a motion in this court seeking a stay
of his previously-filed direct appeal. We granted the stay
pending the district court's resolution of the 2255
petition.
In a comprehensive memorandum and order dated July
16, 1992, the district court considered and rejected Fisher's
ineffective assistance arguments on all grounds asserted. See
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United States v. Osseiran, 798 F. Supp. 861, 873-76 (D. Mass.
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1992). First, the court determined that the motions Fisher
claimed should have been made would not have been granted.
Id. at 873-76. Relying on this determination, the court then
___
decided that Fisher had suffered no prejudice and that the
representation afforded him by trial counsel was not
constitutionally infirm. Id. at 876. However, the court
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concluded its memorandum and order by holding that it lacked
the jurisdiction to deny formally Fisher's petition at that
time. Id. Subsequently, we ordered the court to enter
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7. The petition was filed before Judge Young, who also
presided over Fisher's trial.
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7
judgment on the petition. In response, the court issued an
order denying it. This appeal followed.
On appeal, Fisher seeks relief on five grounds:
(1) that evidence relating to a conspiracy to which he was
not a party and with which he was not charged was improperly
admitted against him; (2) that without evidence of the
conspiracy referred to in Count II of the indictment, there
was insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions; (3)
that, in violation of his constitutional rights, he suffered
a constructive amendment to and/or a prejudicial variance
from the indictment; (4) that he was harmed by ineffective
assistance of counsel; and (5) that his sentence was
excessive in light of the sentence given to Osseiran. After
determining the scope of the conspiracy, which is necessary
for resolving Fisher's first three arguments, we discuss each
in turn.
II.
II.
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DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
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A. Scope of the Conspiracy
A. Scope of the Conspiracy
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As alluded to above, Fisher's first three arguments
depend necessarily upon our acceptance of the following
premise: that the trial court should not have found,8 and
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8. The trial court implicitly made such a finding when, in
accordance with the dictates of United States v.
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Petrozziello, 548 F.2d 20, 22-23 (1st Cir. 1977), it ruled
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admissible as coconspirator statements made during the course
and in furtherance of the conspiracy, see Fed. R. Evid.
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-8-
8
correspondingly that the government should not have been
allowed to argue, that the heroin and cocaine conspiracy
alleged in Count II and the cocaine conspiracy alleged in
Count IV actually were components of one large conspiracy.9
Fisher's argument is not, however, based upon the evidence at
trial. Instead, it proceeds from the fact that the grand
jury charged only Osseiran and Haloui with the conspiracy
alleged in Count II, while charging only Fisher with the
conspiracy alleged in Count IV. In Fisher's view, the fact
that the indictment charged "different" conspiracies should
have precluded the government from pursuing a "one large
conspiracy" line of argument. Fisher's argument is without
merit.
Simply put, the fact that an indictment charges
conspiracy in separate counts does not mean that the
conspiracies charged necessarily must be separate and
distinct. We note that there is a complete absence of
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801(d)(2)(E), all statements, including any relative to the
cocaine and heroin conspiracy alleged in Count II, made by
Osseiran. Later, in addressing Fisher's 2255 petition, the
court made this finding more explicit. See Osseiran, 798 F.
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Supp. at 872-73.
9. Because Fisher's trial counsel did not object to this
line of argument at trial, we review only for plain error.
See United States v. Brennan, No. 92-1169, slip op. at 15
___ _____________ _______
n.17 (1st Cir. June 3, 1993). To establish plain error,
Fisher must demonstrate that the error complained of is "so
compelling that he virtually is assured of succeeding in his
appeal, and that the error affected the fundamental fairness
and basic integrity of the proceedings in the lower court."
Id.
___
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9
authority supporting the novel proposition Fisher asserts,
and that pertinent case law suggests the very opposite. Cf.,
___
e.g., United States v. David, 940 F.2d 722, 734 (1st Cir.
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1991) (acknowledging that separately charged conspiracies can
constitute a single offense for double jeopardy purposes),
cert. denied, 112 S. Ct. 2301 (1992); United States v. Hart,
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933 F.2d 80, 85-86 (1st Cir. 1991) (same); United States v.
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Gomez-Pabon, 911 F.2d 847, 860 (1st Cir. 1990) (same), cert.
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denied, 498 U.S. 1074 (1991). The reason for this is clear:
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the indictment is primarily used to provide notice of the
charge or charges to the person or persons indicted; it is
not a means of assessing proof. Thus, so long as it fairly
___
serves its purpose,10 we will not, employing 20/20
hindsight, view it as constricting the government in the
manner Fisher suggests.
Having determined that the Count II and Count IV
conspiracies were not, as a matter of law, separate and
distinct, we now merely must decide whether it was plainly
erroneous for the trial court to have concluded and
subsequently allowed the government to argue that these
counts alleged activities that were part of a single, larger
conspiracy. We previously have identified five factors to be
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10. We note a defendant may always press arguments such as
constructive amendment and prejudicial variance, discussed
below, when, in his/her view, the indictment has not justly
fulfilled its functions.
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10
considered in determining whether two charged conspiracies
actually constitute the same offense: (1) the time during
which the activities occurred; (2) the persons involved; (3)
the places involved; (4) whether the same evidence was used
to prove the two conspiracies; and (5) whether the same
statutory provision was involved in both conspiracies. See
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Gomez-Pabon, 911 F.2d at 860.11
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Application of these five factors to the record
before us reveals that the district court, far from
committing plain error, made a supportable determination that
there was a single conspiracy. First, the indictment charges
that the activities referenced in Counts II and IV took place
during the same basic time period -- "[o]n or about December
29, 1989."12 Moreover, the evidence reveals no discernible
temporal gap between the activities related to Count II and
activities related to Count IV. In our view, such facts tend
to indicate that there was a single conspiracy which merely
shifted direction when Osseiran determined that he would not
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11. As noted previously, the Gomez-Pabon appeal presented us
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with the question of whether two separately charged
conspiracies constituted a single offense for double jeopardy
purposes. We see no reason, however, why these five factors
should not also be used to determine whether there was a
single conspiracy in the instant circumstances.
12. Of course, the setting forth, in approximate form, of
this date in the indictment does not preclude the admission
of evidence relating to events which occurred earlier. See
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United States v. Bello-Perez, 977 F.2d 664, 669 n.4 (1st Cir.
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1992).
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11
be able to move the heroin he had previously agreed to
purchase. Cf. David, 940 F.2d at 734 (distinguishing a
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change in direction in a single conspiracy from the inception
of a conspiracy distinct from the original one). The strong
identity between the persons, places, and evidence13
involved in Counts II and IV only serves to reinforce this
perception. Finally, we note that the two counts involved
the same statutory provision.
Certainly, the argument that the conspiracies
alleged in Counts II and IV are separate and distinct is not
completely implausible. The plausibility of a theory in
conflict with the lower court's ruling, however, plays no
role in our review. Instead, we are limited to determining
whether the trial court plainly erred in finding that the
evidence revealed a single, overall conspiracy. See supra
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note 9. Patently, it did not. Accordingly, we affirm this
finding.14
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13. In particular, the evidence concerning Osseiran's
inability to move heroin and preference for cocaine is
relevant to both the conclusion of the phase of the
conspiracy alleged in Count II and the inception of the phase
of the conspiracy alleged in Count IV.
14. To the extend that United States v. Dunn, 758 F.2d 30,
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36 & n.2 (st Cir. 1985), may be read as raising the question
of whether the government may charge part of an overall
conspiracy and introduce evidence of the rest of the
conspiracy to prove the conspiracy charged, it is clear that
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the question should be answered in the affirmative. See
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United States v. O'Campo, 973 F.2d 1015, 1023 n.5 (1st Cir.
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1992).
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12
B. Admission of Count II Evidence, Sufficiency, and
B. Admission of Count II Evidence, Sufficiency, and
____________________________________________________
Constructive Amendment/Prejudicial Variance
Constructive Amendment/Prejudicial Variance
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Having found no plain error in the determination
that Counts II and IV referred to activities that were part
of a single conspiracy, Fisher's first three arguments need
not detain us long. Fisher, relying exclusively upon his
"separate conspiracy" theory, first argues that the evidence
concerning the conspiracy alleged in Count II, which the
trial court admitted against Fisher, should have been
excluded as unfairly prejudicial under Fed. R. Evid. 403.15
We review the trial court's admission of this evidence only
for an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., United States v.
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Spinosa, 982 F.2d 620, 629 (1st Cir. 1992).
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Here, contrary to Fisher's perfunctory assertions,
the evidence at issue was directly relevant to and highly
probative of the overall conspiracy to which he was a
party.16 Moreover, we cannot discern any way in which it
may have tended to engender unfair prejudice. Accordingly,
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15. Fed. R. Evid. 403 provides:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if
its probative value is substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or
needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
16. In so ruling, we are mindful that the government "need
not recite all of its evidence in the indictment, nor is it
limited at trial to the overt acts listed in the indictment."
United States v. Innamorati, No. 91-1896, slip op. at 34 (1st
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Cir. June 17, 1993).
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13
we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion
in admitting this evidence against Fisher.17
Fisher similarly argues that, absent evidence
relating to the Count II conspiracy, there was insufficient
evidence to sustain his convictions on Counts III and IV.
Obviously, however, our rejection of the premise that the
Count II conspiracy was separate and distinct from the Count
IV conspiracy and our concomitant ruling that the Count II
evidence was properly admitted against him is fatal to
Fisher's sufficiency claims. Accordingly, we reject
them.18
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17. In arguing that the Count II evidence improperly was
admitted against him, Fisher also contends that Counts I and
II were improperly joined with Counts III and IV. Once
again, trial counsel's failure to raise this issue below
limits our review to one for plain error. Brennan, slip op.
_______
at 15 n.17. Given our endorsement of the trial court's
finding that the activities alleged in the indictment were
part of a single, overall conspiracy, and given the absence
of any other constitutional problems, it is clear that all
counts were properly joined and that no plain error was
committed. Accordingly, Fisher's joinder argument also must
be rejected.
18. To the extent that Fisher is arguing that, even with the
admission of the Count II evidence, there was insufficient
evidence to sustain his convictions, his arguments are
meritless. In order to convict Fisher of attempting to
possess with intent to distribute cocaine, the government was
required to prove, by direct or circumstantial evidence and
beyond a reasonable doubt, that Fisher intended to commit the
aforementioned substantive offense and that he took a
substantial step toward its commission. See, e.g., United
___ ____ ______
States v. Figueroa, 976 F.2d 1446, 1459 (1st Cir. 1992),
______ ________
cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 1346 (1993). In order to convict him
_____ ______
of conspiring to possess with intent to distribute cocaine,
the government was required to prove, by direct or
circumstantial evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt, that
-14-
14
Finally, Fisher contends that he suffered a
constructive amendment to and/or prejudicial variance from
the indictment. Once again, in making these arguments,
Fisher depends upon his theory that the Count II conspiracy
necessarily was separate and distinct from that charged in
Count IV. Given our rejection of this theory and affirmance
of the trial court's finding of one overall conspiracy,
however, it is readily apparent that no constructive
amendment or variance took place.
A constructive amendment "`occurs when the charging
terms of the indictment are altered, either literally or in
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Fisher entered into an agreement with another to commit the
aforementioned substantive offense. See, e.g., Innamorati,
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slip op. at 12.
Reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
government and resolving all credibility issues in its favor,
see Brennan, slip op. at 3 n.2 (setting forth standard of
___ _______
review governing appellate challenges to the sufficiency of
the evidence), we find that there was ample evidence to
support Fisher's convictions. In our view, Fisher's (1)
acceptance of the heroin sample in advance of the scheduled
heroin and cocaine delivery; (2) presence at Absolute
Diamonds on the morning of the scheduled cocaine delivery;
(3) repeated hectic phone calls to Osseiran at Absolute
Diamonds throughout that same afternoon; and (4) knowledge
that Islam was a "cop" and refusal to take the drugs for that
reason, when combined with the amount of the drugs to be
delivered and Malik's testimony that Osseiran had stated that
the heroin sample would be delivered to "Mike" in East
Boston, constitute a sufficient circumstantial evidentiary
basis for the jury to have concluded that Fisher both
intended to commit the possession offense charged and had
entered into an agreement with Osseiran to commit that same
offense. Moreover, we believe that Fisher's acceptance of
the heroin sample was a substantial step towards the
commission of the offense. Accordingly, having found record
evidence supporting each of the elements of the offenses of
conviction, we decline to disturb the jury's verdict.
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15
effect, by prosecution or court after the grand jury has last
passed upon them.'" Dunn, 758 F.2d at 35 (quoting Gaither v.
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United States, 413 F.2d 1061, 1071-72 (D.C. Cir. 1969)). A
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variance occurs when the charging terms remain unchanged but
when the facts proved at trial are different from those
alleged in the indictment. See United States v. Tormos-Vega,
___ _____________ ___________
959 F.2d 1103, 1115 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 191-
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92 (1992); see also Hunter v. State of New Mexico, 916 F.2d
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595, 598 (10th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 111 S. Ct. 1693
_____ ______
(1991). A constructive amendment is considered prejudicial
per se and grounds for reversal of a conviction. Dunn, 758
___ __ ____
F.2d at 35. Variance is grounds for reversal only if it
affected the defendant's "substantial rights" -- i.e., the
rights to "have sufficient knowledge of the charge against
him in order to prepare an effective defense and avoid
surprise at trial, and to prevent a second prosecution for
the same offense." Tormos-Vega, 959 F.2d at 1115. Variance
___________
also protects against "prejudicial spillover" so that when a
defendant has multiple codefendants, "proof that one
defendant was involved in one conspiracy does not lead the
jury to believe that another defendant was involved in a
separate conspiracy." Id.
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Here, Fisher was charged, convicted, and sentenced
for attempting to possess with intent to distribute cocaine
and conspiring to possess with intent to distribute cocaine.
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16
The evidence admitted against him pertained directly to
these, and to no other, charges. The fact that the
government proved aspects of the conspiracy beyond those
recited in the indictment against Fisher -- i.e., those
relating to Count II -- simply does not constitute a
variance. See Innamorati, slip op. at 34-35 (finding no
___ __________
variance when the government introduced at trial evidence and
overt acts relating to the charged conspiracy outside those
alleged in the indictment). Accordingly, we reject Fisher's
constructive amendment and prejudicial variance
arguments.19
C. Ineffective Assistance
C. Ineffective Assistance
__________________________
Fisher's fourth argument is that he was victimized
by ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. In support of
this argument, Fisher advances three "failures" of trial
counsel: (1) trial counsel's failure to move for severance
on the basis of prejudicial joinder; (2) trial counsel's
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19. We note that the issue of variance most often comes up
when the indictment charges one overall conspiracy but the
trial evidence reveals separate conspiracies and that a
particular defendant is a member of only some of those
conspiracies. See generally United States v. Glenn, 828 F.2d
___ _________ _____________ _____
857, 857-58 (1st Cir. 1987). In such instances, of course,
there is the possibility that a defendant can be prejudiced
by being convicted of a crime other than the one with which
s/he was charged. Id.
___
Here, however, Fisher was convicted of and sentenced for
a conspiracy smaller in scope and breadth than that for which
_______
he may have, in fact, been culpable. Given this fact, his
protestations of prejudice are difficult to fathom.
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17
failure to move for a mistrial or, at least, to strike the
heroin evidence after Osseiran pleaded guilty; and (3) trial
counsel's failure to object when the prosecutor made
reference to the heroin evidence in her closing argument.
Yet again, our determination that the trial court's single
conspiracy finding was supportable renders Fisher's argument
unavailing.
In order to establish a Sixth Amendment violation
for ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
demonstrate (1) that counsel fell below the applicable
standard for performance, defined by what the lawyer knew, or
should have known, at the time of his/her tactical choices;
and (2) that prejudice resulted. See United States v.
___ ______________
Natanel, 938 F.2d 302, 309 (1st Cir. 1991) (citing Strickland
_______ __________
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)), cert. denied, 112
__________ _____ ______
S. Ct. 986 (1992). Here, as the district court points out in
its thorough and well-reasoned memorandum responding to
Fisher's 2255 petition, because there was a single, overall
conspiracy, each of the aforementioned motions/objections
would have been denied/overruled. See Osseiran, 798 F. Supp.
___ ________
at 873-76.20 Accordingly, Fisher suffered no prejudice
____________________
20. As noted earlier, see supra note 17, the fact that all
___ _____
activities referenced in the indictment were part of a single
conspiracy requires a finding that the counts were properly
joined. And obviously, as stated above, the fact that the
heroin evidence was part of the same conspiracy for which
Fisher was convicted means that the evidence was both
properly admitted against him and, a priori, properly
_ ______
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18
from trial counsel's failure to press these matters. And,
without a showing of prejudice, Fisher's ineffective
assistance claim cannot succeed.
D. Sentence Disparities
D. Sentence Disparities
________________________
Fisher's fifth and final argument, that his
sentence was excessive in light of the amount of time given
to Osseiran, does not require extended discussion. In
sentencing Fisher, the trial court departed downward from the
applicable sentencing guidelines range. We have repeatedly
made clear that we "lack jurisdiction to review the `extent
of a downward departure merely because the defendant is
dissatisfied with the quantification of the court's
generosity.'" United States v. Gregorio, 956 F.2d 341, 345
_____________ ________
n.5 (1st Cir. 1992) (quoting United States v. Pighetti, 898
_____________ ________
F.2d 3, 4 (1st Cir. 1990)) (brackets and ellipsis omitted).
Accordingly, we do not have jurisdiction to entertain
Fisher's contention that he "was entitled to a greater
downward departure than he received[.]"
III.
III.
____
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
__________
Having rejected each of the arguments made on
appeal by Fisher, we affirm his convictions and sentence.
Affirmed.
Affirmed.
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referred to by the prosecutor in her closing argument.
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19
