United States Court of Appeals
                   For the First Circuit


No. 99-1357

                  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                          Appellee,

                             v.

                    JOSÉ RAMÓN HERNÁNDEZ,

                    Defendant, Appellant.


No. 99-1358

                  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                          Appellee,

                             v.

                  DOUGLAS GORBEA DEL-VALLE,

                    Defendant, Appellant.



        APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

               FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

      [Hon. Juan M. Pérez-Giménez, U.S. District Judge]



                           Before

                    Lynch, Circuit Judge,
                 Cyr, Senior Circuit Judge,
                  and Lipez, Circuit Judge.
     Francisco M. Dolz-Sánchez for appellant Hernández.
     David W. Roman, with whom Brown & Ubarri was on brief, for
appellant Gorbea Del-Valle.
     Nelson Pérez-Sosa, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
Guillermo Gil, United States Attorney, and Jorge E. Vega-Pacheco,
Assistant United States Attorney, were on brief, for appellee.




                          July 17, 2000
          LYNCH, Circuit Judge. In September of 1997, U.S. Customs

agents intercepted a container holding cocaine bricks with a street

value of close to one billion dollars. The cocaine was amidst cartons

of plastic cups. A jury convicted José Ramón Hernández and Douglas

Gorbea Del-Valle of various federal offenses associated with a

conspiracy to import, possess, and distribute this cocaine. Gorbea

claimed to be the owner of the container; Hernández and his company

transported the container in Puerto Rico.       Hernández was given

concurrent sentences of 293 months on each of five counts, and Gorbea

was given concurrent sentences of 292 months on each of four counts.

Both defendants appeal, alleging numerous errors.        We affirm.

                                 I.

          We briefly sketch the facts here, saving the details for the

analysis of the defendants' claims.

          On September 27, 1997, U.S. Customs officials received

information that a particular container, which was expected to arrive

at the Crowley Yard in San Juan, Puerto Rico, contained contraband.

The container had been shipped by sea from Venezuela.         Customs


                                 -3-
officials located the container the next day, placed an electronic hold

on it, and moved it to Customs facilities in Cataño for inspection.

The bill of lading indicated that the container held disposable plastic

cups, that the consignee was a supermarket, and that the consignee's

representative was South Atlantic Trading Company (SATCO). Defendant

Gorbea was one of the owners of SATCO and ran its business. He was

listed as the person to be notified of the container's arrival. On

unloading the container, Customs agents discovered that some of the

boxes of plastic cups contained bricks of cocaine. All in all, the

agents removed 7,514 pounds (a gross weight of approximately 3,415

kilograms) of cocaine from the container. Approximately 141 of the 830

boxes in the container contained cocaine.

          The Customs agents repacked the container, leaving

approximately 24 pounds (10 kilograms) of cocaine in it. The agents

installed electronic equipment that allowed them to track the

container's location and to determine whether it had been opened. The

container was returned to the Crowley Yard, where it was placed under

24-hour surveillance.

          On September 29, defendant Gorbea called the Customs office,

identified himself as the owner of the container, and asked why the

container had been taken to Cataño for inspection. He was told that

there was no problem with the container and that he could pick it up

later that day. Around October 1, Gorbea went to the customs broker


                                 -4-
and arranged for payment of the freight charges associated with the

container. An employee of the customs broker said that Gorbea was in

a hurry to receive this shipment. In fact, Gorbea had instructed his

secretary to call the customs broker several times to "see what the

status [of this shipment] was and to hasten them."

          The customs broker completed the necessary paperwork by the

next day, October 2. That day, two employees of J.R. Transport, a

company owned by defendant Hernández, arrived at Crowley Yard to pick

up the container. The driver, Alain Ruiz-Galíndez,1 retrieved the

container and drove it out of Crowley Yard.

          The truck stopped several times during its route, sometimes

remaining stopped for half an hour or more. A trip that the district

court judge estimated would normally take about half an hour to make

took about four hours. At times when some of the other cars on the

road had their headlights on, the truck drove without its headlights.

          Hernández followed the truck in a gray van from the time it

left Crowley Yard. During one of the stopovers, Hernández emerged from

the gray van and got into the truck with Ruiz-Galíndez. Hernández

remained in the truck for the duration of its trip and, at some point,

the gray van stopped following the truck. Eventually, the truck arrived



     1    Ruiz-Galíndez was acquitted at trial. Edward Maldonado-Baez,
the employee who signed the bill of lading and who directed Ruiz-
Galíndez to retrieve the container, entered into a plea agreement with
the government prior to trial.

                                 -5-
at J.R. Transport's truck yard. One of the officers following the

truck reported that a number of people in a Crown Victoria arrived at

J.R. Transport around the same time.     He reported that one of the

passengers in the Crown Victoria appeared to be giving orders and that

one of the passengers was holding a "dark, black long object." The

individuals in the truck yard greeted and congratulated one another

once the container was moved into the lot.

          After watching the people and cars coming and going into the

truck yard, the officers moved in. Arrests were made and the container

was seized.   It had not been opened.

          Gorbea was arrested in December. At the time of his arrest,

a document was found in his briefcase. It was a fax dated February 5,

1997, from a Marina Kassert in Venezuela to Gorbea regarding an earlier

shipment of plastic cups. It said, "I urgently need the information of

your friend that has the truck to square everything with him." On the

back of the fax, Gorbea had written the name José Hernández.

          At the time of the cocaine shipment, Gorbea's company was

primarily in the business of importing crackers. Another trucker was

used for transporting the shipments of crackers. Although this trucker

hauled some shipments of plastic cups, the evidence suggests that

Hernández's trucking company was used only for plastic cup shipments.

                                 II.




                                 -6-
           The jury found the defendants guilty of all charges.2 On

appeal, Gorbea challenges the district court's denial of his motion for

judgment of acquittal, arguing that the government failed "to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that [he] knew he was importing cocaine," an

essential element "for any of the violations of federal law charged in

the indictment." Gorbea also argues that the prosecutor made improper

comments during closing arguments that denied him a fair trial.

           Hernández challenges the denial of his motion for judgment

of acquittal, saying that there was insufficient evidence of his

knowledge of the scheme and his voluntary participation in it to

support his convictions. Hernández also argues that the district court

erred in allowing testimony as to the street value of the seized

cocaine, that he should not have been held responsible for the entire

quantity of cocaine seized, and that he should have been sentenced to

a minimum term of imprisonment of 120 months.



     2     Hernández was charged with five counts: conspiracy to possess
with intent to distribute approximately 3,017 kilograms of cocaine in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (Count One); aiding and
abetting in the attempt to possess with intent to distribute
approximately 3,017 kilograms of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 846 and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count Two); aiding and abetting in the
possession with intent to distribute approximately 10 kilograms of
cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count
Three); conspiracy to import approximately 3,017 kilograms of cocaine
into the United States in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952(a) and 963
(Count Four); and aiding and abetting in the importation of cocaine
into the United States in violation of 21 U.S.C. 952(a) and 18 U.S.C.
§ 2 (Count Five). Gorbea was charged with Counts One, Two, Four, and
Five.

                                  -7-
                                 III.

          We review each of the defendants' claims in turn.

A. Denial of the Motions for Judgment of Acquittal.

          At trial, Gorbea and Hernández opted not to present any

evidence in their defense and moved, at the close of the government's

case, for a judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 29.3 Before the district court, Gorbea argued that "the

element of knowledge is not present in the case and the United States

has failed to prove at any time the element of possession."

Hernández's primary argument to the district court was that there was

insufficient proof of "any agreement between him or any other of the

defendants to posses[s] with intent to distribute cocaine or to

posses[s] or to attempt to import into the United States the cocaine."

          Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

government, the district court denied the motions. The district court

pointed to the "abundance of evidence presented by the government." In

particular, the district court relied on evidence that (1) the bill of

lading listed a supermarket as the consignee, even though that

supermarket had never purchased plastic cups from SATCO; (2) there was

a change in the trucking company used and in SATCO's standard operating

     3     Because the defendants did not present any evidence in their
defense, it was not necessary for them to renew their motions to
preserve review of the sufficiency of the evidence issue. See United
States v. Taylor, 

, 975 (1st Cir. 1995); United States v.
Cheung, 

, 730 n.1 (1st Cir. 1988).

                                 -8-
procedures for plastic cup shipments; (3) although SATCO was in

financial trouble, it was selling plastic cups at a loss; (4) shipments

of plastic cups often were not delivered to SATCO until a delay of one

or two days after they were picked up at the dock; (5) Ruiz-Galíndez,

the driver, gave an untrue account of his activities when he was

interrogated by the police on the day of the surveillance; (6) Ruiz-

Galíndez and Hernández gave the container their "undivided attention"

and took four hours to drive the container from Crowley Yard to their

destination, a distance that normally would not take "more than half an

hour" to drive; (7) there were "concerns about the load," as evidenced

by the arrival of the individuals in the Crown Victoria and "what

appeared to [a law enforcement officer] to be a weapon"; (8) around the

time that the shipments of plastic cups began, Gorbea had begun using

the nickname "Wallace" and receiving phone calls, which he would only

take in private, from someone who identified himself as "Wallace"; and

(9) when one of the earlier containers of plastic cups had arrived at

SATCO with half of the boxes missing and with some of the boxes opened

and scattered in the trailer, Gorbea had told his secretary he "already

knew it" and that it "didn't matter."     On appeal, both Gorbea and

Hernández challenge the district court's denial of their motions for

judgment of acquittal.4

     4     "[C]hallenges to the sufficiency of the evidence and to the
denial of the motion for judgment of acquittal raise a single issue"
and thus we apply the traditional sufficiency of the evidence standard

                                 -9-
          Defendants challenging convictions for insufficiency of

evidence face an uphill battle on appeal.      We review de novo the

district court's Rule 29 determinations.        See United States v.

Hernandez, 

, 32 (1st Cir. 1998). However, "[o]ur review of

the district court's decision to deny a motion for acquittal is quite

limited; we must affirm unless the evidence, viewed in the light most

favorable to the government, could not have persuaded any trier of fact

of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v.

Paradis, 

, 559 (1st Cir. 1986); see United States v. Loder,

, 589 (1st Cir. 1994) (referring to the "formidable standard

of review" applicable to such cases). "[T]he government need not

present evidence that precludes every reasonable hypothesis

inconsistent with guilt in order to sustain a conviction." 

.   Rather, "the total evidence, with all reasonable

inferences made in the light most favorable to the government, must be

such that a rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt." 

this standard, "no premium is

placed upon direct as opposed to circumstantial evidence; both types of

proof can adequately ground a conviction." United States v. Ortiz, 966


to these claims. United States v. Morillo, 

, 22 (1st Cir.
1998) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see United
States v. Loder, 

, 590 (1st Cir. 1994) ("[T]his court
reviews a district court's denial of a defendant's motion for a
judgment of acquittal using the identical standard employed to measure
the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a guilty verdict.")
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                 -10-
F.2d 707, 711 (1st Cir. 1992). And in conducting its review, this

court cannot weigh the evidence or make credibility judgments; these

tasks are solely within the jury's province. See 

must

reject only "those evidentiary interpretations . . . that are

unreasonable, insupportable, or overly speculative," United States v.

Spinney, 

, 234 (1st Cir. 1995), and must uphold any verdict

that is "supported by a plausible rendition of the record," 

.

          The defendants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as

to both their conspiracy and aiding and abetting convictions. To prove

conspiracy, the government must show "the existence of a conspiracy,

the defendant's knowledge of the conspiracy, and the defendant's

voluntary participation in the conspiracy." United States v. Gomez-

Pabon, 

, 852 (1st Cir. 1990).     To establish that the

defendants belonged to and participated in the drug conspiracy, the

government must show two kinds of intent: "intent to agree and intent

to commit the substantive offense." 

(internal quotation

marks and citation omitted).     Aiding and abetting requires the

government to show that a defendant "participated in the venture and

sought by [his] actions to make it succeed."        United States v.

Guerrero, 

, 341 (1st Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). This burden is fulfilled by "a showing that the

defendant consciously shared the principal's knowledge of the


                                -11-
underlying criminal act, and intended to help the principal." 

. Knowledge of the particular controlled substance being

imported or distributed is not necessary, see United States v. Kairouz,

, 468-69 (1st Cir. 1985); cf. 

,

and intent to distribute can be inferred from the quantity of drugs

involved, see United States v. Echeverri, 

, 678 (1st Cir.

1993).

1.   Gorbea

          At bottom, Gorbea's argument is, as to both the conspiracy

and the aiding and abetting convictions, that the government failed to

prove intent because it offered insufficient proof that he had

knowledge of the criminal scheme and made a conscious decision to

participate in it and further its objectives.

          A reasonable jury could have found Gorbea guilty of the

crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt.           A great deal of

circumstantial evidence linked Gorbea to the scheme and indicated his

knowledge of the scheme's contours. Shipments of plastic cups were

handled differently than were shipments of other items imported by

SATCO. Gorbea's involvement in these shipments was more extensive than

was his involvement in the shipments of crackers -- SATCO's primary

business line. Unusually, Gorbea insisted on taking calls in private

from a person identifying himself as "Wallace" around the time SATCO

began importing plastic cups. SATCO imported the cups even though it


                                 -12-
lost money on them. Hernández's employees, rather than the normal

trucking company used for shipments of crackers, were sometimes used to

retrieve and deliver the plastic cups. At least one shipment of cups

had arrived at SATCO in a state that suggested that the boxes had been

opened and something removed prior to delivery to SATCO. When Gorbea's

secretary brought this fact to his attention, Gorbea said that he

"already knew it" and that it "didn't matter." Gorbea showed concern

about the shipment of plastic cups involved in this case: he instructed

his secretary to call the customs broker to hurry things up, and he

himself called the customs office to ask why the container had been

taken off-site on a Sunday for inspection. Quite compelling is the

fact that the consignee listed on the bill of lading had never

purchased plastic cups from SATCO and had no intention of purchasing

any of the cups in the container. Indeed, Gorbea described himself as

the owner of the container. This evidence, together with the fact that

the previous shipments of cups had been sold at a loss, readily

supports the rational conclusion that the shipments of cups were merely

a vehicle and a subterfuge for the larger criminal scheme.

          Gorbea, quoting United States v. DeLutis, 

, 906

(1st Cir. 1983), dismisses this evidence as "the piling of 'unfounded

and unsupported inferences on top of each other.'"       His argument

ignores the fact that "[c]hains of inference are a familiar, widely

accepted ingredient" of any process of reasoning and that they are


                                 -13-
"regularly relied upon in the realm of human endeavor, and should not

be forbidden to a criminal jury." 

. Juries

"take full advantage of their collective experience and common sense"

in evaluating the evidence presented to them at trial and reaching a

verdict. 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

That these inferences are based on circumstantial evidence is of no

import. Intent can be proven "wholly on the basis of circumstantial

evidence." United States v. Taylor, 

, 975 (1st Cir. 1995);

see 

("Reliance on indirect, as opposed to

direct, evidence in a criminal case is both permissible and

commonplace."). Given the nature of the crime, "[k]nowledge and intent

in narcotics cases often must be proved largely by circumstantial

evidence." United States v. Valencia, 

, 678 (7th Cir.

1990).

          There is sufficient evidence in the record to support the

conclusion that Gorbea knew of and actively participated in the scheme

to import and distribute cocaine. A container carrying a large amount

of cocaine was shipped to Puerto Rico, and Gorbea was listed as the

person to be notified of its arrival.     He was the person with the

contacts in Venezuela, and he arranged for the retrieval of the

container.   Cf. 

("Both constructive

possession and guilty knowledge may be inferred from a defendant's

dominion and control over an area where narcotics are found."). It


                                -14-
strains credulity to suggest that he would not have known the

container's contents or the plans for distributing them. Gorbea cannot

claim to be an innocent third party through whose hands contraband

could easily pass unknown.     He was the intended recipient of the

container, and he exercised control over the container once it landed

in Puerto Rico. That the name of the consignee was fabricated and

Gorbea seemed to have little beneficial, economic use for the

container's legitimate contents only fortifies this conclusion. The

jury's inferences are rooted in a plausible reading of the record and

their conclusions regarding knowledge, intent, and participation flow

logically from these reasonable inferences.5 Thus, we affirm the

district court's denial of Gorbea's motion for judgment of acquittal.

2.   Hernández

          Hernández argues that his motion for judgment of acquittal

should have been granted because the government produced no evidence

that he "knew of the existence of the cocaine inside the sealed

container" or that he "knowingly participated in or knowingly helped

facilitate" the scheme to import and distribute cocaine. Instead, he



     5    Perhaps in a last ditch effort to convince us of the
insufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions, Gorbea casts
aspersions on some of the testimony offered at trial and relied upon by
the district court in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal.
These arguments are to no avail. It is not our role to assess the
credibility of trial witnesses or to resolve conflicts in the evidence,
instead we must resolve all such issues in favor of the verdict. See

.

                                 -15-
says the evidence shows only that he was merely present at the scene of

the crime.   That is not so.

          Hernández's best argument is that he only participated in the

transport of the container from Crowley Yard to the J.R. Transport

truck yard and that he never opened the container, so he did not know

what he was transporting. Nonetheless, a reasonable jury could infer

his knowledge of the contents of the container and his participation in

the larger scheme. The manner in which the container was transported

in his company's truck was unusual, suspicious, and evasive, both while

he followed the truck in the van and while he was in the truck.

Further, Hernández acted as a look-out might, following the truck in

his van and getting into the truck only after it was some distance from

Crowley Yard. Cf. 

(citing evidence that the

defendant engaged in "countersurveillance techniques" to support the

conclusion that she was "an active participant in the cocaine

distribution scheme" and "much more than an innocent bystander"). The

truck stopped a number of times along its route, taking hours to travel

a distance that the district judge estimated should take no more than

half an hour. The truck engaged in evasive measures such as u-turns

and driving without headlights.6

          When the container eventually arrived at the truck yard,

     6    As with much of the evidence in this case, the record
provides other possible explanations for these facts. We must view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government, however.

                                 -16-
other individuals arrived, greetings and congratulations were

exchanged, and what may have been a firearm was spotted.        Ruiz-

Galíndez, Hernández's employee and the driver of the truck, took part

in the revelry over the seemingly successful delivery of the cocaine.

A celebration of the arrival of plastic cups is hardly plausible. When

he was later interrogated by the police, Ruiz-Galíndez was misleading

in his account of his activities that day.     Cf. United States v.

Barbosa, 

, 1368 (9th Cir. 1990) (noting that jury could

infer guilty knowledge of contents of luggage, in part, from

discrepancies in stories defendant told to different federal agents).

This inordinate level of attention to the container makes probable

Hernández's knowledge of its contents and their value.        This is

something more than mere innocent presence at the scene of the crime.

Cf. Direct Sales Co. v. United States, 

, 713 (1943) ("The

step from knowledge to intent and agreement may be taken. There is

more than suspicion, more than knowledge, acquiescence, carelessness,

indifference, lack of concern."). This conclusion is bolstered by the

fact that the container was taken to the J.R. Transport lot, rather

than directly to SATCO. Gorbea was willing to entrust this valuable

and illicit cargo to Hernández for more than the time necessary to

drive it from Crowley Yard to SATCO.

          Earlier events also support the jury's verdict.       It is

reasonable to conclude there had been at least one prior cocaine


                                -17-
shipment using the same plastic cup ruse, and Hernández's employees had

delivered at least one of the prior shipments of plastic cups.

Hernández's trucking company was not generally used by SATCO; it was

used only for certain plastic cup shipments. Of great weight is the

fact that Gorbea wrote Hernández's name on the back of the fax from

Marina Kassert in Venezuela requesting the name of the trucker with

whom to make arrangements for a shipment of plastic cups.

          Given all these facts, Hernández's knowing participation in

the scheme and his knowledge of the container's contents is a

reasonable conclusion. Cf. 

("[J]uries may

infer a defendant's culpable involvement from the fact that other

conspirators continued their criminal activity despite the defendant's

arrival in a den of iniquity."); United States v. Cordoba, 

, 229 (9th Cir. 1997). The government's evidence need not exclude

"every reasonable hypothesis of innocence" but need only be sufficient

to allow a reasonable factfinder to find guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.   

(internal quotation marks and

citation omitted); see 

.       The resolution of

"conflicting factual statements" and "any concomitant credibility

calls" are left to the jury; we affirm where "the jury's decipherment

of the record represented a plausible choice among reasonable

alternatives, all things considered." 

. We

affirm the district court's denial of Hernández's motion for judgment


                                 -18-
of acquittal.

B.   Statements Made During Closing Arguments

          Gorbea argues that certain statements made by the prosecutor

during closing arguments denied him a fair trial. First, he argues

that statements made about the fax from Marina Kassert to Gorbea

"misrepresented the record and mislead [sic] the jury." In particular,

Gorbea points to the following statement from the prosecutor:

          Now, ladies and gentlemen, why does a shipper in Venezuela
          need the name of the trucker in Puerto Rico, to square what?

He argues that this statement and others like it improperly relied on

the fax to prove a criminal association between Kassert, Gorbea, and

Hernández. This reliance was improper, Gorbea asserts, because the fax

concerned an earlier shipment that was not alleged to be a part of the

conspiracy and because Consorcio EFB, not Kassert, was listed on the

bill of lading as the shipper of the seized container.

          Second, Gorbea points to the following statement by the

prosecutor:

          [A]ll of a sudden Mr. Douglas and others because the others
          to the Grand Jury well known came up with a plan; you have
          the people in Venezuela who we don't know but we know that
          they exist because this shipment containing one billion
          dollars worth of drugs came from Venezuela and you must
          consider that if that shipment is going to take place the
          people involved, that shipped, want to know first, want to
          assure themselves that they can use safe means and deceitful
          means to get that shipment to Puerto Rico and they want to
          know that the people that they entrust this shipment to are
          with them otherwise it wouldn't make any sense.
                  And, of course, we are not charging that these


                                -19-
           defendants were the buyers of that cocaine, no, they were
           instruments, they were conspirators and at some point in
           time they got on that little train of bringing the cocaine
           from Colombia to Puerto Rico for later distribution.
                  That shipment must have come for [sic] a lot of
           people because you will remember from the evidence that is
           before you that the bricks were marked in different ways .
           . . so that is to identify the shipments and don't be
           surprised that many people in Colombia pulled their
           resources together to make this shipment, some contributed
           maybe 100 kilos, other [sic] 300 kilos, and they made a
           pool.

Gorbea says that this statement, and in particular the language "others

to the Grand Jury well known," "went far beyond any evidence or

supportable inferences at trial, allowed the prosecutor to become an

unsworn witness, and explicitly lead [sic] the jury to believe that

information not presented at trial, which the Grand Jury had already

authoritatively decided, supported the prosecutor's conclusion that the

telefax related to the seized shipment of cocaine."

           Gorbea lodged a contemporaneous objection to the first

statement,7 and so we review de novo the question of whether the comment

was improper and review for abuse of discretion the question whether

the misconduct, if any, warrants a new trial. See United States v.

Lewis, 

, 1337-38 (1st Cir. 1994). Prosecutors are free to

ask the jury to make reasonable inferences from the evidence submitted



     7    The specificity of this objection is a bit lacking. Cf.
United States v. Auch, 

, 128-29 (1st Cir. 1999). The
government, however, does not argue this point and so, for the purposes
of appeal, we consider Gorbea to have properly objected to this
comment.

                                 -20-
at trial. This statement was not improper and "simply called on the

jury to employ its collective common sense in evaluating the evidence

and to draw reasonable inferences therefrom." United States v. Abreu,

, 1471 (1st Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). Gorbea argues that the prosecutor misled the jury

with this comment by suggesting that the document had to do with the

seized shipment of cocaine. The government specifically said that the

document was dated February 1997 and that the result of this fax was

the first shipment of plastic cups, which arrived in March.        The

government certainly asked the jury, in this comment and others, to

infer that the defendants reached an agreement regarding the scheme

prior to the shipping of the seized cocaine and may have even imported

some cocaine prior to the seizure, but there is nothing improper in

suggesting that the jury draw such an inference. It goes directly to

the necessary elements of the crimes charged and is based on the

evidence admitted at trial.

          Gorbea also argues that reliance on the fax was improper

because it involved a shipment outside the scope of the charged

conspiracy and because it was from Kassert, whereas the seized shipment

was shipped by Consorcio EFB. Gorbea has not challenged the admission

of the fax, however, and the government was free to rely on admitted

evidence to explain "the background, formation, and development of the

illegal relationship" and "to help the jury understand the basis for


                                 -21-
the co-conspirators' relationship of mutual trust." United States v.

Escobar-De Jesus, 

, 169 (1st Cir. 1999) (upholding the

admission of evidence of bad acts outside the scope of the conspiracy

for this purpose).

          As for the claim that Kassert was not the shipper of the

seized container, the government's comment was not misleading.

Further, while the parties have not pointed us to any evidence in the

record that directly links Kassert with Consorcio EFB, there is

testimony that Kassert was the source for the plastic cup shipments and

evidence that at least three of the previous plastic cup shipments

(although not the March shipment) came from Consorcio EFB. There is

certainly evidence from which the jury could infer that Kassert was

linked in some way to the shipments from Consorcio EFB.8 And it was not

improper for the government to ask the jury to make such an inference.

          As to the second statement, Gorbea's protest is really

targeted at two different statements contained in the paragraphs quoted

above. His first complaint is with the reference to "others to the

Grand Jury well known." His second complaint is about the suggestion

that drug suppliers pooled their resources to create the seized

shipment. We evaluate these comments separately, as Gorbea objected to




     8    It was suggested in oral argument that Kassert might have
been a broker of sorts for the Venezuelan shipper.

                                 -22-
the       second   statement,     but    not     to    the     first. 9

            Where a defendant fails to object in a specific and timely

manner to allegedly improper prosecutorial statements, our review is

only for plain error. See 

; Arrieta-Agressot

v. United States, 

, 528 (1st Cir. 1993). Thus, we review the

comment regarding "others to the Grand Jury well known" under the plain

error standard. Under this standard, reversal is appropriate only if

the improper argument "so poisoned the well that the trial's outcome

was likely affected."    

(internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

            Gorbea says that this statement was "part of a carefully

crafted and impermissible trial strategy aimed at misleading the jury

into impermissibly inferring the government possessed additional

evidence supporting their theory that Marina Kassert was involved in a

conspiracy because 'others to the Grand Jury well known' had made a

pool to arrange for the drug shipment." Much more plausible is the

government's explanation that the reference was "either an involuntary

lapsus, by the prosecutor or an error by the court reporter who took

the phrase . . . in lieu of 'others to the Grand Jury unknown' as is



      9    Gorbea suggests that the objection he made at the very end
of the paragraphs quoted above should be sufficient to avoid plain
error review of the "others to the Grand Jury well known" comment.
This was only a general objection, however, and it was far enough
removed from the "others to the Grand Jury well known" comment so as
not to put the district court on notice. See 

.

                                 -23-
charged in the indictment" (emphasis added). After all, the reference

was directly followed by the statement, "you have the people in

Venezuela who we don't know but we know that they exist because this

shipment containing one billion dollars worth of drugs came from

Venezuela." This isolated and most likely non-deliberate statement

could not have caused a miscarriage of justice. See United States v.

Santana-Camacho, 

, 373 (1st Cir. 1987) ("The plain-error

exception to the contemporaneous objection rule is to be used

sparingly, solely in those circumstances in which a miscarriage of

justice would otherwise result.") (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted); United States v. Levy-Cordero, 

, 1008-09

(1st Cir. 1995).

          As to the portion of the statement that suggests that drug

suppliers pooled their resources to create the cocaine shipment, we

review de novo the question whether the comment was improper and review

for abuse of discretion the question whether a new trial is warranted.

See 

. This statement was not improper. There

was evidence at trial that the bricks of cocaine found in the container

were marked and packaged in different ways. Some of the bricks had

Walt Disney characters pasted on the outside, some were wrapped in

plastic, some in styrofoam, and some contained a reddish gel.        A

Customs agent testified that in his experience these different methods

of packaging were used to identify the supplier and, in some cases, to


                                 -24-
identify the proper recipient. Contrary to Gorbea's suggestion, the

prosecutor's statement was not outside of the scope of the evidence

presented at trial and did not allow the prosecutor to become an

unsworn witness.     It was entirely proper.

C.   Admission of Testimony Regarding Street Value of Cocaine

          Hernández argues that it was an abuse of discretion for the

trial court to admit the testimony of Drug Enforcement Agency Special

Agent James Casey.    Casey testified that the street value of the

cocaine seized from the container was close to a billion dollars in

Puerto Rico at the time. Hernández objected to this testimony at

trial, claiming that it was irrelevant and that its probative value was

outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice under Federal Rule of

Evidence 403.   The district court overruled these objections and

allowed the testimony, finding that the street value of the cocaine was

relevant to the knowledge of the defendants and that any prejudicial

effect was outweighed by the evidence's probative value. The district

court said, "it certainly would be proper for the jury to infer that

such a shipment of such a worth certainly would not be left to be

handled by persons who did not know what was in there."

          On appeal, Hernández argues that the trial court should have

excluded this evidence because of its risk of unfair prejudice. He

says that the jury already had ample evidence from which to draw

inferences regarding knowledge and intent to distribute, in the form of


                                 -25-
photographs of the load and testimony regarding the amount of cocaine

found in the container.

          The district court's Rule 403 balancing stands unless it is

an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Rosario-Peralta, 

, 561 (1st Cir. 1999). The street value of cocaine is relevant to

the issues of knowledge, cf. 

, and intent to

distribute, see United States v. Rivera-Santiago, 

, 969

(1st Cir. 1997); United States v. Rivera, 

, 8 (1st Cir. 1995).

It is true that "such evidence could conceivably become substantially

more prejudicial than probative if the figure is large enough and if

other evidence to prove intent to distribute is available." Rosario-

. But in this case, both defendants professed

ignorance of the contents of the container. They were both, they said,

simply legitimate businessmen. The evidence of street value of the

contraband in the shipment was meant to counter that contention. There

is no basis to second-guess the trial court's view.

D.   Hernández's Sentence

          Hernández argues that it was error to hold him responsible

for the 3,017 kilograms of cocaine alleged in the charges. Given

Hernández's criminal history category, this quantity resulted in a

sentencing range of 235 to 293 months under the Sentencing Guidelines.

See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1. The district court sentenced him to concurrent

293-month terms. Hernández argues that this sentence was excessive and


                                 -26-
that a minimum sentence of 120 months should have been given.

          In drug cases, sentences are largely driven by the quantity

of the drugs involved. See United States v. Sepulveda, 

,

1196 (1st Cir. 1993). "[I]n the context of jointly undertaken criminal

activity, such as a conspiracy, a defendant is not automatically

saddled with the full weight of the conspiracy's wrongdoing; rather, a

defendant is responsible for drugs he personally handled or anticipated

handling, and, under the relevant conduct rubric, for drugs involved in

additional acts that were reasonably foreseeable by him and were

committed in furtherance of the conspiracy."        

          Hernández argues that the 3,017 kilograms of cocaine should

not be attributed to him because there was no evidence that he had any

knowledge of the amount of drugs in the container. He says that most

of the district court's findings to the contrary were not supported by

the evidence introduced at trial.10 We review a sentencing court's

findings regarding the quantity of drugs involved, the role played by

the defendant, and the quantity reasonably foreseeable to the defendant

for clear error. See United States v. De La Cruz, 

, 1314

(1st Cir. 1993); see also United States v. Graciani, 

, 74



     10   Hernández asserts that the district court acknowledged that
there was no evidence that he knew the quantity of drugs involved.
This statement is a bit misleading. The district court stated that
while there was no "direct evidence" of knowledge, the evidence
suggested that Hernández "must have known that there was a large
quantity of drugs coming in."

                                 -27-
(1st Cir. 1995).

          The issue here is straightforward: is the district court's

finding that Hernández knew or could have reasonably foreseen the

quantity of drugs contained in the seized container, which he was

directly involved in transporting, clearly erroneous?         It was not.

          All of the evidence and inferences discussed in connection

with Hernández's challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence apply

with equal force here. The district court's conclusions were properly

rooted in the evidence and its inferences founded in logical reasoning.

"A defendant who conspires to transport for distribution a large

quantity of drugs, but happens not to know the precise amount, pretty

much takes his chances that the amount actually involved will be quite

large."   De La 

.

          Even if the district court's attribution of all 3,017

kilograms to Hernández could be faulted, we note that any error would

be harmless. See 

. The base offense

level assigned to Hernández applies to crimes involving 150 kilograms

or more of cocaine.   See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1.    Thus, as long as some

amount equal to or exceeding 150 kilograms can be attributed to

Hernández, the same sentencing range applies.

                                 IV.

          After carefully considering each of the defendants'

challenges, we affirm their convictions and Hernández's sentence.


                                 -28-