Defendant-appellee John M. Bogdan pled guilty to a two-count information charging him with mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341. The United States appeals the sentence imposed on Bogdan, arguing that the district court erred in departing downward from the applicable sentencing guideline range. Because we find that the district court abused its discretion in granting Bogdan's request for a downward departure, we reverse and remand this case for action consistent with this opinion.

From 1997 through 1999, Bogdan, working as the chief financial officer at ON Technology Corporation, embezzled more than $320,000 from his employer and used the mails in furtherance of his scheme to defraud. On December 4, 2000, pursuant to a plea agreement, Bogdan pled guilty to two counts of mail fraud.

The plea agreement set Bogdan's total offense level under the Sentencing Guidelines at fifteen, thereby resulting in a guideline sentencing range of eighteen to twenty-four months' imprisonment. The agreement, however, permitted appellee to move for a downward departure on the grounds of aberrant behavior. The parties recognized that there was "no other basis for departure."

At the sentencing hearing, the district court adopted the parties' predetermined guideline sentencing range but rejected Bogdan's request for a downward departure based on aberrant behavior. Instead, the district court found alternative grounds for departing:

I have taken into account the excellent way that you have been a father to your children, how you have tried to make amends to your wife, the introspection you have shown, the appreciation you have shown of the criminality of your conduct.... In my considered judgment, you, you, John Bogdan, are not within the heartland of offenders that the sentencing guidelines are designed for. That gives me the right to depart.

On this basis, the district court departed from the applicable guideline sentencing range, ordering appellee to a committed sentence of one year and one day.1 The government timely filed the instant appeal.

We review district court departures under the Sentencing Guidelines for abuse of discretion. See Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 96-100, 116 S. Ct. 2035, 135 L. Ed. 2d 392 (1996). This analysis is divided into three parts:

First, we determine as a theoretical matter whether the stated ground for departure is permissible under the guidelines. If the ground is theoretically appropriate, we next examine whether it finds adequate factual support in the record. If so, we must probe the degree of the departure in order to verify its reasonableness.

United States v. Dethlefs, 123 F.3d 39, 43-44 (1st Cir.1997) (internal citations omitted).2 In employing this analysis, we recognize that "[a] district court's decision to depart from the Guidelines ... will in most cases be due substantial deference." Koon, 518 U.S. at 98, 116 S. Ct. 2035.

The United States Sentencing Guidelines establish ranges for the criminal sentences of federal offenders. District courts must impose sentences within the applicable ranges set forth in the Guidelines. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). In limited circumstances, however, a district court may depart from the applicable guideline range if "the court finds that there exists an aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines ...." 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b). Thus, not every aggravating or mitigating circumstance will warrant departure; the circumstance "must render the case atypical and take it out of the `heartland' for which the applicable guideline was designed." United States v. Carrión-Cruz, 92 F.3d 5, 6 (1st Cir.1996).

The Sentencing Guidelines give courts considerable guidance as to what factors are likely, or not, to make a case atypical. In general, these factors fall into four categories. Encouraged factors are those "the [Sentencing] Commission has not been able to take into account fully in formulating the guidelines." U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. Thus, when encouraged factors are present, they may take a particular case outside the "heartland" of the applicable guideline, thereby warranting a departure. Conversely, discouraged factors are those "not ordinarily relevant to the determination of whether a sentence should be outside the applicable guideline range." U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. H, introductory cmt. "The Sentencing Commission does not view discouraged factors as necessarily inappropriate bases for departure but says they should be relied upon only in exceptional cases." United States v. Pereira, 272 F.3d 76, 80 (1st Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The third category includes those sentencing factors upon which a court can rely to depart but which, unlike the first two categories, are not specifically enumerated in the Guidelines. "If a factor is unmentioned in the Guidelines, the court must, after considering the structure and theory of both relevant guidelines and the Guidelines taken as a whole, decide whether it is sufficient to take the case out of the Guideline's heartland." Koon, 518 U.S. at 96, 116 S. Ct. 2035 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Finally, those factors that are explicitly or implicitly proscribed by the Sentencing Guidelines as bases for departure constitute the last category of sentencing factors. They include "forbidden factors, factors adequately considered by the Commission, factors that lack relevance, and factors that offend the framework and purpose of the guidelines." United States v. Martin, 221 F.3d 52, 57 (1st Cir.2000).

In the instant case, the district court relied on a combination of factors to justify its departure from the applicable sentencing range, including Bogdan's role as a father; his effort to make amends with his ex-wife; his introspection; and his appreciation for the wrongfulness of his conduct.3 Though this unique amalgamation of factors is unmentioned in the Guidelines, all of the individual factors cited by the court have been taken into account by the Sentencing Commission.

Bogdan's role as a father and his effort to make amends with his wife are considerations that clearly fall within the category of family ties and responsibilities, a discouraged factor under the Guidelines. See U.S.S.G. § 5H1.6; see also United States v. Rushby, 936 F.2d 41, 42-43 (1st Cir.1991) (analyzing the defendant's marital status and role as a father under the Guidelines' family ties and responsibilities category); United States v. Carr, 932 F.2d 67, 72 (1st Cir.1991) (considering the defendant's role as a father under the Guidelines' family ties and responsibilities category).

Considerations like Bogdan's introspection and his appreciation for the criminality of his conduct have also been taken into account by the Sentencing Commission. Specifically, the Guidelines give district courts the discretion to grant acceptance-of-responsibility credit to defendants who demonstrate extraordinary presentence rehabilitation. See U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1; United States v. Craven, 239 F.3d 91, 99 (1st Cir.2001) (noting that "presentence rehabilitation ... can be factored adequately into the sentencing equation by an acceptance-of-responsibility credit," and a change in attitude is the touchstone of rehabilitation); United States v. Sklar, 920 F.2d 107, 115-16 (1st Cir.1990) (remarking that a defendant's sincere desire to change his life is factored into the acceptance-of-responsibility credit).4

Because the factors upon which the district court relied to depart are discouraged or have already been taken into account by the Guidelines in the form of a credit, a downward departure is justifiable only if the factors are "present to some exceptional degree." Koon, 518 U.S. at 96, 116 S. Ct. 2035; see also Craven, 239 F.3d at 98 (ruling that a "datum [like acceptance of responsibility] that is taken into account by a guideline nonetheless can form the basis for a departure if it is present to an exceptional degree" (internal citations and quotation marks omitted)).

In order to avoid this cumbersome burden, Bogdan argues that the factors the district court cited should be viewed as unmentioned in the Guidelines. Though he admits that his factors can be likened to recognized categories, Bogdan argues that existing caselaw prevents this Court from construing Guideline categories so broadly as to include the factors of his case. See United States v. Olbres, 99 F.3d 28, 35-36 (1st Cir.1996) (admonishing courts not to construe categories under the Guidelines too broadly).

Though we agree that Guideline categories should not be distorted to cover unintended factors, no such exercise is necessary here. The factors the district court relied upon to depart have traditionally and exclusively been considered under established Guideline categories because those factors and the Guideline categories are "the semantic or practical equivalents of each other." Koon, 518 U.S. at 110, 116 S. Ct. 2035; see also United States v. DeShon, 183 F.3d 888, 890 (8th Cir.1999) (considering defendant's genuine acknowledgment of responsibility for his crime and change of his lifestyle under acceptance-of-responsibility category); United States v. Romero, 32 F.3d 641, 653 (1st Cir.1994) (treating defendant's status as a father under the category of family ties and responsibilities). To hold otherwise would enable defendants to circumvent the entire Guideline structure by cleverly characterizing discouraged factors in such a way as to appear as — and be treated under the more lenient standard of — unmentioned factors.

Whether the factors the district court considered, taken together, are present to such an exceptional degree so as to remove Bogdan from the "heartland" of cases is not a difficult issue. At most, the record reveals that Bogdan is a caring and generous father to two adult children who live in distant cities. He has also made efforts to improve his relationship with his ex-wife, while supporting her financially with alimony payments. Finally, it is clear from Bogdan's testimony at the sentencing hearing that he is an introspective person who is remorseful for the serious crime he committed.5

None of these factors, whether taken individually or in the aggregate, approximates the benchmark of extraordinariness that this Court has set. See Koon, 518 U.S. at 98, 116 S. Ct. 2035 ("Whether a given factor is present to a degree not adequately considered by the Commission, or whether a discouraged factor nonetheless justifies departure because it is present in some unusual or exceptional way, are matters determined in large part by comparison with the facts of other Guidelines cases."); Pereira, 272 F.3d at 80 ("[E]xisting caselaw defines the parameters for departure, outside of which a court cannot go without assuming the risk of acting beyond permissible limits.").

Existing caselaw is unequivocal that being an exemplary parent or spouse is not sufficient to take a case out of the "heartland." See United States v. Sweeting, 213 F.3d 95, 102 (3d Cir.2000) (ruling that though defendant "appears devoted to her children and is a `substantial positive influence' on their lives," no departure was warranted); United States v. Tejeda, 146 F.3d 84, 87 (2d Cir.1998) ("The existence of a stable family (a wife and two children) — something that is by no means extraordinary — does not satisfy the `exceptional hardship' criterion warranting family circumstance departure."); United States v. Bell, 974 F.2d 537, 538-39 (4th Cir.1992) (holding that the defendant's role in helping to produce a stable family, and the fact that incarceration would likely disrupt his spousal and parental relationships, is insufficient to grant a downward departure); United States v. Shoupe, 929 F.2d 116, 121 (3d Cir.1991) (ruling that a defendant who was a good father, regularly visited his child, and paid child support did not qualify as having an extraordinary family circumstance).

Similarly, the fact that Bogdan is highly introspective and appreciates the criminality of his actions, though admirable, does not serve to make his case at all exceptional, especially considering the facts of his case. The district court found that Bogdan confessed to his illegal conduct "once everything collapsed." It is not uncommon for defendants to discover the virtues of introspection and remorse when facing the threat of punishment.6 See United States v. DeBeir, 186 F.3d 561, 572-73 (4th Cir.1999) (affirming district court's ruling that evidence of "extreme remorse" is not atypical and does not justify downward departure); United States v. Brewer, 899 F.2d 503, 509 (6th Cir.1990) (ruling that remorse and prompt payment of restitution are not enough to take case out of the "heartland"). Moreover, Bogdan's claim of remorse is undermined by the presentence report which indicates that he had not paid any restitution despite being employed.

Regrettably, the "heartland" of cases under the Guidelines encompasses immense and heart-wrenching hardships. See, e.g., United States v. Dyce, 91 F.3d 1462, 1467-68 (D.C.Cir.1996) (holding that the district court erred when it departed based on the defendant's status as a single mother with three children under the age of four, one of whom was being breast-fed, and where incarceration would require placing the children in foster care). To find that Bogdan's circumstances are outside of the "heartland" would require us to ignore existing caselaw and to declare that the Sentencing Commission was so myopic that it failed to foresee that some criminals would be decent parents and spouses who might experience remorse after being caught. We decline the invitation.

We reverse and remand this case for action consistent with this opinion.