Filed: Nov. 05, 2008
Latest Update: Feb. 21, 2020
Summary: A.2d 623, 630 (R.I. The latter is not a separate offense, but rather imposes, enhanced penalties for assault (and related crimes) when committed, against family or household members. As a, result, petitioner's reliance on cases such as Chrzanoski v., Ashcroft, 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir.
Not for Publication in West's Federal Reporter
United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
Nos. 07-1514
07-1916
JOSE YIMI CAMPOS-GOMEZ,
Petitioner,
v.
MICHAEL B. MUKASEY, ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW OF ORDERS OF
THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
Before
Boudin, Lipez and Howard,
Circuit Judges.
William A. Hahn and Hahn & Matkov on brief for petitioner.
Corey L. Farrell, Office of Immigration Litigation, Peter D.
Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, and Terri J. Scadron,
Assistant Director, on motion for summary affirmance.
November 5, 2008
Per Curiam. At issue in this immigration case is whether
a Rhode Island conviction for simple assault is a "crime of
violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 16 and is thus an "aggravated felony"
under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F). In an unrelated case, we recently
answered this question in the affirmative. See Lopes v. Keisler,
505 F.3d 58 (1st Cir. 2007). Finding Lopes dispositive, we grant
respondent's motion for summary affirmance and deny the petition
for review.
Petitioner has been found removable based on his 2005
conviction for misdemeanor assault under R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-5-3.
That enactment, entitled "Simple assault or battery," provides that
"every person who shall make an assault or battery or both shall be
imprisoned not exceeding one year or fined." Id. § 11-5-3(a). As
reported in the criminal complaint and docket sheet, petitioner
pled guilty to the charge of assaulting a police officer (and to a
second, related charge) and received a one-year suspended sentence.
According to respondent, that conviction for simple assault is a
crime of violence and thus an aggravated felony, which renders him
ineligible for discretionary relief.
Three statutory provisions are implicated. "Any alien
who is convicted of an aggravated felony at any time after
admission is deportable." 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). The term
"aggravated felony" includes "a crime of violence (as defined in
section 16 of Title 18 ...) for which the term of imprisonment [is]
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at least one year." Id. § 1101(a)(43)(F). And the term "crime of
violence" means
(a) an offense that has as an element the
use, attempted use, or threatened use of
physical force against the person or property
of another, or
(b) any other offense that is a felony
and that, by its nature, involves a
substantial risk that physical force against
the person or property of another may be used
in the course of committing the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 16. Because petitioner's assault conviction is a
misdemeanor (under both state and federal law), § 16(b) is not at
issue here. Accordingly, the question is whether use of physical
force is an "element" of Rhode Island simple assault--i.e., "a
constituent part of the offense which must be proved by the
prosecution in every case to sustain a conviction." Singh v.
Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1228, 1231 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation
marks and emphasis deleted).
As explained in State v. Jeremiah, 546 A.2d 183, 186
(R.I. 1988), the "standard definition of criminal assault" in Rhode
Island is set forth in State v. Baker,
38 A. 653 (R.I. 1897), as
follows:
An assault, as ordinarily defined, is any
unlawful attempt or offer with force or
violence to do a corporal hurt to another,
whether from malice or wantonness. The
offense may consist also in putting another in
fear of violence.
Id. at 654 (emphasis added); accord, e.g., State v. Coningford,
901
A.2d 623, 630 (R.I. 2006); State v. McLaughlin,
621 A.2d 170, 177
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(R.I. 1993).1 Relying on the emphasized portions of this
definition, we concluded in Lopes that under Rhode Island law
"there can be no assault without the presence of physical force."
505 F.3d at 63. We thus held that a conviction for simple assault
under § 11-5-3 "satisfies the statutory definition of a crime of
violence because it has as an element the 'attempted use, or
threatened use of physical force against the person or property of
another.'"
Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 16(a)).2
Petitioner's attempts to challenge or distinguish the
reasoning in Lopes fall short. His main argument is that simple
assault in Rhode Island can include "reckless" conduct--which,
under the case law applying Leocal v. Ashcroft, 543 U.S. 1 (2004),
is a mens rea that does not satisfy the "use of physical force"
requirement in 18 U.S.C. § 16. See, e.g., United States v. Zuniga-
Soto,
527 F.3d 1110, 1123-24 (10th Cir. 2008). We rejected a
1
Battery is a separate offense. It "refers to an act that
was intended to cause, and does cause, an offensive contact with or
unconsented touching of or trauma upon the body of another, thereby
generally resulting in the consummation of the assault."
Coningford, 901 A.2d at 630 (internal quotation marks omitted);
accord, e.g., State v. Davis,
384 A.2d 1061, 1064 (R.I. 1978)
("battery ... is the intentional and unlawful application of the
slightest force to the person of another").
2
The alien in Lopes was convicted under both § 11-5-3 and
the state's Domestic Violence Prevention Act, R.I. Gen. Laws § 12-
29-5. The latter is not a separate offense, but rather imposes
enhanced penalties for assault (and related crimes) when committed
against family or household members. That § 12-29-5 was involved
in Lopes does not affect the analysis of whether simple assault
constitutes a crime of violence.
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Leocal-based argument in Lopes, albeit without addressing
recklessness. See 505 F.3d at 63. In any event, petitioner's
expansive definition of assault proves mistaken. He relies solely
on the 1897 Baker decision and two references contained therein to
recklessness.
See 38 A. at 654. Yet the court did not there hold,
and has not since held, that reckless as opposed to intentional
conduct could suffice for an assault conviction; to the contrary,
it noted that "[t]here must be an intent to commit an assault, or
else there can be no assault."
Id. at 653 (quoting jury charge
with approval). Moreover, petitioner's view is at odds with
general descriptions of the common law. See, e.g., Popal v.
Gonzales,
416 F.3d 249, 255 n.5 (3d Cir. 2005) ("The common law ...
required 'willfulness,' i.e., intent, in order to find a defendant
guilty of simple assault."); 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive
Criminal Law, § 16.3, at 566 & 569 (2d ed. 2003 & '08 Supp.)
(explaining that recklessness does not suffice to establish
assault).
To be sure, some statutory "assault" provisions contain
a recklessness element. See, e.g., Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, 466
F.3d 1121, 1125 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc). Yet these are actually
"battery-type statutes." See 2 LaFave, supra, § 16.2(c), at 557
("In the modern codes, a substantial majority of the battery-type
statutes expressly state that the crime may be committed by
recklessness--that is, where there is subjective awareness of the
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high risk of physical injury.") (footnotes omitted). And just as
in Lopes, see 505 F.3d at 62, it is clear that petitioner here was
convicted of assault rather than battery.3
Petitioner also alleges that the assault definition
applied by Lopes was drawn from cases involving offenses more
serious than simple assault. See, e.g., McLaughlin, 621 A.2d at
177 (misdemeanor manslaughter);
Baker, 38 A. at 653 (assault with
a dangerous weapon). Yet nothing more than simple assault was
involved in State v. Tabele,
621 A.2d 185 (R.I. 1993), which
enunciated a similar definition. In a related vein, petitioner
insists that Congress never intended that the term "crime of
violence" would encompass such a relatively insignificant offense.
Yet the legislative history contains a specific reference to simple
assault suggesting otherwise. See, e.g.,
Popal, 416 F.3d at 254
n.5.
The motion for summary affirmance is granted, and the
petition for review is denied.
3
For example, petitioner never objected to the BIA's
observation that "[w]hile [§ 11-5-3(a)] proscribes the commission
of both simple assault and battery, the parties appear to agree
that [petitioner] was only convicted of simple assault." As a
result, petitioner's reliance on cases such as Chrzanoski v.
Ashcroft, 327 F.3d 188 (2d Cir. 2003), and United States v. Bayes,
210 F.3d 64 (1st Cir. 2000), is misplaced. The offense in
Chrzanoski, for example, although denominated as "third degree
assault," required a showing of physical injury and thus was in
fact a form of battery.
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