United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit


No. 13-2022

     ELVIS LEONEL ALDANA-RAMOS; ROBIN OBDULIO ALDANA-RAMOS,

                           Petitioners,

                                v.

   ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the United States,

                            Respondent.


              PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF THE
                   BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS


                              Before

                        Lynch, Chief Judge,
              Torruella and Thompson, Circuit Judges.


     William P. Joyce and Joyce & Associates P.C. on brief for
petitioners.
     Stuart F. Delery, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division,
Song Park, Senior Litigation Counsel, and Sunah Lee, Trial
Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, on brief for
respondent.


                          August 8, 2014
                         Amended Opinion
            LYNCH, Chief Judge.    Petitioners Elvis Leonel Aldana

Ramos ("Elvis") and Robin Obdulio Aldana Ramos ("Robin") seek

review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA")

denying their applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture ("CAT").     The BIA

concluded that the petitioners had not made the requisite showings

that they were or will be persecuted on account of membership in a

protected social group or that it is more likely than not that they

would be tortured by government authorities upon returning to their

home country.   Because the BIA's conclusion as to the asylum claim

is legally flawed and is not supported by the record as currently

developed, we grant the petition in part and remand to the BIA for

further proceedings as to the asylum and withholding of removal

claims.   We deny the petition as to the CAT claim.

                                  I.

            We recount the facts as presented by the record, noting

that the Immigration Judge ("IJ") found that petitioners were

credible.     Elvis and Robin are brothers and are natives and

citizens of Guatemala.   At the time of the relevant events, Elvis

was 20 years old and Robin was 18.      Their father, Haroldo Aldana-

Córdova ("Haroldo"), owned a successful used car business and a

real estate rental business in Salamá, Guatemala.     Elvis and Robin

worked with their father in the family business.      The family was




                                  -2-
relatively well-off and was able to travel to the United States on

vacation.

              On February 4, 2009, Haroldo asked Elvis and Robin to

attend to certain ongoing used car and property rental business

concerns while he showed a rental apartment to potential tenants in

another town.          Both Elvis and Robin were to meet with a buyer

interested in purchasing a truck, and Elvis was later supposed to

show a rental property to potential tenants.                   Elvis later called

Haroldo to tell him that the buyer was interested in purchasing a

truck from the dealership, but there was no answer on Haroldo's

phone.    Elvis left Robin to conclude the truck sale while he went

to show the apartment.           Soon after, an unknown person approached

Robin    at   the    dealership    and   told    him   that     Haroldo      had   been

kidnapped for ransom.        Robin called Elvis, who immediately went to

the police station to report the kidnapping.                        According to the

petitioners, the police took no real action on the kidnapping

report. Elvis and Robin later learned that the kidnappers belonged

to   a   group      known   as   the   "Z"     gang,   a     well    known    criminal

organization in Guatemala with ties to drug trafficking.

              On February 5, Haroldo called Elvis and Robin and told

them     that    his     kidnappers      demanded      one     million       quetzales

(approximately $125,000) in ransom by noon of that day and would

kill him if they did not pay the entire ransom.                        The next day,

Haroldo called again to repeat the message.                    Haroldo instructed


                                         -3-
Elvis and Robin to pawn the car dealership to Marlon Martínez, a

family friend and business associate.1              Martínez already owed

Haroldo's family 150,000 quetzales but he did not help them raise

the ransom money.

              Over the next three days, Elvis and Robin collected

400,000 quetzales and paid it to the kidnappers.              The kidnappers

continued to refuse to release Haroldo until the ransom was paid in

full.       Around that same time, men in vehicles without license

plates began driving around petitioners' home.          The brothers found

the action intimidating.        According to an affidavit Elvis later

submitted, this was a threatening tactic frequently used by the "Z"

gang.

              Eventually,   Elvis   and    Robin   borrowed   the   remaining

600,000 quetzales, largely from relatives, and paid the sum over to

the kidnappers.     The brothers state that they completely exhausted

their financial resources in doing so.             The kidnappers told the

brothers where they could retrieve their father. When they arrived

at that location, they could not find him.             Nor did he turn up.

Four days later, the police called Elvis and told him Haroldo had

been murdered and his body had been found in a different town.




        1
         The record is not entirely clear regarding Martínez's
profession, but it appears that he was a sort of lender who would
buy or offer mortgages on distressed properties at high margins.
In the United States, he might be called a loan shark.

                                     -4-
          After Haroldo's murder, several members of the "Z" gang

were arrested and charged with the killing.     One of those members

was Marlon Martínez, Jr., the son of Haroldo's business associate.

The brothers eventually learned that the Martínez family was

involved in the entire kidnapping and intimidation ordeal.       The

charges against all of the suspects were eventually dropped; Elvis

testified that the reason the charges were dropped was that the

judge was paid off.

          Although Haroldo was dead and the ransom paid, the

threats against petitioners resumed. About a month after Haroldo's

funeral, Elvis was followed from the dealership by a car with no

license plates, which he recognized as one of the same cars that

had earlier circled his house.     In fear, Elvis abandoned his car

and fled on foot after evading the follower.     To keep Robin safe,

Elvis sent him to stay with their aunt in a different town, about

four hours away from their home.       Elvis eventually joined them,

after receiving continuing threats from unmarked cars.     Elvis had

taken to traveling to work at odd hours, using different vehicles

with tinted windows.   Eventually, unmarked cars began appearing at

petitioners' aunt's house.       On one occasion, she saw several

heavily armed men get out of the cars and circle the house as if

they were looking for someone.




                                 -5-
             By mid-2009, the brothers fled to the United States.

Robin entered on a tourist visa on March 3, 2009, and Elvis entered

on a tourist visa on July 5, 2009.

             On February 5, 2010, petitioners filed their timely

application for asylum and withholding of removal.                   Petitioners

argued that they were persecuted on account of their membership in

a particular social group, which they defined as their immediate

family. The case was referred to the Immigration Court for removal

proceedings.

             An IJ heard the case in January 2012.             The IJ found that

petitioners' testimony was credible, noting that it "was internally

consistent    and   consistent       as   well   with   the   detailed     written

statement that they each offered in support of their applications."

The IJ went on to deny their applications "for failure to make a

nexus between the past persecution that they claim on account of

[their]   membership    in     their      nuclear   family     and   any   of   the

enumerated grounds."          The IJ explained that "the social group

claimed   does   not   meet    the     requirements     of    particular   social

visibility and . . . that, rather, the respondents' family has been

a victim of criminal activity in the country of Guatemala." The IJ

also denied the application under the CAT, finding that petitioners

made "no claim that they would be tortured by the government of

Guatemala if returned to that country."




                                          -6-
            Petitioners appealed to the BIA.     The BIA affirmed,

adopting the IJ's decision and supplementing it with its own

findings.    Specifically, the BIA concluded that "[t]he evidence

shows that criminals kidnapped the respondents' father to obtain

money from him and his family[;] it does not demonstrate that the

harm [they] suffered in Guatemala was on account of their race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion."    It further concluded that "[t]he respondents

did not demonstrate that Marlon Martínez . . . or Mr. Martínez's

son was associated with the 'Z' gang or that they sought to harm

the respondents for any reason including on account of a protected

ground."2    The BIA concluded that although Haroldo was certainly

the victim of "a terrible crime," the crime was motivated by the

"Z" gang's perception of his wealth "and not on account of a

protected characteristic of the respondents' father or of their

family."    Elvis and Robin timely petitioned this court for review.




     2
       With respect to the relationship between Martínez's son and
the "Z" gang, the IJ explicitly found that the parties
"responsible" for the kidnapping and murder were the "Z" gang and
Martínez's son. This finding is reversible by the BIA only if it
is "clearly erroneous." 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i). The joint
criminal responsibility for the events at issue gives rise to a
strong inference that there was some relationship between
Martínez's son and the "Z" gang. Absent a holding by the BIA that
the IJ's finding was clearly erroneous or some explanation
rebutting this inference, the BIA's conclusion that there was no
association is not supported by the record.

                                 -7-
                                     II.

             Where the BIA adopts an IJ's decision and supplements the

decision with its own findings, as here, we review the decisions of

both the BIA and the IJ.      See Romilus v. Ashcroft, 

, 5

(1st Cir. 2004).       We must uphold the BIA's decision if it is

"supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on

the record considered as a whole."           I.N.S. v. Elias-Zacarias, 

, 481 (1992) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1105a(a)(4)) (internal

quotation marks omitted); accord Sam v. Holder, 

, 99

(1st Cir. 2014). "To reverse the BIA['s] finding we must find that

the evidence not only supports [a contrary] conclusion, but compels

it . . . ."     

n.1.          We review the

BIA's legal conclusions de novo, although we grant some deference

to its interpretations of statutes and regulations related to

immigration matters. Matos-Santana v. Holder, 

, 93 (1st

Cir. 2011).

             To qualify for asylum, petitioners must establish that

they   are   "refugee[s]."     8    U.S.C.    §   1158(b)(1)(A);    8   C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(a).    A refugee is "someone who is unable or unwilling to

return to his home country due to persecution or a well-founded

fear   of    future   persecution    'on     account   of   race,   religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.'"     Silva v. Gonzales, 

, 71 (1st Cir. 2006)

(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)).


                                     -8-
           The      IJ's    conclusion        turned     entirely    on     whether

petitioners had established a sufficient "nexus" between their

claimed persecution and the particular social group -- that is,

whether   they      were   persecuted    "on     account     of"    their   family

membership.3     The BIA's opinion likewise focused on the "on account

of" element.        Because understanding petitioners' claimed social

group and persecution is necessary to determining whether the

persecution was "on account of" membership in the social group, we

address each of these elements in turn.                We do so bearing in mind

the Supreme Court's instruction that the "ordinary . . . rule" is

to   remand    to    the   BIA   to   allow      it    to   make    case-specific

determinations in the first instance.             I.N.S. v. Orlando Ventura,

, 18 (2002).

A.         Particular Social Group

           In this case, petitioners argue that they are members of

a "particular social group," which they define as their immediate

family.   It is well established in the law of this circuit that a



     3
        The IJ did make a stray reference to "social visibility" --
that is, the requirement that a particular social group must be
identifiable, see Larios v. Holder, 

, 108-09 (1st Cir.
2010); Gebremichael v. I.N.S., 

, 36 (1st Cir. 1993) --
but offered no specific factual findings or legal rationales to
explain why petitioners' family could not be a particular social
group on that basis. In its brief, the government encourages us to
characterize the "thrust" of the IJ's decision to focus on the
conclusion "that Petitioners failed to establish a nexus between
what had happened to them and their father . . . and a statutorily
protected ground," not that their family could not be a "particular
social group."

                                        -9-
nuclear family can constitute a particular social group "based on

common, identifiable and immutable characteristics." Gebremichael

v. I.N.S., 

, 36 (1st Cir. 1993); see Ruiz v. Mukasey, 

, 38 (1st Cir. 2008) ("Kinship can be a sufficiently

permanent and distinct characteristic to serve as the linchpin for

a protected social group within the purview of the asylum laws.").

And we are not aware of any circuit that has reached a contrary

conclusion.4

          Although the record is not entirely clear, the BIA

appears to have concluded in this case that a family cannot qualify

as a particular social group unless a member of the family (or,

perhaps, the family itself) can also claim another protected

ground.   Specifically,   the    BIA     stated:   "[T]he   'Z'   gang   was

motivated by criminal intent to misappropriate money from the

respondents'   father   and     not    on   account    of    a    protected

characteristic of the respondents' father or of their family."

(emphasis added).5   The law in this circuit and others is clear



     4
        A strand of cases within the Ninth Circuit held that a
family could never be a particular social group.      Although the
Ninth Circuit's en banc decision overruling those cases was later
vacated by the Supreme Court, see Thomas v. Gonzales, 

, 1180 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc), vacated, 

(2006),
we are not aware of any later cases citing that strand.
     5
        The BIA also elaborated later: "The respondents' broad
claim that they were persecuted on account of their membership in
a particular social group, which they define as their own nuclear
family, without more, is inadequate to show the required nexus for
asylum and withholding of removal." (emphasis added).

                                  -10-
that a family may be a particular social group simply by virtue of

its   kinship      ties,   without   requiring   anything     more.     See

& n.20 (explaining that a family may

be a particular social group and that, although social group

membership often overlaps with other protected grounds, "social

group persecution can be an independent basis of refugee status");

see also 

(explaining that asylum claim can

succeed    where     "family   membership   itself   brings     about   the

persecutorial conduct"); Iliev v. I.N.S., 

, 642 (7th

Cir. 1997) (requiring petitioner to "demonstrate that his family

was a particular target for persecution" without requiring showing

of additional protected ground).

           Our interpretation is consistent with the language of the

statute.   The BIA has used the principle in its interpretation of

the statute that there is no indication that Congress intended the

phrase "membership in a particular social group" to have any

particular meaning, and Congress borrowed the term directly from

the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees,

Jan. 31, 1967, 19 U.S.T. 6223.        See In re Acosta, 19 I. & N. Dec.

211, 232 (B.I.A. 1985).        Ultimately using the doctrine of ejusdem

generis, the BIA has noted that a "purely linguistic analysis of

this ground" shows that it can encompass "persecution seeking to

punish either people in a certain relation, or having a certain

degree of similarity, to one another or people of like class or


                                     -11-
kindred interests," including based on "family background." 

(citing G. Goodwin-Gill, The Refugee in International Law 31

(1983)).     And although this ground "may frequently overlap with

persecution    on   other      grounds   such   as   race,   religion,      or

nationality," 

there is no indication in the text that

it must overlap.    The BIA has interpreted the phrase "persecution

on account of membership in a particular social group" to mean

"persecution that is directed toward an individual who is a member

of a group of persons all of whom share a common, immutable

characteristic."    

record here does not preclude and would even

allow the BIA to find that petitioners are members of a particular

social group by virtue of their family relationship, without any

need to show a further protected ground.         We express no opinion on

whether such a finding is compelled by the record or whether

petitioners'    family    in   particular   meets    the   criteria   for   a

particular social group, leaving the issue to the BIA in the first

instance.    See Orlando 

.

B.          Persecution

            Next, petitioners argue that they were persecuted in

Guatemala.     They recount the series of crimes committed against

their family: the kidnapping, ransom, and murder of their father;

intimidation using unmarked vehicles during the kidnapping period;

resumed intimidation in the same manner after their father's death;


                                    -12-
and the appearance of unmarked cars and heavily armed men at their

aunt's house four hours away.    Additionally, petitioners point to

their own testimony, which the IJ concluded was credible, that they

fear they will be killed if they are sent back to Guatemala.

          Whether a set of experiences rises to the level of

persecution is decided on a case-by-case basis, Raza v. Gonzales,

, 129 (1st Cir. 2007), although "[t]o rise to the level

of persecution, the sum of an alien's experiences must add up to

more than ordinary harassment, mistreatment, or suffering," Lopez

de Hincapie v. Gonzales, 

, 217 (1st Cir. 2007).

"[T]hreats of murder would fit neatly under this carapace."   Lopez

de 

.     This case includes far more than

mere threats of murder.6   And other circuits have held that factual

scenarios very similar to this one did rise to the level of

persecution.   See Tapiero de Orejuela v. Gonzales, 

,

672-73 (7th Cir. 2005) (finding persecution against wealthy family

where paramilitary group followed them, murdered father, demanded

money, and threatened remaining family members).



     6
          Cf. Reyes Beteta v. Holder, 

, 498-99 (1st
Cir. 2011) (finding no persecution on the basis that applicant was
a child at the time of relatives' murders and did not remember
them, that murderers were unknown and so no motive or nexus to
protected ground could be established, and that petitioner was not
followed when he moved to a farm outside of the city). The facts
here are easily distinguishable from Reyes Beteta: petitioners were
adults at the time of their father's murder, knew which group was
responsible for the murder, were harassed afterward, and were
followed to a town four hours away.

                                -13-
          The government attempts a recharacterization of the

facts.    It   argues   that    "there    were   no   'threats'   [against

petitioners after their father's death] because the people [in the

unmarked cars] never approached or spoke to Elvis or anyone at his

aunt's house."   We disagree.      No reasonable factfinder could so

interpret the facts here.      Petitioners testified credibly that the

unmarked cars were subjectively intimidating, that they were a

common intimidation tool used by the "Z" gang, and, according to

Elvis's affidavit, that heavily armed men got out of the vehicles

at their aunt's house and walked around the property, when that had

never happened before. If the government intends a rule that there

is no persecution or even threats where threats are not verbalized,

it is wrong as a matter of law.      Cf. Un v. Gonzales, 

,

209-10 (1st Cir. 2005) (recognizing the possibility of "implicit"

death threats and that those threats, taken in context with other

hostile actions including more explicit threats, could support a

finding of persecution).       The fact that no words were exchanged

does not mean those actions were not threatening.

          "Persecution also 'always implies some connection to

government action or inaction,' whether in the form of direct

government action, 'government-supported action, or government's

unwillingness or inability to control private conduct.'" Ivanov v.

Holder, 

, 12 (1st Cir. 2013) (quoting Sok v. Mukasey, 

, 54 (1st Cir. 2008)).      Here, petitioners offered evidence


                                   -14-
of such a connection: they testified to their belief that the

murder charges were dismissed because the local judge was paid off.

They also testified that the police were unwilling or unable to

investigate the "Z" gang's activities, particularly the kidnapping.

And they were found credible.

           The    BIA        never    addressed   whether    this   testimony

established      the    necessary       connection   between    petitioners'

experiences   and      the    Guatemalan    government's    unwillingness   or

inability to control private conduct. We leave the question to the

BIA on remand but observe that this testimony would at least allow

such a finding.

           For these reasons, we conclude that the record does not

preclude but permits the BIA to find that persecution occurred

here.   We again express no opinion as to whether such a finding is

compelled on this record.            See Orlando 

.

C.         "On Account Of"

           The final element of the asylum claim, and the most

contested in this case, is whether the BIA applied the correct

analysis to determine whether petitioners were persecuted "on

account of" their membership in their family. Both the BIA and the

IJ concluded that petitioners had not drawn a sufficient connection

between their membership in their nuclear family and the criminal

actions taken against them.            The BIA concluded that the "Z" gang

"targeted [Haroldo] because they believed he was a wealthy person,


                                        -15-
. . . and not on account of a protected characteristic of the

respondents' father or of their family."      This conclusion, of

course, is directed toward Haroldo and not toward petitioners.

           Petitioners argue that this focus on Haroldo fails to

account for their own claims. They make two further arguments that

the BIA's conclusion entirely misses the focus of what the family

as a particular social group means.   First, and most importantly,

they argue that the BIA's conclusion that petitioners were targeted

on the basis of wealth is unsupported by the record.   Petitioners

point to their credible testimony that they exhausted all of their

own and their family's financial resources in trying to raise the

money to ransom their father, and yet were still followed by

members of the "Z" gang in unmarked cars even after their father's

funeral.   That testimony creates an inference that the "Z" gang

targeted petitioners because of their membership in a particular

(and perhaps somewhat prominent) family.

           Neither the BIA nor the IJ ever addressed this argument.

That is insufficient.7

           Independently, petitioners also correctly point out that

asylum is still proper in mixed-motive cases even where one motive



     7
        In its brief, the government suggests that the BIA could
infer that the "Z" gang subjectively believed that petitioners
still had access to more money. That approach, not articulated by
the BIA, fails because the BIA never actually drew the inference.
See Patel v. Holder, 

, 80 n.1 (1st Cir. 2013) ("[O]ur
review is limited to the reasoning articulated below . . . .").

                               -16-
would not be the basis for asylum, so long as one of the statutory

protected   grounds   is    "at   least    one     central    reason"   for   the

persecution.    8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).            In other words, even

though criminal targeting based on wealth does not qualify as

persecution "on account of" membership in a particular group, see

Sicaju-Diaz v. Holder, 

, 3-4 (1st Cir. 2011), the statute

still allows petitioners to claim asylum if petitioners' family

relationship was also a central reason for the persecution against

them.

            The BIA, however, concluded that because the initial

crimes were at least partly motivated by wealth, none of the

persecution    against     petitioners     could    have     been   based   on   a

protected ground.     Specifically, the BIA explained:

            The respondent's [sic] father was a victim of
            a terrible crime in Guatemala by the "Z" gang
            who targeted him because they believed he was
            a wealthy person.     Thus, the "Z" gang was
            motivated by criminal intent to misappropriate
            money from the respondents' father and not on
            account of a protected characteristic of
            respondents' father or of their family.

It is unclear whether the BIA intended a general rule to this

effect or meant that on these facts, the existence of a wealth

motive forecloses the possibility of a protected ground. In either

case, we are aware of no legal authority supporting the proposition

that, if wealth is one reason for the alleged persecution of a

family member, a protected ground -- such as family membership --

cannot be as well.    To the contrary, the plain text of the statute,

                                    -17-
which allows an applicant to establish refugee status if the

protected   ground   is   "at   least    one   central   reason"   for   the

persecution, clearly contemplates the possibility that multiple

motivations can exist, and that the presence of a non-protected

motivation does not render an applicant ineligible for refugee

status.   See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).

            To be sure, if wealth is the sole reason for targeting a

group of people, the fact that the group is a family unit does not

convert the non-protected criminal motivation into persecution on

the basis of family connections.        See Perlera-Sola v. Holder, 

, 577 (1st Cir. 2012).8         Each case depends on the facts.

There may be scenarios in which a wealthy family, targeted in part

for its wealth, may still be the victims of persecution as a

family. For instance, a local militia could single out a prominent

wealthy family, kidnap family members for ransom, effectively drive

the family into poverty, and pursue them throughout the country in

order to show the local community that even its most prominent




     8
        Likewise, a personal vendetta against individuals, even if
they are a family group, does not rise to the level of persecution
"on account of" family membership if the risk of harm "aris[es]
solely out of a personal dispute." Costa v. Holder, 

,
17 (1st Cir. 2013); see also Vasiliu v. Ashcroft, 

,
13 (1st Cir. 2005) (explaining that evidence showed only a personal
vendetta, not persecution on account of a protected ground); cf.

(recognizing that a vendetta "against a
particular family" for reasons other than mere personal antipathy
may establish persecution on account of family membership).

                                  -18-
families are not immune and that the militia's rule must be

respected.     That is one of a number of examples.

             In this case, we leave to the BIA the question of whether

the family relationship was, in addition to wealth, a central

factor behind the persecution.            At this stage in the proceedings,

we simply observe that the record is more than sufficient to allow

such a finding.

                                      III.

             The    BIA    also   rejected     petitioners'     claim     for     CAT

protection.       A petitioner seeking CAT protection must show "it is

more likely than not" that he would be subject to torture "by or

with the acquiescence of a government official."                Nako v. Holder,

, 50 (1st Cir. 2010).              As the BIA noted, there is no

evidence     of    government      acquiescence        here.         According     to

petitioners' testimony, and in contrast to their description of

police     inaction       following   the     kidnapping,      the     police     did

investigate their father's murder and made arrests in the case.

The   only   evidence      that   could     arguably   be   construed     to     show

government acquiescence in the "Z" gang's activities was Elvis's

testimony that the judge who released the suspects had been paid

off, but petitioners have made no showing that similar bribery

would likely occur in a future case.                    Without a showing of

government participation or acquiescence, petitioners' claim for

CAT protection fails.


                                      -19-
                                IV.

           The BIA's decision as to petitioners' asylum claim was

not supported by substantial evidence because it neglected the

evidence in support of petitioners' claim and was based on a legal

error because it did not allow for the possibility of mixed

motives.   The decision as to the CAT claim, on the other hand, was

supported by substantial evidence.    Consequently, the petition for

review is granted in part and denied in part.   We vacate the BIA's

decision as to the asylum and withholding of removal claims and

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

           So ordered.




                               -20-