F I L E D
                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                       Tenth Circuit

                                                                    October 31, 2006
                      UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
                                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                     TENTH CIRCUIT                    Clerk of Court



 JULIE SPENCER, individually, and as
 Next Friend of A .H. and W .S., minors;
 CHRISTOPHER SPENCER,
 individually, and as Next Friend of
 A.H. and W .S., minors,
                                                       No. 05-5157
          Plaintiffs - Appellants,              (D.C. No. 02-CV -771-JOE)
 v.                                                    (N.D. Okla.)

 W AL-M ART STORES, IN C., a
 Delaware corporation,

          Defendant - Appellee.




                              OR DER AND JUDGM ENT *


Before L UC ER O, EBEL, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.




      Plaintiff Julie Spencer was struck by a vehicle while walking through an

Oklahoma W al-M art parking lot. Following the incident, she and her husband,

Chris Spencer, individually and as next friends for their minor children, brought a

negligence claim against W al-M art. They argue W al-M art breached its duty to


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
protect M s. Spencer from the criminal act of a third party occurring on its

property. Concluding W al-M art owed no duty to Spencers under Oklahoma law

because, on its fact-finding, W al-M art did not “know or have reason to know that

a criminal act was occurring or about to occur,” the district court granted

summary judgment in favor of W al-M art. W e AFFIRM .

                                            I

          On October 3, 2001, M s. Spencer and her husband went shopping at W al-

M art Store No. 992, located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. M s. Spencer and M r. Spencer

separated, with M s. Spencer agreeing to meet her husband at their car after she

finished browsing the garden department. W hen M s. Spencer exited the store and

approached her vehicle, a black, late-model sports car rapidly accelerated towards

her from the rear, sw erved into her path, and struck her w ith sufficient force to

hurl her into the air. The assailant then sped out of the parking lot. Although no

W al-M art employee witnessed the incident, its security cameras recorded the

attack. 1 Police have been unable to identify a suspect based on the surveillance

footage.

          On October 4, 2002, Spencers filed a diversity action against W al-M art in




      1
        At the time of the incident, Store N o. 992 employed an eight-camera
surveillance system which covered both the parking lot and rear of the premises.
Each camera recorded a set area of the property, and footage was transmitted to a
recording device inside the store. No employee was assigned to watch the
security footage.

                                           -2-
federal court alleging state claims for negligence, gross negligence, willful

disregard of duty, loss of consortium, and loss of parental consortium. W al-M art

moved for summary judgment, and the district court granted its motion. Spencers

now appeal that order.

                                         II

      Spencers’ Reply Brief was filed three days late, and W al-M art has moved

to strike the brief as untimely. Conceding that the filing was untimely under

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 31(a), Spencers ask us to excuse the delay

because it was short-lived, W al-M art has not shown prejudice, and Spencers did

not act in bad faith. W e agree. W hether to excuse a late filing is within our

discretion. See Burnham v. Humphrey Hospitality REIT Trust, Inc., 

, 712 (10th Cir. 2005). Absent an allegation by the opposing party that it

suffered prejudice because of the delay, we generally allow such filings. See,

e.g., 

party could file brief approximately two months late).

Given the short delay and absence of prejudice, W al-M art’s motion to strike the

reply brief is denied. W e do, however, expect Spencers to comply with future

deadlines.

                                         III

      Spencers contend that the district court abused its discretion in granting

summary judgment to W al-M art before ruling on their pending motion for leave

to file an amended complaint. During a hearing on the summary judgment

                                         -3-
motion, the district court informed the parties it would defer ruling on Spencers’

motion to amend until after deciding W al-M art’s summary judgment motion.

Following the hearing, however, the district court granted summary judgment in

favor of W al-M art without ruling on Spencers’ request for amendment. Both

parties consider this a denial of Spencers’ motion, as do we.

      W e review a district court’s denial of a motion to amend for abuse of

discretion. W oolsey v. M arion Labs., Inc., 

, 1462 (10th Cir. 1991).

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that a party may amend its

complaint “only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party.”

Because W al-M art did not consent, Spencers were required to obtain leave from

the court. “Although such leave shall be freely given w hen justice so requires,

whether to grant such leave is w ithin the discretion of the trial court.” First City

Bank N.A. v. Air Capitol Aircraft Sales, Inc., 

, 1132 (10th Cir.

1987) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Leave may properly be denied

by the district court if it finds “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the

part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments

previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance

of the amendment, [or] futility of amendment.” Foman v. Davis, 

,

182 (1962). Conversely, “outright refusal to grant [] leave without any justifying

reason appearing for the denial is not an exercise of discretion; it is merely abuse

of that discretion and inconsistent w ith the spirit of the Federal Rules.” 

it was error for the court below not to state “justifying reasons”

for the implicit denial, this error is harmless if the “record contains an apparent

reason [for] justifying the denial of a motion to amend” regardless of what the

district court relied upon. Lambertsen v. Utah Dept. of Corr., 

, 1029

(10th Cir. 1996). Based on our independent review of the record, we conclude

that Spencers’ delay in filing a request to amend was unwarranted.

      W e recognize delay alone should not justify denial of leave to amend.

M inter v. Prime Equip. Co., 

, 1205 (10th Cir. 2006).     In

determining whether the delay was undue, we consider both the length of the

delay and the reason for its occurrence. 

Here, the delay was

substantial. Spencers filed their motion to amend seventeen months after filing

their initial complaint and shortly before trial w as scheduled to begin.

      W e fail to see a reason for the delay. Their claim for deceit and their

assumption of duty theory of negligence, 2 both based on W al-M art’s allegedly

fraudulent representation that it was monitoring its video cameras, have been



      2
         Spencers proceed before us under the assumption that this theory of duty
was asserted in the initial complaint, and the language they attempted to add to
the complaint was solely for “clarification” purposes. Therefore, they claim on
appeal the court erred in failing to address this theory in its summary judgment
order. They are incorrect. Spencers first articulated this theory in their response
to W al-M art’s motion for summary judgment, a point conceded by Spencers in
their brief. Raising a claim in a response to a summary judgment motion does not
properly present a claim to the district court for review, and accordingly the
district court did not err in ignoring this claim in its order. See M aldonado v.
City of A ltus, 

, 1314 (10th Cir. 2006).

                                         -5-
evident throughout the proceedings. Facts necessary to support these claims were

known or should have been known to the Spencers at the time the original

complaint was filed, and were clearly known to them at the time they filed their

response to W al-M art’s summary judgment motion seven months before filing

their motion to amend. 3

          W e do not intend to impose upon plaintiffs a burden to immediately

advance a claim upon notice of facts sufficient to support it. Litigants are

allowed reasonable time to analyze information and make strategic decisions.

Spencers have failed, however, to provide any legitimate justification for the




      3
         To prove deceit under Oklahoma law, a plaintiff must show: (1)
defendant made a materially false representation; (2) defendant knew the
representation was false; (3) defendant intended that the plaintiff should act upon
that representation; (4) plaintiff relied upon that representation; and (5) plaintiff
suffered injury. See Lee v. Bates, 

, 230 n.17 (Okla. 2005). The
original complaint alleged that Wal-M art knew it was not monitoring its cameras,
intended for people to rely on this representation, and M s. Spencer w as injured.
W al-M art’s intention to seduce customers into the dangerous parking lot, through
its allegedly false claims of monitoring, was not mentioned in the complaint. It
was, however, clearly stated in Spencers’ response to W al-M art’s summary
judgment motion filed seven months before their motion to amend the complaint,
along with allegations of M s. Spencers’ reliance on the representation. Spencers
ambiguously argue these pieces of the deceit claim puzzle w ere not known until
after the magistrate judge lifted a discovery order. They have failed, however, to
identify any fact unknown to them until this time.
        To prove a defendant voluntarily assumed a duty under O klahoma law, a
plaintiff must show that the defendant voluntarily undertook a duty to render a
service, failed to exercise reasonable care in fulfilling that assumed duty, and
caused the plaintiff’s injury. W ark v. United States, 

, 1189 (10th
Cir. 2001). Because the facts supporting this claim are those used to support the
deceit claim, our analysis above applies equally to this theory.

                                          -6-
substantial delay. As such, their motion to amend the complaint was undue,

making the district court’s error in failing to address that motion harmless. See

(“[T]he liberalized pleading rules [do not] permit

plaintiffs to wait until the last minute to ascertain and refine the theories on which

they intend to build their case.”); Fed. Ins. Co. v. Gates Learjet Corp., 

, 387 (10th Cir. 1987) (holding delay was undue when “the moving party was

aware of the facts on which the amendment was based for some time prior to the

filing of the motion to amend”). 4

                                         IV

      Spencers’ final claim is that the district court erred in granting summary

judgment to W al-M art on its negligence claim. W e review the district court’s

grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal standard used by the

district court. Signature Dev. Cos. v. Royal Ins. Co. of America, 

,

1218 (10th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is appropriate only when the evidence

demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact exists, and the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law , view ing the evidence and making all

reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c);

New York Life Ins. Co. v. K N Energy, Inc., 

, 408-09 (10th Cir.



      4
        Contrary to Spencers’ argument, we are not required to conclude that
W al-M art suffered prejudice in order to hold there was undue delay. See First
City Bank, 

(rejecting party’s argument that district court
must find prejudice to deny a motion to amend on the grounds of undue delay).

                                         -7-
1996).

         B oth parties agree that O klahoma law governs this dispute. Under that law ,

a party seeking to establish negligence must prove: “(a) a duty owed by the

defendant to the plaintiff to protect the plaintiff from injury, (b) a failure to

properly exercise or perform that duty, and (c) plaintiff’s injuries proximately

caused by the defendant’s failure to exercise his duty of care.” Thompson v.

Presbyterian Hosp., Inc., 

, 263 (O kla. 1982).

         Of course, the threshold inquiry in a negligence action is whether a legal

duty exists. Copeland v. Admiral Pest Control Co., 

, 939 (Okla. Civ.

App. 1996). An invitor generally does not have a legal duty to protect invitees

from criminal assaults by third parties. Davis v. Allied Supermarkets, Inc., 

(Okla. 1976). In Taylor v. Hynson, the O klahoma Supreme Court

carved out a narrow exception to this rule for “unique” or “exceptional”

circumstances where an invitor “knows or has reason to know that the acts of the

third person are occurring, or about to occur.” 

, 281-82 (Okla. 1993)

(citing Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 344 cmt. f; 302A cmt. e (1965)).

         Spencers present tw o theories why W al-M art owed a duty in this case.

They first posit that W al-M art had a duty to protect M s. Spencer from the

criminal act of a third party because it knew prior criminal assaults had occurred

on its parking lot and that implementing certain security measures would reduce

the risk of future criminal assaults. W al-M art argues, and we agree, Oklahoma

                                           -8-
law imposes no duty upon it on these facts.

      Comment f of the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 provides:

      Duty to police premises. Since the possessor is not an insurer of the
      visitor’s safety, he is ordinarily under no duty to exercise any care
      until he knows or has reason to know that the acts of the third person
      are occurring or are about to occur. He may, however, know or have
      reason to know, from past experience, that there is a likelihood of
      conduct on the part of third persons in general which is likely to
      endanger the safety of the visitor, even though he has no reason to
      expect it on the part of any particular individual. If the place or
      character of his business, or his past experience, is such that he
      should reasonably anticipate careless or criminal conduct on the part
      of third persons, either generally or at some particular time, he may
      be under a duty to take precautions against it, and to provide a
      reasonably sufficient number of servants to afford a reasonable
      protection.

Some courts have imposed liability under comment f when a business owner is

aware of prior criminal incidents and fails to take reasonable precautions to

ensure customers’ safety. See, e.g., Becker v. Colonial Parking, Inc., 

, 1133-34 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (applying Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344

and holding that a parking lot operator owed a duty to business invitees);

C unningham v. D istrict of C olumbia Sports & Entertainment Com’n, No. Civ.A .

03-839RW RJM F, 2005 W L 3276306, at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 30, 2005) (applying

Restatem ent (Second) of Torts § 344 and holding that concert host owed a duty to

concertgoers to protect them from the intentionally harmful acts of third parties);

Bethea v. Bristol Lodge Corp., No. CIV.A. 01-612, 2002 W L 31859434, at *9-10

(E.D. Pa. Dec. 18, 2002) (noting the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has cited



                                        -9-
comm ent f with approval and holding that plaintiff established a dispute of

material fact as to whether adult dancing establishment knew or had reason to

know of a third-party assault based on prior assaults committed at its premises

and the character of its business); Kentucky Fried Chicken of Cal., Inc. v.

Superior Court, 

, 1265-66 (Cal. 1997) (noting that the Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 344, including comment f, “continues to be the generally

accepted test of liability of a business owner for injuries on the business premises

caused by third party criminal conduct [in California]”). Spencers, however,

expressly decline to argue that Oklahoma has adopted comment f, or that W al-

M art owed a duty to the Spencers under comment f.

      Instead, Spencers contend their case falls within Taylor’s exception which,

they argue, announces the broad proposition that a landowner or business owner

“knows or has reason to know” a criminal act is occurring or about to occur if:

(1) it “knows or has reason to know” criminal acts have occurred on its property

in the past and (2) certain security measures could stop future incidents. This

interpretation would ignore the imminent danger essential to the Taylor exception.

See 

(“W hen [a landowner] has knowledge that an invitee

is in imminent danger, the [landowner] must act reasonably to prevent injury.”)

(emphasis added). 5 Oklahoma’s lower courts applying Taylor have consistently



      5
          Spencers’ misreading of Taylor comes into clear focus on consideration
                                                                     (continued...)

                                        -10-
focused on whether the landowner knew or had reason to know the specific

criminal act that caused the plaintiff’s injury was occurring or about to occur. 6

Spencers’ evidence establishes W al-M art should have had a general awareness

that a criminal act would occur in the future, but it does not show W al-M art had



      5
        (...continued)
of the primary case on which Taylor relied, Davis v. Allied Supermarkets. In
Davis, the Oklahoma Supreme Court rejected a plaintiffs’ argument that a
supermarket should be liable for the acts of a purse snatcher on its property:

      In all cases of purse snatching, it could be said that there were not
      enough guards. If there had been enough guards, the offense would
      not have occurred. This being true, to sustain the appellant’s
      position would for all practical purposes put the business owner in
      the position of an insurer. An insurer against what? 

.
      6
         See Rogers v. Burger King Corp., 

, 122-23 (Okla. Civ. App.
2003) (rejecting plaintiff’s claim that Burger K ing owed a duty to protect him
from the criminal acts of third parties based upon its remote location and its late
hours of operation); Folmar v. M arriott, Inc., 

, 89 (Okla. Civ. App.
1996) (affirming summary judgment in favor of defendant hotel on plaintiff’s
negligence claim stemming from a third-party attack where two prior assaults had
been committed on hotel property, because no evidence was presented that the
hotel “had reason to know the acts of the assailants, in this case, were occurring
or were about to occur, as required by [O klahoma] Supreme Court precedent”);
Edington v. A & P Enter., Inc., 

, 455 (Okla. Civ. App. 1994)
(holding that a dispute over whether defendant’s employees knew an assailant was
about to commit a crime, based on employees’ testimony that they were aw are
that the assailant was suspicious and “were concerned enough to ‘watch the
individual and [their] vehicles’” precluded summary judgment on plaintiff’s
negligence claim) (alteration in original); M organ v. Southland Assocs., 

, 206 (Okla. Civ. App. 1994) (holding plaintiff’s factual allegations that mall
security personnel were aw are assailants had disturbed other mall patrons before
attacking plaintiff, and possibly witnessed the attack, prevented dismissal of
negligence claim against mall owner).

                                         -11-
knowledge of a specific criminal act that w as about to occur.

      Spencers rely heavily on M cClure v. Group Enterprises, 

(Okla. Civ. App. 1999). In M cClure, plaintiff was struck in the head by a flying

beer bottle while dancing at the M idnight Rodeo. She brought suit against the

owner of the club, claiming it owed a duty to enact rules restricting patrons from

bringing beer bottles onto the dance floor, and a jury ruled in her favor. At issue

on appeal was w hether a reasonable jury could find that defendant knew or should

have known the beer bottle would have been thrown at plaintiff.

      The court recognized the Taylor exception was limited to cases where a

landowner “knows or has reason to know that the acts are occurring or about to

occur.” It noted, however, that “where the negligent conduct creates a situation

affording an opportunity for a third person to comm it a tort or crime, the tort or

crime is the superseding cause of the crime ‘unless the actor at the time of his

negligent conduct realized or should have realized the likelihood that such a

situation might be created, and that a third person might avail himself of the

opportunity to create a tort or crime.’” 

Plaintiff introduced

evidence the club was aware of similar incidents involving throw n bottles,

continued to provide alcohol to patrons that posed an inherent risk of violence,

and enacted policies it failed to follow prohibiting patrons from bringing bottles

onto the dance floor in an effort to curb this violent activity. The court concluded

a reasonable jury could find the defendant “created the danger” and thus should

                                        -12-
have known the incident was about to occur. 

7

      M cClure is distinguishable. First, unlike the dance club owner in M cClure,

W al-M art did not provide the assailant with the vehicle, nor did it impair the

assailant’s judgment by offering an intoxicating substance. Second, no evidence

is presented that W al-M art was aware of prior intentional hit-and-run assaults

occurring in its parking lot, or that enacting certain security measures w ould

reduce this particular type of crime. See Young v. Bob Howard Automotive, Inc.,

(Okla. Civ. App. 2002) (rejecting plaintiffs claim under M cClure

that landowner owed a duty based on prior criminal incidents because they failed

to present evidence establishing the particular crime at issue – car thefts – had

previously occurred on the property).

      Spencers ask us to hold that, because W al-M art ow ns a business w here

crime has previously been committed, it owed a duty to enact security measures

to prevent future crime. This theory was rejected by the Oklahoma Supreme

Court in Davis and Taylor. 

; 856 P.2d at 281. 8

      Spencers second theory is more on point with Taylor’s holding. Under this


      7
        The court also relied heavily on comm ent f of the Restatement (Second)
of Torts, § 344. Spencers are not relying on comment f for purposes of this
appeal.
      8
         The only fact distinguishing this case from Davis and Taylor is that W al-
M art conducted studies to determine procedures it could adopt to reduce crime at
its stores. W e refuse to hold, perversely, that a landowner who is aware of
criminal acts on its property and does nothing is free from liability, but a
landowner w ho acts to reduce the risk of crime is not.

                                        -13-
theory, Spencers allege Wal-M art should have been aware that the vehicle was

about to strike M s. Spencer based on the following information, captured by W al-

M art’s security camera: (1) A black car entered W al-M art’s parking lot at

approximately one p.m.; (2) During the four minutes prior to the attack, the

vehicle did not pick up or drop off anyone and passed numerous open parking

spaces; (3) The vehicle violated local traffic laws by traveling in the wrong

direction down the traffic aisle providing the clearest path to the exit; (4)

Approximately one minute passed between the time M s. Spencer exited W al-M art

and the time she was hit by the vehicle; and (5) Approximately five seconds

elapsed between the time the car turned into the aisle where M s. Spencer was

walking and the time of collision.

      Even assuming W al-M art had actual knowledge of the facts cited, 9 this




      9
         Drawing all inferences in favor of Spencers, these facts do not establish
that W al-M art had actual knowledge of the vehicle’s activities. It is undisputed
that no W al-M art employee observed the vehicle, either directly or by watching
the security cameras as they recorded the incident. Spencers contend that
information recorded by W al-M art’s security devices is imputed to W al-M art, but
W al-M art is not obligated under Oklahoma law to implement security measures
designed to protect its patrons from third party criminal activity, such as hiring a
security guard to w atch the cameras. See 

. Further, we
have not discovered any case holding that a landowner is deemed to know
information captured by a recording device. See Rapid Transit Lines, Inc. v.
W ichita Developers, Inc., 

, 852 (10th Cir. 1970) (holding that party’s
failure to cite relevant authority suggests that there is no authority to support the
party’s position).



                                         -14-
claim would fail because no reasonable jury could conclude a landowner should

know a crime is about to occur under these circumstances. To hold W al-M art

liable for the criminal act committed in its parking lot in this case would make it

an insurer for virtually any criminal act that occurred in its parking lot, a theory

of liability the Oklahoma Supreme Court has consistently rejected. Accordingly,

we AFFIRM .



                                                Entered for the Court



                                                Carlos F. Lucero
                                                Circuit Judge




                                         -15-