FILED
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                                      PUBLISH
                                                                       November 5, 2013
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.
                                                     Nos. 12-3142 & 12-3143
 WILLIAM LEONARD PICKARD, and
 CLYDE APPERSON,

       Defendants - Appellants.



                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Kansas
                       (D.C. No. 5:00-CR-40104-RDR-1-2)


William K. Rork, Rork Law Office, Topeka, Kansas, for Defendants-Appellants.

James A. Brown, Assistant United States Attorney (Barry R. Grissom, United States
Attorney, with him on the brief), Topeka, Kansas, for Plaintiff-Appellee.


Before TYMKOVICH, EBEL, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.


EBEL, Circuit Judge.



      Defendants-Appellants William Pickard and Clyde Apperson appeal the district

court’s decision to deny their motion to unseal the Drug Enforcement Administration
(“DEA”)’s file on one of its confidential informants. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we conclude the district court erred in the manner in which it denied Defendants’

motion to unseal the file, for three reasons: The court 1) failed to require the United

States to articulate a significant interest in continuing to keep the DEA records sealed;

2) did not apply the presumption that judicial records should be open to the public; and

3) did not consider whether unsealing a redacted version of the DEA records would

adequately serve the as yet unarticulated government interest in keeping the records

sealed. For these three reasons, we reverse the district court’s decision to deny

Defendants’ motion to unseal the records and remand for the district court’s further

consideration of that motion.

                                   I. BACKGROUND

       In 2003, a jury convicted Defendants of several drug offenses. See United States

v. Apperson, 

, 1175 (10th Cir. 2006). At the trial, one of Defendants’

accomplices, Gordon Todd Skinner, testified against them. 

1210.

Skinner had acted as a confidential informant for the DEA during part of the time that he

was involved with Defendants in their criminal conduct. 

The

Government filed the DEA’s confidential informant file on Skinner with the district court

and, during the trial, the court ordered the Government to turn that file over to the

defense. At the same time, the court ordered the DEA file sealed.1 Eight years later, in


1
 On appeal, Defendants assert that the district court abused its discretion in originally
sealing the file. We decline to address this argument, which Defendants did not raise in
                                              2
March 2011, Defendants filed the motion at issue here, seeking to have the DEA file on

Skinner unsealed so they could use this information, among other ways, as exhibits in

ongoing litigation under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552.

       Defendants properly made their motion to unseal to the district court. A court has

authority to seal documents before it, based upon the court’s inherent supervisory

authority over its own files and records. See Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 

, 598 (1978); United States v. Holy Land Found. for Relief & Dev., 

,

689-90 (5th Cir. 2010); Gambale v. Deutsche Bank AG, 

, 140-41 (2d Cir.

2004). A court can order documents sealed if the party moving for sealing is able to

show “some significant interest that outweighs the presumption” in favor of open access

to judicial records. Colony Ins. Co. v. Burke, 

, 1241 (10th Cir. 2012)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Once a court orders documents before it sealed, the

court continues to have authority to enforce its order sealing those documents, as well as

authority to loosen or eliminate any restrictions on the sealed documents. See United

Nuclear Corp. v. Cranford Ins. Co., 

, 1427-28 (10th Cir. 1990); see also

(2d Cir.) (citing Poliquin v. Garden Way, Inc., 

,

535 (1st Cir. 1993)). This is true even if the case in which the documents were sealed has

ended. See United Nuclear 

; see also 

-42 (2d Cir.).


their motion to unseal. See Ochoa v. Workman, 

, 1146 n.15 (10th Cir.
2012), cert. denied, 

(2012).
                                             3
       In this case, the district court, although acknowledging that at least some of the

sealed information had already been made public, nevertheless denied Defendants’

motion to unseal the DEA records. Defendants appeal that decision.2

                 II. THRESHOLD JURISDICTIONAL QUESTIONS

       As threshold matters, the United States argues that Defendants lack Article III

standing to seek to have the DEA records unsealed and that that motion is, in any event,

moot. We disagree.

       Standing “requires the litigant to prove that he has suffered a concrete and

particularized injury that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct, and is likely to be

redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Hollingsworth v. Perry, 

,

2661 (2013). Mootness is standing in the context of time, requiring that “[t]he requisite

personal interest that must exist at the commencement of the litigation (standing) must

continue throughout [the litigation’s] existence.” Arizonans for Official English v.

Arizona, 

, 68 n.22 (1997).

       Here, Defendants have alleged an actual injury: they cannot use the information in

the sealed documents. And they want to use that information in a variety of ways.3 That


2
 This court previously determined that Defendants do not need to obtain a certificate of
appealability (“COA”), see 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), in order to appeal the district court’s
decision denying their motion to unseal because that motion is separate from any
challenge to their convictions and sentences under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See United States
v. Pickard, Nos. 12-3142, 12-3143, Order (10th Cir. Oct. 2, 2012).
3
  We have recently been advised that Pickard’s Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”)
litigation in the District of Arizona has been dismissed, but we do not know whether that
                                              4
injury is traceable to the district court’s order sealing the DEA records during

Defendants’ trial. And an order from the district court unsealing the documents will

redress Defendants’ injury. This is sufficient to establish Defendants’ standing to seek to

have the DEA documents unsealed. See United States v. Pickard, 

, 1218

n.2 (10th Cir. 2012) (holding, in mandamus action in these same proceedings, that “there

is little doubt that Defendants have Article III standing to seek the unsealing of

documents in the file because [Defendants] claim a First Amendment interest in

communicating information that they already have”) (citing In re Special Grand Jury 89-

2, 

, 1172-73 (10th Cir. 2006)).

       The Government complains that Defendants do not intend to use the unsealed

documents in any proceedings in their criminal case. Nevertheless, Defendants must seek

redress for their injury—the inability to use this sealed information—through a motion to

the court that sealed the documents, asking that court to unseal them. See United Nuclear

.

       The Government further contends that Defendants’ motion to unseal the DEA

documents is moot because Defendants already have the sealed information. Even if that

is correct, Defendants remain bound by the district court’s order sealing the documents

and so they still cannot use that information until the court unseals the documents.

Therefore, their motion to unseal the documents is not moot. See Ameziane v. Obama,

dismissal is being appealed or the terms of the dismissal. In any event, Pickard and
Apperson allege a variety of ways in which they desire to use these records, including a
further attack on their convictions and future FOIA litigation.
                                              5


, 4-5 (D.C. Cir. 2010). Because Defendants, thus, have standing to move the

district court to unseal the DEA documents, and because their request is not moot, we

turn to the district court’s denial of the motion to unseal.

                                     III. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of review

       We review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s decisions regarding

whether to seal or unseal documents. See Colony 

n.28 (10th Cir.)

(decision to seal); see also Nat’l Org. for Marriage v. McKee, 

, 70 (1st Cir.

2011) (decision to unseal). But we review de novo the legal principles that the district

court applied in considering such a motion. See United States v. Wecht, 

,

208 (3d Cir. 2007); see also 

(D.C. Cir.). Of course, applying

incorrect legal principles is an abuse of discretion. See ClearOne Commc’ns, Inc. v.

Bowers, 

, 773 (10th Cir. 2011).

B. Common law right of access to judicial documents generally4

       “Courts have long recognized a common-law right of access to judicial records.”5

4
  Defendants assert that they have a right to have the DEA records unsealed under both
the common law and the First Amendment. Because we conclude that Defendants can
seek to have the DEA records unsealed under the common law, we have no occasion here
to address whether they also have a First Amendment right to have the DEA file
unsealed. See Colony 

n.27 (noting “the Supreme Court has not yet
ruled on whether there is also a constitutional right of access to court documents and, if
so, the scope of such a right”) (internal quotation marks, alterations omitted). Further,
because Defendants do not reassert on appeal their argument that they have a Sixth
Amendment right to have the DEA documents unsealed, we do not address that
argument, either.
                                               6
Colony 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Although this “right is

not absolute,” 

marks omitted), there is a “strong presumption in

favor of public access,” Mann v. Boatwright, 

, 1149 (10th Cir. 2007). That

is particularly so where the district court used the sealed documents “to determine

litigants’ substantive legal rights.” Colony 

. Here, at the very least,

the court appeared to have had some familiarity with Skinner’s file when it ruled on

evidentiary objections to Skinner’s testimony. Nevertheless, this strong presumption of

openness can “be overcome where countervailing interests heavily outweigh the public

interests in access” to the judicial records. 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

Therefore, the district court, in exercising its discretion, must “weigh the interests of the

public, which are presumptively paramount, against those advanced by the parties.”

Helm v. Kansas, 

, 1292 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

        “The party seeking to overcome the presumption of public access to the

documents bears the burden of showing some significant interest that outweighs the

presumption.” 

marks omitted); see also Colony 

. Consistent with this presumption that judicial records should be open to the public,

the party seeking to keep records sealed bears the burden of justifying that secrecy, even

where, as here, the district court already previously determined that those documents

should be sealed. See Riker v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 315 F. App’x 752, 753-55 (10th

5
    The Government assumes that the DEA file is a judicial record. And we agree.
                                              7
Cir. 2009) (unpublished); see also United States v. Antar, 

, 1362-63 (3d Cir.

1994); cf. Kamakana v. City and Cnty. of Honolulu, 

, 1181-82 (9th Cir.

2006) (party opposing unsealing of sealed documents filed pursuant to stipulated

protective order bears burden of showing why documents should remain sealed);

(2d Cir.) (same). But see Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Abbvie

Prods. LLC, 

, 66 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding that a party seeking to modify a

protective order to unseal documents had the burden of demonstrating good cause for

doing so); Cnty. Materials Corp. v. Allan Block Corp., 

, 739-40 (7th Cir.

2007) (holding that a party seeking to have documents unsealed had the burden of

showing that it was prejudiced by the court’s denial of motion to unseal). In this case,

therefore, the burden is on the Government, as the party opposing disclosure of the DEA

records, to articulate a sufficiently significant interest that will justify continuing to

override the presumption of public access to the DEA records at issue here.

C. The district court erred in its consideration of Defendants’ motion to unseal the
DEA records

        Applying those legal principles here, we conclude that the district court erred in

the manner in which it considered Defendants’ motion to unseal the DEA file, in three

ways:

        1. The Government did not articulate a significant government interest in
        keeping the DEA documents sealed

        The burden was on the Government to articulate a significant interest that

outweighs the presumption of public access to the DEA records, see 

1292, and here the Government, in opposing Defendants’ motion to unseal, did not

articulate any such interest. We can imagine possible government interests that might be

in play here that could justify continuing to keep at least a portion of these DEA records

sealed.6 But the Government did not expressly articulate such an interest, and it is the

Government’s burden to do so.

       2. The district court’s order did not apply the presumption that judicial
       records should be open to the public

       The district court, instead of requiring the United States to articulate a significant

government interest to justify keeping the DEA documents sealed, incorrectly placed the

burden on Defendants to proffer a compelling reason why they needed to have the

documents unsealed:

       The defendants have failed to indicate exactly why these documents now
       need to be unsealed. They have not specifically explained what information

6
 See United States v. Bus. of Custer Battlefield Museum and Store, 

, 1195
n.5 (9th Cir. 2011) (recognizing that “the need to protect the identities and safety of
confidential informants” and “the need to protect an ongoing investigation” may require
redaction of warrant materials, post-indictment, or sealing them entirely); Goff v. Graves,

, 550 (8th Cir. 2004) (sealing documents in inmate civil litigation in order to
protect confidential informants from retaliation); United States v. Wright, 

,
858 (6th Cir. 2003) (sealing indictment to protect confidential informant and ongoing
investigation); United States v. Yousef, 

, 168 (2d Cir. 2003) (sealing
documents to protect confidential informants and to keep secret how Government
investigates and responds to terrorist threats); cf. United States v. Hickey, 

,
706, 708-09 (10th Cir. 1985) (sealing criminal defendant’s plea bargain in order to
protect his relocation in witness protection program). See generally Roviaro v. United
States, 

, 59-62 (1957) (discussing “Government’s privilege to withhold from
disclosure the identity of persons who furnish information of violations of law to officers
charged with enforcement of that law” in order to further “the public interest in effective
law enforcement”).
                                              9
       in any of the documents is necessary for them to use in any appropriate
       legal proceeding. The court remains convinced that information concerning
       confidential informants should remain private absent a compelling reason.
       The court recognizes that much of Skinner’s life has been placed under the
       microscope in this case, but we see no need for any further examination of
       his past. The court finds that the defendants have not sufficiently
       demonstrated the need for unsealing these documents. The defendants have
       also failed to adequately show why the public has any interest in these
       documents.

(Aplt. App. at 208.) Placing the burden on Defendants to show a compelling reason why

the documents should be unsealed is contrary to the presumption favoring public access

to judicial records. See Nat’l Org. for 

(1st Cir.) (noting that the

argument that the district court erred in unsealing documents without making a “finding

of true necessity” for unsealing “flips the proper analysis on its head,” because “[t]he

presumption here favors openness, and a court need make no finding, let alone one of

‘true necessity’”); 

, 1182 n.9 (9th Cir.) (rejecting the

argument that the court failed to articulate its reasons for unsealing the record on the

basis that such an “approach is upside down,” because “[t]he judge need not document

compelling reasons to unseal; rather the proponent of sealing bears the burden with

respect to sealing,” and “[a] failure to meet that burden means that the default posture of

public access prevails”). The district court, therefore, erred in failing to apply the

presumption of public access to judicial records. Further, the court improperly placed the

burden on Defendants to proffer a significant reason to unseal the DEA file, instead of

placing the burden on the Government to show a significant reason sufficient to justify

overriding the presumption of open access.
                                              10
       3. The district court did not consider whether unsealing redacted versions of
       the DEA records would adequately serve the as yet unarticulated government
       interest in keeping these documents sealed

       Even assuming the United States can articulate a significant government interest

that is sufficient to overcome the presumption in favor of public access to all the DEA

records at issue here, the district court did not consider whether selectively redacting just

the still sensitive, and previously undisclosed, information from the sealed DEA

documents and then unsealing the rest of the DEA file would adequately serve the

government’s interest. See Bus. of Custer Battlefield 

& n.5

(9th Cir.) (noting that, “[i]n many cases, courts can accommodate [the government’s]

concerns by redacting sensitive information rather than refusing to unseal the materials

entirely”); see also 

(8th Cir.) (noting documents were “sealed only

after it was determined that redaction would be insufficient to protect . . . informant

safety”); cf. United States v. James, 

, 1020-21 (W.D. Wash. 2009)

(considering, in addressing common law and First Amendment right to access judicial

records, whether redacting documents instead of completely sealing them would

adequately serve government interest to be protected as well as public’s right to access

those documents). The circumstances presented here would appear conducive to

redaction because the district court acknowledged that some of the information in the

DEA documents had already been made public, but other information in the file should

remain sealed:

       The court acknowledges that some aspects of these matters have been
                                             11
       referred to by this court and mentioned by the government at various times
       during these proceedings. Nevertheless, the court fails to find that all of the
       information contained in the documents has been revealed. The court is
       further persuaded that some of it should not be revealed.

(Aplt. App. at 207-08.)

       The fact that some of the sealed information has already been made public

suggests that much of the information in the DEA records could be unsealed. See 

(noting, in denying motion to seal complaint, “that much of the

information contained in [the] complaint appears to have been disclosed previously in the

public probate court proceedings, further undermining [movant’s] privacy concerns”); cf.

(concluding, in addressing both common law and First

Amendment right of access, that because defendant’s cooperation with the Government

was discussed at her sentencing and was, therefore, part of the public record, there was no

longer any reason to seal that information).7

       4. Conclusion as to Defendants’ common law right to have the DEA
       documents unsealed

       There may be a government interest implicated in this case that would justify

keeping at least a portion of the DEA documents at issue here sealed. But the

Government never articulated such an interest. Further, the district court, contrary to the

presumption that judicial documents should be publicly accessible, required Defendants

7
  As noted previously, the fact that some of this material has previously been disclosed is
not an argument against unsealing, because the sealing order still prevents Defendants
from using such information and because such an argument would, wrongly, put the
burden on Defendants to determine what information has previously been disclosed and
to determine whether the prior disclosures were sufficient to constitute public disclosures.
                                             12
to articulate a compelling reason for unsealing the documents. Finally, the district court

never considered whether unsealing redacted versions of the DEA documents or other

restrictions short of sealing would adequately serve the (as yet unarticulated) government

interest in keeping the documents sealed. For all of these reasons, we conclude the

district court erred when it denied Defendants’ motion to unseal the documents. See Bus.

of Custer Battlefield 

-96 (9th Cir.) (vacating district court’s

order denying access to sealed documents because the court failed to articulate a

compelling reason for limiting access and use of those judicial documents and failed to

state the factual basis for its ruling).

                                      IV. CONCLUSION

       We, therefore, REVERSE the district court’s decision denying Defendants’

motion to unseal the DEA records and REMAND for the district court to reconsider that

motion in light of our decision.8 Except for the relief granted by this opinion, all pending

motions are DENIED.




8
 We do not anticipate that the proceedings on remand will require an inordinate amount
of time. In light of the time elapsed since Defendants originally filed their motion to
unseal, the district court should expedite its consideration of that motion to the extent
possible.
                                             13