FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS       Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        August 15, 2014

                                                                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court
PAMELA J. BALES,

             Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                          No. 13-5147
                                                  (D.C. No. 4:12-CV-00601-FHM)
CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting                                   (N.D. Okla.)
Commissioner, Social Security
Administration,

             Defendant-Appellee.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before HARTZ, TYMKOVICH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.


      Pamela J. Bales appeals from a district court order that affirmed the

Commissioner’s denial of her applications for disability insurance benefits (DIB) and

supplemental security income (SSI). She argues that the ALJ (1) failed to properly

consider the medical-opinion evidence; (2) failed to consider the combined effect of

her impairments; (3) failed to consider the specific requirements of her past relevant

*
      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
work; (4) failed to consider the effects of her obesity on her other impairments; and

(5) performed a flawed credibility analysis.

      We have jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we

affirm.

                                    BACKGROUND

      Ms. Bales has a high-school education and has worked as a make-ready porter,

a wiring/knotting machine operator, and an x-ray machine/automatic developer. She

alleged that she became unable to work in September 2005, at the age of forty-six,

due to anxiety attacks and depression.

      An administrative law judge (ALJ) denied Ms. Bales’ applications for benefits

and the Appeals Council denied review. Ms. Bales filed suit, however, and the

district court reversed and remanded for further proceedings because the ALJ failed

to discuss relevant medical-opinion evidence.

      Following a hearing in which Ms. Bales and a vocational expert (VE) testified,

the ALJ again found that she was not disabled. In doing so, the ALJ noted that

Ms. Bales suffers from the following severe impairments: history of a hernia after

undergoing a hysterectomy; hypothyroidism; non-insulin dependent diabetes

mellitus; hypertension; obesity; bipolar disorder; and anxiety disorder. Given these

impairments, the ALJ found that Ms. Bales had a residual functional capacity (RFC)

for medium work, limited to simple, routine tasks involving no significant public

interaction and only superficial and incidental interaction with co-workers and


                                         -2-
supervisors. Consequently, the ALJ found that Ms. Bales could perform her past

relevant work, and alternatively, that there were other jobs in the national economy

(press-machine operator and bakery worker) that she could perform.

      Ms. Bales unsuccessfully challenged that decision before the Appeals Council

and the district court before appealing to this court.

                                      DISCUSSION

                                I. Standards of Review

      “We review the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether the factual

findings are supported by substantial evidence and whether the correct legal

standards were applied.” Mays v. Colvin, 

, 571 (10th Cir. 2014)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Substantial evidence is “more than a scintilla, but

less than a preponderance.” Lax v. Astrue, 

, 1084 (10th Cir. 2007).

Thus, “[w]e consider whether the ALJ followed the specific rules of law that must be

followed in weighing particular types of evidence in disability cases, but we will not

reweigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for the Commissioner’s.” 

marks omitted).

                                 II. Medical Opinions

      Ms. Bales argues that the ALJ failed to properly consider a May 2008

mental-impairment questionnaire from her treating physician, Dr. Bryan Touchet.

Dr. Touchet did not fill out the form. Rather, a “[c]linician advocated for [Ms. Bales]

by completing the paperwork required for her lawyer” and then “staffed with


                                           -3-
[Dr. Touchet] to obtain his signature.” Aplt. App., Vol. V at 1164. The form

indicates that Ms. Bales is markedly limited in her daily living activities; has frequent

deficiencies of concentration, persistence or pace; is extremely limited in social

functioning; is likely to miss more than three days of work each month; and has a

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score of 55.

      Ms. Bales is correct that a treating physician’s opinion is generally entitled to

controlling weight so long as it is supported by medically acceptable clinical and

laboratory diagnostic techniques. Watkins v. Barnhart, 

, 1300

(10th Cir. 2003). But “[m]edical evidence may be discounted if it is internally

inconsistent or inconsistent with other evidence.” Pisciotta v. Astrue, 

,

1078 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1527(c)(4) (stating in the context of a DIB application that “the more

consistent an opinion is with the record as a whole, the more weight . . . will [be]

give[n] to that opinion”); 

(same regarding an SSI application).

      The ALJ gave Dr. Touchet’s opinions “limited weight” for several reasons.

Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 656. In particular, the ALJ noted that Dr. Touchet did not

complete the form and he had reported earlier that Ms. Bales had no more than

minimal or moderate limitations. Indeed, the ALJ observed that the GAF rating of 55

indicated only moderate symptoms or moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or

school functioning. See Keyes-Zachary v. Astrue, 

, 1162 n.1 (10th Cir.

2012). Finally, the ALJ observed that Ms. Bales’ symptoms improved when she was


                                          -4-
taking her medications and that she had reported being able to go out to do her

laundry. See Hackett v. Barnhart, 

, 1174 (10th Cir. 2005) (stating that

ALJ properly rejected treating physician’s opinion because, among other things, the

opinion was “not supported by [the physician’s] own records which indicate[d]

improvement and stabilization on medications”).

      We conclude that substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision to discount

Dr. Touchet’s opinion on the May 2008 form as to the severity of her limitations.

The inconsistencies between the form and the other record evidence warranted giving

Dr. Touchet’s opinions on the form less than controlling weight, and we may not

reweigh that evidence. See 

(“We may not displace the

agency’s choice between two fairly conflicting views, even though the court would

justifiably have made a different choice had the matter been before it de novo.”

(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted)).

      Next, Ms. Bales argues that the ALJ failed to discuss the report of Dr. Sri

Reddy, who examined her for Oklahoma’s Disability Determination Division.

Dr. Reddy found that Ms. Bales’ reflexes were absent from her ankles, that her senses

were “decreased to light touch in both feet,” and that hyperextension of her lumbar

spine caused pain. Aplt. App., Vol. III at 364. According to Ms. Bales, these

“findings contradict the ALJ’s RFC for medium work.” Aplt. Br. at 24.

      While “[t]he record must demonstrate that the ALJ considered all of the

evidence,” there is no requirement that an ALJ “discuss every piece of evidence.”


                                         -5-


(internal quotation marks omitted). Ms. Bales fails to explain

how Dr. Reddy’s findings have any bearing on her functional limitations, such that

the ALJ should have specifically discussed those findings in setting her RFC for

medium work. See Burch v. Barnhart, 

, 683 (9th Cir. 2005) (stating that

a medical condition need not be considered where the claimant has failed to identify

resulting functional limitations that would affect the ALJ’s analysis); see, e.g.,

Coleman v. Chater, 

, 579 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating that the “mere

presence” of a medical condition is not enough; rather, that condition, “alone or in

combination with other impairments, must render [the] claimant unable to engage in

any substantial gainful employment” (brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted)). Thus, Ms. Bales has not established error in the ALJ’s failure to discuss

Dr. Reddy’s findings.

      Ms. Bales next argues that the ALJ failed to properly consider the opinions of

state agency medical consultants who noted on Psychiatric Review Technique (PRT)

forms that she has moderate limitations in concentration, persistence or pace. These

limitations, she argues, should have been incorporated into her RFC because they

would interfere with her work productivity.

      In conducting the step-3 analysis,1 the ALJ accepted that Ms. Bales is

moderately limited in concentration, persistence, or pace. But the ALJ also


1
      The five-step sequential evaluation process involves the following serial
considerations: (1) whether the claimant is currently engaged in any substantial
                                                                          (continued)
                                        -6-
determined, based on her household routines and the reports of her mental health

providers, that she could “sustain focused attention sufficiently long to permit timely

and appropriate completion of tasks commonly found in work settings.” Aplt. App.,

Vol. IV at 650. Indeed, Ms. Bales testified that she prepares meals, does laundry,

washes dishes, and regularly maintains her personal hygiene. And Ms. Bales’

mental-healthcare providers, including Dr. Touchet, have characterized her

“[a]ttention/concentration [as] adequate.” See, e.g., 

at 422; 

at 583; 

at 1193. Thus, the ALJ concluded that Ms. Bales’ difficulty with

concentration, persistence, or pace failed, both singularly and in combination with

other impairments, to meet or medically equal a listed impairment.2

      As the ALJ proceeded to step four, she noted that the limitations found at step

three are not an RFC assessment, which “requires a more detailed assessment.” 

at 650; see also SSR 96–8p, 

, at *4 (July 2, 1996) (“[T]he

limitations identified in the ‘paragraph B’ and ‘paragraph C’ criteria are not an RFC


gainful activity; (2) whether the claimant has a severe impairment; (3) whether the
impairment meets or equals an impairment listed in 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App.
1; (4) whether the claimant can return to her past relevant work; and (5) whether the
claimant can adjust to other work in the national economy. See 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4). Prior to step four, the ALJ must assess the
claimant’s RFC, see 

416.920(a)(4), which is the most a
claimant can do despite her limitations, see 

416.945(a)(1).
The claimant has the burden of proof to show she is disabled through step four; and
at step five, the burden shifts to the Commissioner to show there are other available
jobs in the economy. See 

.
2
      Ms. Bales does not challenge the ALJ’s step-three conclusion.


                                           -7-
assessment but are used to rate the severity of mental impairment(s) at steps 2 and 3

of the sequential evaluation process. The mental RFC assessment used at steps 4 and

5 of the sequential evaluation process requires a more detailed assessment by

itemizing various functions contained in the broad categories found in paragraphs B

and C of the adult mental disorders listings.”). Indeed, the PRT forms completed by

the medical consultants contain only broad categories of limitation, whereas the

mental RFC forms completed by the same consultants break down those particular

categories into more discrete and focused functional abilities.

      In assessing Ms. Bales’ RFC, the ALJ relied on the consultants’ mental RFC

opinions, incorporating the most restrictive mental RFC limitations suggested: the

performance of only simple, routine tasks while interacting only insignificantly with

the public and only superficially and incidentally with coworkers and supervisors.

Compare 

at 651 (ALJ’s RFC assessment), with 

at 277

(Dr. R. Smallwood’s mental RFC assessment that Ms. Bales can “carry out simple

and possibly some more complex instructions under routine supervision”); 

at 385 (Dr. Burnard Pearce’s mental RFC assessment that Ms. Bales can

“perform simple and some complex tasks,” “adapt to a work situation,” and “relate to

others on a superficial work basis”); and 

at 1081 (Dr. Deborah Hartley’s

mental RFC assessment that Ms. Bales can “perform simple tasks with routine

supervision,” “relate to supervisors and peers on a superficial work basis,” and “adapt

to a work situation,” but “cannot relate to the general public”). The ALJ also


                                         -8-
thoroughly detailed how the medical evidence and Ms. Bales’ testimony translated to

her RFC.

      Under these circumstances, we see no error in the ALJ not importing

Ms. Bales’ limitations identified generally on the PRT forms into the more detailed

RFC determination. More specifically, we conclude that the ALJ’s finding of a

moderate limitation in concentration, persistence, or pace at step three does not

necessarily translate to a work-related functional limitation for the purposes of the

RFC assessment in this case. And, as we discuss throughout this order and judgment,

Ms. Bales has failed to establish that her RFC is unsupported by substantial

evidence.3

                       III. Combined Effect of Impairments

      An ALJ must “consider the combined effect of all of the [claimant’s]

impairments without regard to whether any such impairment, if considered

separately, would be of such severity” as to warrant an award of benefits. 42 U.S.C.


3
       We do not believe that Frantz v. Astrue, 

, 1302–03 (10th Cir.
2007), requires that an ALJ’s RFC determination mirror the step-three findings.
Frantz reversed the Commissioner’s decision because the ALJ ignored evidence that
would support a finding of disability while focusing on evidence that would support
the contrary finding. This court remanded so the Commissioner could consider “an
inconsistency” between the ALJ’s step three and step four findings. 

n.3.
But Frantz did not hold that an ALJ is necessarily bound by his or her step three
findings when fashioning a claimant’s RFC. The court did not discuss the issue.
Similarly, Wells v. Colvin, 

(10th Cir. 2013), does not hold that step
three and step four findings must be the same. Rather, that case involved the issue of
“how much . . . discussion of a non-severe impairment [found at step two] is required
at step four.” 

                                          -9-
§ 423(d)(2)(B); see also Wells v. Colvin, 

, 1065 (10th Cir. 2013)

(explaining that when “assessing [a] claimant’s RFC, the ALJ must consider the

combined effect of all of the claimant’s medically determinable impairments,

whether severe or not severe”).

      Ms. Bales contends that the ALJ failed to consider that she suffers from carpal

tunnel syndrome, migraines, fatigue, insomnia, high cholesterol, gastroesophageal

reflux disease, and left-shoulder-impingement syndrome. But the ALJ noted that,

when assessing a claimant’s RFC, “all of the claimant’s impairments, including

impairments that are not severe” must be considered. Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 647.

Further, the ALJ stated that she had “considered all symptoms and the extent to

which these symptoms can reasonably be accepted as consistent with the objective

medical evidence and other evidence,” 

and that she had “careful[ly]

consider[ed] . . . all of the evidence” in finding Ms. Bales not disabled, 

      “[A]n ALJ is not required to discuss every piece of evidence.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). And when an “ALJ indicates [s]he has

considered all the evidence[,] our practice is to take the ALJ at [her] word.” Wall v.

Astrue, 

, 1070 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, the ALJ thoroughly discussed the medical evidence, and there is no indication

that, despite not expressly mentioning Ms. Bales’ other medical problems, the ALJ

did not take them into account.




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      And even if the ALJ failed to account for all of Ms. Bales’ medical problems,

Ms. Bales does not identify how any of these conditions, either individually or in

combination, affected her functioning during the time she claims she was disabled.

See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1512(c) (requiring that a claimant “provide evidence, without

redaction, showing how your impairment(s) affects your functioning during the time

you say that you are disabled”). In that case, any error would be harmless. Cf. 

(“[A]n ALJ’s failure to weigh a medical opinion involves

harmless error if there is no inconsistency between the opinion and the ALJ’s

assessment of [RFC].”).

                          IV. Past Relevant Work (PRW)

      The ALJ found that Ms. Bales could return to her past jobs as a make-ready

porter, a wiring/knotting machine operator, and an x-ray machine/automatic

developer. Ms. Bales argues that this finding is flawed because “[t]he ALJ failed to

perform a proper analysis of [her] PRW and the physical and mental demands of that

work.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 31.

      Ms. Bales is correct that an ALJ “must determine the physical and mental

demands of the claimant’s [PRW].” Bowman v. Astrue, 

, 1272

(10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). But the ALJ did just that. At the

hearing, the ALJ asked the VE to recount Ms. Bales’ PRW by “job title, exertional

level, skill level, and DOT code.” Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 692. The VE discussed

Ms. Bales’ past jobs as she claimed to have performed them, and then opined, when


                                        - 11 -
further questioned by the ALJ, that a hypothetical claimant with Ms. Bales’ RFC

could perform all of her past jobs, except her job as a stocker. The ALJ relied on that

testimony and found that Ms. Bales could perform her PRW. Specifically, the ALJ

noted that Ms. Bales’ past jobs were “unskilled positions, which [she] performed at

the light exertional level.” 

at 657. The ALJ concluded by noting the

VE’s response to the hypothetical questions and by “find[ing] that [Ms. Bales] is able

to perform her [PRW] as actually performed.” 

that the ALJ’s

analysis of Ms. Bales’ PRW was sufficient. See Winfrey v. Chater, 

,

1025 (10th Cir. 1996) (observing that “while the ALJ may rely on information

supplied by the VE at step four, the ALJ [herself] must make the required findings on

the record, including [her] own evaluation of the claimant’s ability to perform . . .

past relevant work”); see, e.g., Doyal v. Barnhart, 

, 761 (10th Cir. 2003)

(finding no error where the ALJ relied on the VE’s testimony in conducting the PRW

analysis).4

                                      V. Obesity

       Ms. Bales asserts that the ALJ failed to consider the effects of her obesity on

her other impairments. The ALJ found that Ms. Bales’ obesity was a severe


4
       Even if the ALJ insufficiently analyzed Ms. Bales’ PRW, that error would be
harmless. The ALJ made the alternative determination that there are other jobs in the
national economy that Ms. Bales can perform, and we have rejected all of Ms. Bales’
other challenges to the ALJ’s decision. See Getch v. Astrue, 

, 481
(7th Cir. 2008) (observing that an alternative step-five analysis might render harmless
an error during the step-four PRW analysis).


                                         - 12 -
impairment and she stated that she had considered it “with [Ms. Bales’] other

impairments” in setting her RFC at no “more restrictive than medium exertional

activity.” Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 654. In support, the ALJ cited medical evidence

showing that Ms. Bales had normal physical exams in 2010 and 2011.

      Ms. Bales seems to contend that despite the ALJ’s obesity discussion, the ALJ

could not have adequately considered obesity because “[i]f the ALJ had considered

the effects of obesity, she would have assigned a sedentary work level.”

Aplt. Opening Br. at 34. But she cites no medical evidence to support her contention.

Instead, Ms. Bales appears to take issue with the ALJ’s weighing of the medical

evidence. “[B]ut we will not reweigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for the

Commissioner’s.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                   VI. Credibility

      It is well-established that “[c]redibility determinations are peculiarly the

province of the finder of fact, and we will not upset such determinations when

supported by substantial evidence. However, findings as to credibility should be

closely and affirmatively linked to substantial evidence and not just a conclusion in

the guise of findings.” 

(citation, brackets, and internal

quotation marks omitted).

      Ms. Bales faults the ALJ for not identifying “which of [her] particular

statements were true and untrue.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 35-36. But an ALJ is not

required to “identif[y] any specific incredible statements,” so long as the ALJ


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“indicat[es] to what extent [s]he credited what [the claimant] said when determining

the limiting effect of [the claimant’s] symptoms.” 

.

      Here, the ALJ did just that. She (1) summarized Ms. Bales’ testimony

regarding her daily activities; (2) cited function reports that indicated Ms. Bales did

not always need someone to accompany her to the store, doctor appointments, and

the laundromat; and (3) cited a progress note in which Ms. Bales told Dr. Touchet

that she could go out by herself to do laundry and that she could go grocery

shopping, but needed her mother for transportation. The ALJ determined, therefore,

that “[Ms. Bales] has described daily activities that are not limited to the extent one

would expect, given [her] complaints of disabling mental and physical symptoms and

limitations.” Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 655. Consequently, the ALJ’s credibility

determination is closely and affirmatively linked to substantial evidence.5




5
        Ms. Bales contests the ALJ’s observation that she has not always complied
with her medication regimen, but that when she has, her symptoms improved. The
ALJ did not purport to rely on Ms. Bales’ noncompliance as the reason for denying
DIB and SSI benefits. Cf. Frey v. Bowen, 

, 517 (10th Cir. 1987)
(detailing the requisite analysis when an ALJ denies benefits solely because a
claimant has refused to follow prescribed treatment). Rather, the “ALJ properly
considered what attempts [Ms. Bales] made to relieve [her] [symptoms] . . . in an
effort to evaluate the veracity of [her] contention that [her symptoms were] so severe
as to be disabling.” Qualls v. Apfel, 

, 1372 (10th Cir. 2000).
Ms. Bales contends that she was noncompliant “due to lack of funds or
transportation.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 37. But the ALJ found that indigent care was
available and that Ms. Bales in fact “was receiving medication assistance through
Family and Children Services.” Aplt. App., Vol. IV at 653. Ms. Bales does not
dispute this finding.


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                              CONCLUSION

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                           Circuit Judge




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