FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                     PUBLISH                                Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      November 17, 2015

                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            Clerk of Court
                        _________________________________

JAMES P. TENNILLE; ROBERT SMET;
ADELAIDA DELEON; YAMILET
RODRIGUEZ, individually and on behalf
of all others similarly situated,

     Plaintiffs - Appellees,

v.                                                         No. 14-1432

THE WESTERN UNION COMPANY;
WESTERN UNION FINANCIAL
SERVICES, INC.,

     Defendants - Appellants.

                        _________________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Colorado
                       (D.C. No. 1:09-CV-00938-JLK-KMT)
                      _________________________________

Charles G. Cole, Steptoe & Johnson, Washington, D.C. (Thomas M. Barba, Steptoe &
Johnson, Washington, D.C.; Jason A. Yurasek, Perkins Coie LLP, San Francisco,
California; and Jess A. Dance, Perkins Coie LLP, Denver, Colorado, with him on the
briefs), for Defendants-Appellants.

Richard J. Burke, Quantum Legal LLC, St. Louis, Missouri (Jeffrey A. Leon, Jamie E.
Weiss, Grant Y. Lee, Quantum Legal LLC, Highland Park, Illinois; Diogenes P. Kekatos
and Stephen A. Weiss, Seeger Weiss LLP, New York, New York; Jonathan Shub, Seeger
Weiss LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Seth A. Katz, Burg Simpson Eldredge Hersh &
Jardine, PC, Englewood, Colorado; Jim S. Calton, Jr., Calton Legal Services, SP,
Eufaula, Alabama; James E. Cecchi, Carella, Byrne, Cecchi, Olstein, Brody & Agnello,
P.C., Roseland, New Jersey; Mitchell Baker, Denver, Colorado, with him on the briefs),
for Plaintiffs-Appellees.
                        _________________________________

Before HOLMES, McHUGH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

McHUGH, Circuit Judge.
                    _________________________________


                                I.     INTRODUCTION

      Western Union Company and its subsidiary, Western Union Financial

Services, Inc. (collectively, Western Union), appeal the district court’s award of $40

million in attorney fees to class counsel after the settlement of a putative class action

against Western Union. Because Western Union lacks standing to challenge the

attorney-fee award, we do not have subject-matter jurisdiction and must dismiss the

appeal.

                                 II.    BACKGROUND

                                     A. Factual History

      Western Union facilitates money transfers between customers in

geographically distant locations. A small number of these transfers fail, usually

because the sender provides invalid contact information for the recipient or because

the recipient does not redeem the money. At any given time, Western Union holds

approximately $100 million in unredeemed customer proceeds. Although the money

remains the property of the sender, Western Union retains the funds until the

customer requests a refund or until the money is subject to escheat under the relevant

State’s laws. During the time these amounts remain in Western Union’s possession,

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Western Union collects interest and charges a small monthly administrative fee, and

it retains both of these amounts after the principal is refunded or escheated. Western

Union’s practice was to notify customers that their transfer had failed and that

Western Union had possession of the unredeemed sums shortly before the money was

to escheat to the States, often three years after the failure of the original money

transfer. Historically, approximately 15% of Western Union customers responded to

these notices and obtained a refund.

                                B. Procedural History

      Plaintiffs filed this putative class action to challenge Western Union’s practice

of failing to timely notify customers of failed money transfers and of holding

customer money for years while accruing interest and charging administrative fees.

While litigation over procedural hurdles to class certification was ongoing, the

parties agreed to a settlement of the class claims against Western Union.

      Under the settlement agreement, Western Union agreed to place all

unredeemed customer money currently in its possession, less administrative fees, into

a class settlement fund (the CSF) from which class members whose money had not

yet escheated to the States could receive a refund of their remaining principal. The

settlement agreement further provides for all customers whose money was held by

Western Union during the relevant time to receive a payment roughly equal to the

interest that accrued on their money while held by Western Union. These interest

payments are to be paid from the CSF or a separate fund established by Western

Union depending on whether the particular claimant’s principal had escheated at the

                                            3
time of settlement. The settlement agreement also establishes other forms of non-

monetary relief for class members, including a requirement that Western Union alter

its business practices to notify customers of failed transfers within 60–90 days. The

district court approved the settlement, and a panel of this court affirmed the district

court’s decision. Tennille v. Western Union Co., 

(10th Cir. 2015).

      Counsel for the plaintiff class (Class Counsel) then sought an award of

attorney fees, requesting 30% of the $135 million to be deposited in the CSF as the

basis for the award. Western Union objected, and the district court referred the matter

to a magistrate judge. The magistrate judge determined Western Union had no right

to object to the attorney-fee award but nevertheless considered many of the issues

raised by Western Union in independently assessing the reasonableness of the

attorney-fee award.1 Notably, the magistrate judge agreed with Western Union’s

central contention—that the $135 million in the CSF did not represent the benefit

Class Counsel had obtained for the class members because the CSF consisted of

funds that Western Union always acknowledged belonged to the individual class

members. The magistrate judge calculated the actual benefit to the class as



      1
        The magistrate judge concluded Western Union’s objection was barred by
Rule 23(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides, “A class
member, or a party from whom payment is sought, may object to the motion [for
attorney fees].” The magistrate judge ruled Western Union is not “a party from whom
payment is sought” because Western Union’s obligation to pay into the CSF “is not
in any way contingent on the amount of attorney’s fees awarded.” Because we
conclude Western Union lacks standing under Article III to challenge the attorney fee
award, we need not decide whether Western Union’s challenge would also be barred
by Rule 23(h).
                                            4
approximately $65 million in interest payments and nonmonetary relief and

recommended an award of 35% of this “common fund.”

      The parties objected to the magistrate judge’s recommendation. Although the

district court also had doubts about Western Union’s standing to object to the

attorney-fee award, it permitted Western Union to participate in the objection

hearing. The district court ultimately concluded the best measure of the benefit to the

class was the value of the CSF. The district court reasoned that the placement of

customer money in the CSF “puts the bird in the hand rather than in the bush”

because, absent the creation of the CSF and the refund mechanism of the settlement,

“return of these funds is highly speculative,” involving a “detailed requirement for

refund,” “anticipated delays in receiving payment,” and “additional, probably

preclusive, cost and effort.” The district court therefore awarded Class Counsel

attorney fees of just over $40 million, approximately 30% of the $135 million value

of the CSF. Western Union appeals.

                                 III. DISCUSSION

      Class Counsel argues we cannot reach the merits of this appeal because

Western Union lacks standing to challenge the attorney-fee award. A challenge to

standing presents the “threshold jurisdictional question of whether a court may

consider the merits of a dispute.” S. Utah Wilderness All. v. Palma, 

,

1152 (10th Cir. 2013). If we conclude a party lacks standing to appeal from a district

court’s order, we lack jurisdiction over the appeal and must dismiss it. See

Hollingsworth v. Perry, 

, 2668 (2013).
                                           5
      “We review the question of standing de novo.” Roe No. 2 v. Ogden, 

, 1228 (10th Cir. 2001). Standing is a “core component” of the case-or-

controversy requirement of Article III necessary to invoke federal jurisdiction. Lujan

v. Defenders of Wildlife, 

, 560–61 (1992). “The standing Article III

requires must be met by persons seeking appellate review, just as it must be met by

persons appearing in courts of first instance.” Arizonans for Official Engl. v. Arizona,

, 64 (1997). To satisfy Article III’s standing requirement, the aggrieved

party must make three showings:

      (1) it has suffered an “injury in fact” that is (a) concrete and particularized
      and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; (2) the injury is
      fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely,
      as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a
      favorable decision.

Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 

, 180–81

(2000). The party invoking this court’s jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing

these elements. 

.

      Generally, a settling defendant in a class action has no interest in the amount

of attorney fees awarded when those fees are to be paid from the class recovery rather

than the defendant’s coffers. See Boeing Co. v. Van Gemert, 

, 481 n.7

(1980) (recognizing the defendant “had no cognizable interest in further litigation

between the class and its lawyers over the amount of the fees ultimately awarded

from money belonging to the class”); Copeland v. Marshall, 

, 905 n.57

(D.C. Cir. 1980) (“In ‘common fund’ cases, the losing party no longer continues to

have an interest in the fund; the contest becomes one between the successful

                                             6
plaintiffs and their attorneys over division of the bounty.”); cf. Uselton v.

Commercial Lovelace Motor Freight, Inc., 

, 855 (10th Cir. 1993)

(concluding where “the fee awarded to objecting counsel came out of the common

fund remaining after payment of class counsel’s fee,” only “the plaintiff class . . .

could be considered aggrieved by that award”). Nevertheless, Western Union argues

it has standing to challenge the attorney-fee award in this case because it claims it

will be injured by a diminution of the CSF if Class Counsel is awarded an excessive

attorney-fee award.

      Western Union’s argument is based on what it terms a “reversionary interest”

in the CSF. Per the terms of the settlement agreement, Western Union will deposit

approximately $135 million in unclaimed money belonging to its customers into the

CSF. Those funds will be used to pay claims of class members whose funds have not

yet escheated to the States, settlement administration fees, incentive payments to

class representatives, and attorney fees. Any money remaining in the CSF will then

be placed in a cy pres fund2 under the district court’s control, and the district court

will release that money in pro rata shares to individual States upon receipt of a

release of Western Union’s liability under that State’s unclaimed-property laws. If

any State declines to release Western Union or asserts a claim against Western Union


      2
         “The cy pres doctrine allows a court to distribute unclaimed or non-
distributable portions of a class action settlement fund to the ‘next best’ class of
beneficiaries.” Nachshin v. AOL, LLC, 

, 1036 (9th Cir. 2011). The
district court appears to have concluded the States are the “next best” beneficiary of
the class settlement fund because any unclaimed money would have escheated to the
States in the absence of the settlement agreement.
                                            7
under the State’s unclaimed-property laws, that State’s pro rata share will be

deposited into yet a third fund, from which Western Union can seek payment “to

satisfy any claims or judgments, or any costs or fees associated with any claim or

judgment against Western Union,” with the district court’s approval.

      Western Union argues its interest in this third “indemnity” fund—and the

potential effect of the attorney-fee award on the size of that fund—establishes its

standing to challenge an award of attorney fees paid from the CSF. We disagree.

Rather, we conclude any potential injury to Western Union is too attenuated from the

award of attorney fees to Class Counsel to support Western Union’s standing.

                                  A. Injury In Fact

      “To qualify as a party with standing to litigate, a person must show, first and

foremost, an invasion of a legally protected interest that is concrete and

particularized and actual or imminent.” Arizonans for Official 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Where an injury is threatened rather than actual,

“[a]llegations of possible future injury are not sufficient” to establish standing.

Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 

, 1147 (2013). But “[a]n allegation of

future injury may suffice if the threatened injury is certainly impending, or there is a

substantial risk that the harm will occur.” Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 134 S.

Ct. 2334, 2341 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Western Union contends it

will suffer an injury from the attorney-fee award “because the award will deplete the

funds available to indemnify Western Union against enforcement actions brought by

unhappy states.” In support of its claim of injury, Western Union has identified

                                            8
record evidence tending to demonstrate that several States do not intend to accept

payment from the cy pres fund and will instead pursue enforcement actions against

Western Union. Western Union argues this “credible threat of enforcement” is

adequate to demonstrate a “substantial risk that the harm will occur.” Cf. Susan B.

Anthony 

, 2342 (“When an individual is subject to such a

threat, an actual arrest, prosecution, or other enforcement action is not a prerequisite

to challenging the law.”).

1. Western Union’s Interest in the Funds

       We first consider whether Western Union has a legally protected interest in the

CSF or the separate indemnity fund that will be injured if an excessive attorney-fee

award is paid from the CSF. Western Union has never disputed that the unclaimed

transfer money it will deposit into the CSF belongs to the class members alone. As

Western Union explains in its opening brief on appeal, class members who file claims

“are merely getting their own, undisputed funds returned to them.” The CSF is thus

composed entirely of customer funds to which Western Union has disclaimed any

present interest. And, in any event, the district court’s approval of the settlement

agreement “stripped [Western Union] of any present interest in the fund.” See

n.7. Instead “[t]he members of the class, whether or not they

assert their rights, are at least the equitable owners of their respective shares in the

recovery.” 

Thus, Western Union has no interest in the CSF itself that

would be invaded by diminution of that fund.



                                             9
       What Western Union terms its “reversionary” interest in the CSF is, in fact, an

interest in reimbursement or indemnification payments from a separate fund that is

created and funded only after all claims and fees are paid from the CSF. The

settlement agreement provides “if there are remaining monies in the Class Settlement

Fund after payment of all valid claims, administration fees, Class Representative

incentive awards, and attorneys’ fees and expenses, then the Parties agree that any

remaining monies and accumulated interest will be put into a cy pres fund pursuant to

the Court’s Order.” Per the district court’s order, the money in the cy pres fund will

be first offered to the States and, if refused, will be placed in the separate

“indemnity” fund from which Western Union can seek reimbursement for costs and

judgments incurred in future litigation by the objecting States. Thus, by the terms of

the settlement agreement, Western Union’s interest is in payments from this separate

indemnity fund, not from the CSF, and not from the intervening cy pres fund.

       Importantly, this separate indemnity fund is created only after class claims,

attorney fees, and other costs of the settlement have been paid from the CSF, a new

cy pres fund has been created, and one or more States have refused payment or

initiated litigation against Western Union. The settlement agreement and district

court’s order therefore contemplate a fund contingent upon the outcome of these

intermediate steps and limited to the excess available to create the indemnity fund; no

provisions guarantee an indemnity fund of a particular size or proscribe the payment

of fees beyond a certain point. Western Union’s interest in payments from that fund

is thus likewise contingent and limited. Under these facts, we cannot agree the

                                            10
settlement agreement or the district court’s order confers on Western Union a legally

protectable interest in a larger indemnity fund.

      Western Union relies on Boeing Company v. Van Gemert, 

(1980), to argue it has standing by virtue of its interest in payments from the

indemnity fund. Boeing involved a class action brought by holders of registered

debentures to recover losses resulting from Boeing’s failure to provide proper notice

that those debentures could be redeemed on favorable 

. The

district court entered a judgment assessing damages against Boeing with respect to

the class as a whole and ordered Boeing to deposit that amount into escrow at a

commercial bank. 

Class members could then recover their individual share

of the award through a special master appointed by the court. 

an

interest in the return of any unclaimed funds. 

The Supreme Court

entertained Boeing’s challenge to the scope of an attorney-fee award paid from the

settlement fund, observing that Boeing had “an interest, arising from its colorable

claim for the return of excess money, in whether attorney’s fees could be assessed

against the entire fund” as opposed to only that portion of the settlement fund

actually claimed by class members. 

n.7.

      Western Union claims it has “much more than the ‘colorable claim’ asserted

by Boeing” because the district court’s order provides for indemnification of Western

Union’s costs of defense. But the district court’s order here gives Western Union no

right to the return of excess funds in the CSF, the cy pres fund, or the indemnity

fund. Instead the settlement provides a much more limited right to reimbursement of

                                           11
costs and judgments actually incurred, well after amounts have been expended to

satisfy class claims, attorney fees, settlement expenses, class representative fees, and

payments to settling States. And unlike in Boeing, the settlement fund here was

comprised of amounts belonging to the class members, not to Western Union. We

therefore do not agree that Western Union is in the same position as the defendant in

Boeing, and Boeing does not alter our conclusion that Western Union’s interest in

payments from the indemnity fund is insufficient to give it standing to challenge the

award of fees from the CSF.

2. Western Union’s Injury

      Next, even if we were to agree that Western Union’s interests were implicated

by a diminution in the value of the CSF or indemnity fund, we would still conclude

Western Union has failed to demonstrate a substantial risk of actual injury. As

discussed above, Western Union’s interest is only in reimbursement or

indemnification payments from the separate indemnity fund, not a return of the

remainder of the fund itself. The district court’s order authorizes Western Union to

seek payment of judgments or reimbursement for costs and fees incurred in defending

against the claims of non-settling States. Thus, it is not enough for Western Union to

show a diminution of the indemnity fund; it must show that diminution would result

in a deficiency in the fund’s capacity to reimburse Western Union for its incurred

costs and judgments.

      We conclude there is insufficient record evidence to support such a claim of

injury without resort to speculation. Even given the threats of enforcement identified

                                           12
by Western Union, at this point in time there are no judgments against Western

Union, and the likelihood of a State obtaining a judgment against Western Union is

unclear. Indeed, the parties agree the States are unlikely to prevail against Western

Union on claims for escheat of money that was paid into the CSF. And, in any event,

“[i]t is just not possible for a litigant to prove in advance that the judicial system will

lead to any particular result in his case.” Whitmore v. Arkansas, 

, 159–

60 (1990). Thus, Western Union has not demonstrated a substantial risk that a

judgment meriting payment from the indemnity fund will be entered against it, or in

what amount. And while Western Union will certainly incur some costs in defending

against even unsuccessful suits by the States, there is nothing in the record from

which to estimate what those costs will be or to conclude they will exceed the

amounts available to reimburse and indemnify Western Union. Given the uncertainty

both in the amount of liability and costs Western Union will incur and in the amount

of money ultimately available to indemnify Western Union, we cannot with any

certainty conclude there is a substantial risk the indemnity fund will be insufficient to

make Western Union whole. While Western Union need not demonstrate any

particular magnitude of deficiency to show it will be injured by the payment of the

attorney-fee award from the CSF, Western Union must demonstrate that a deficiency

will result. On this record, it has failed to do so.

                                     B. Traceability

       Western Union also suggests it will suffer injury from an excessive attorney-

fee award because “[t]he large (30%) bite out of the fund will increase the likelihood

                                             13
that states will be unhappy with their shares and seek relief from Western Union.”

“[T]he traceability component of the standing test contemplates a causal relationship

between the injury and the defendants’ challenged acts.” United States v. Ramos, 

, 1046 (10th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Western Union

has directed us to no support for its claim that the size of the attorney-fee award may

alter the likelihood of enforcement actions by the States. Rather, for the limited

number of States where the record indicates intent to bring enforcement actions

against Western Union, the “trigger” for those actions is Western Union’s deposit of

money into the CSF that would have escheated to the States. There is accordingly no

evidence that any State would refrain from pursuing an enforcement action but for

the reduction in its pro rata share by virtue of the attorney-fee award to Class

Counsel. We share the Supreme Court’s “reluctance to endorse standing theories that

rest on speculation about the decisions of independent actors.” 

. We therefore cannot conclude the attorney-fee award will cause additional

States to bring enforcement actions, and Western Union has thus failed to

demonstrate this alleged injury is fairly traceable to the attorney-fee award.

      Because Western Union has not established a nonspeculative injury in fact that

is fairly traceable to the attorney-fee award, we conclude Western Union has failed to

establish standing. Accordingly, we need not consider whether any alleged injury

would likely be redressed by a favorable decision.




                                           14
                                  IV. CONCLUSION

       Western Union lacks a legally protectable interest in the CSF that would be

injured by the award of attorney fees to Class Counsel. Western Union’s purported

“reversionary” interest is merely a right to reimbursement of the expenses it actually

incurs from litigation that may or may not be brought by third parties. And the

reimbursement of those expenses will come from a separate indemnity fund that is to

be created from a cy pres fund that will be established with excess proceeds in the

CSF. In turn, the balance of the CSF is dependent on a variety of factors other than

the amount of attorney fees, including the number of class members who seek relief.

Accordingly, Western Union has not demonstrated any concrete and particularized

and actual or imminent injury it will suffer as a result of the district court’s approval

of the attorney-fee award to Class Counsel. We therefore conclude Western Union

lacks standing to challenge the attorney-fee award to Class Counsel, and we dismiss

this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.




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