FILED
                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                              Tenth Circuit

                                                            January 5, 2016
                                     PUBLISH              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                              Clerk of Court
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                TENTH CIRCUIT



 RHONDA NESBITT, individually,
 and on behalf of all others similarly
 situated,

        Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                 No. 14-1502
 FCNH, INC.; VIRGINIA MASSAGE
 THERAPY, INC.; MID-ATLANTIC
 MASSAGE THERAPY, INC.;
 STEINER EDUCATION GROUP,
 INC.; STEINER LEISURE LTD.; SEG
 CORT LLC, d/b/a “Steiner Education
 Group”,

         Defendants-Appellants.

 -------------------

 SECRETARY OF LABOR; EQUAL
 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
 COMMISSION,

         Amici Curiae.


          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
                     (D.C. No. 1:14-CV-00990-RBJ)


Todd D. Wozniak, of Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Atlanta, Georgia (Jeffrey M. Lippa
of Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Denver, Colorado; and Scott D. Segal of Law Offices
of Scott D. Segal PA, Miami, Florida, with him on the briefs), for Defendants-
Appellants.
David H. Miller (Rachel Graves with him on the brief), of Sawaya & Miller Law
Firm, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Sarah J. Starrett, Office of the Solicitor, Washington, D.C. (P. David Lopez,
General Counsel, Washington, D.C.; Carolyn L. Wheeler, Acting Associate
General Counsel, Washington, D.C.; Lorraine C. Davis, Assistant General
Counsel, Washington, D.C.; Julie L. Gantz, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission; Washington, D.C.; M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor of Labor,
Washington, D.C.; Jennifer S. Brand, Associate Solicitor, Washington, D.C.; Paul
L. Frieden, Counsel for Appellate Litigation, Washington, D.C.; Jesse Z.
Grauman, U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, Washington, D.C.,
on the briefs), for Amici Curiae.


Before BRISCOE, LUCERO and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.


BRISCOE, Circuit Judge.



      Plaintiff Rhonda Nesbitt filed this action claiming that defendants FCNH,

Inc., Virginia Massage Therapy, Inc., Mid-Atlantic Massage Therapy, Inc.,

Steiner Education Group, Inc., Steiner Leisure Ltd., and SEG CORT LLC

(collectively Defendants) violated the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29

U.S.C. §§ 201–219, and various Colorado wage and hour laws by requiring her

and other students at the massage therapy school in which she was enrolled to

provide massage therapy services to clients without pay. Defendants moved to

stay the proceedings and compel arbitration, citing a paragraph in Nesbitt’s

written enrollment agreement entitled “Arbitration Agreement.” The district

court denied Defendants’ motion. Defendants now appeal. Exercising


                                         2
jurisdiction pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C), we affirm.

                                          I

                                     The parties

      Defendants own and operate approximately thirty-one for-profit

occupational schools throughout the United States that provide education in

massage therapy and/or esthetics. Each school also provides personal services,

including massage therapy and esthetics, to the public for fees that are typically

lower than charged elsewhere in the community. Such services are performed by

students of the schools. Although the schools are paid by the public for the

services provided, the schools do not compensate their students for the labor

performed.

      Plaintiff Nesbitt, a resident of Denver, Colorado, enrolled in one of

Defendants’ schools: the Denver School of Massage Therapy (the School). As a

student at the School, Nesbitt was required to provide massage therapy services to

the public without compensation.

                             The Arbitration Agreement

      At the time of her enrollment, Nesbitt executed a written Enrollment

Agreement that outlined the terms and conditions of her enrollment in the School.

Included in the Enrollment Agreement, under a section entitled “STUDENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS,” was the following paragraph:




                                          3
Arbitration Agreement

You, the student, and Steiner Education Group (“SEG”) agree that
any dispute or claim between you and SEG (or any company
affiliated with SEG or any of its or SEG’s officers, directors,
employees or agents) arising out of or relating to (i) this Enrollment
Agreement, or the Student’s recruitment, enrollment or attendance at
SEG, (2) the education provided by SEG, (3) SEG’s billing, financial
aid, financing options, disbursement of funds or career service
assistance, (4) the enforceability, existence, scope or validity of this
Arbitration Agreement, or (5) any claim relating in any manner, to
any act or omission regarding Student’s relationship with SEG or
SEG’s employees, whether such dispute arises before, during or after
Student’s attendance at SEG, and whether the dispute is based on
contract, statute, tort, or otherwise, shall be resolved through binding
arbitration pursuant to this Section (the “Arbitration Agreement”).
Arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the Commercial
Rules of the American Arbitration Association applying federal law
to the fullest extent possible, and the substantive and procedural
provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. §§1-16) shall
govern this Arbitration Agreement and any and all issues relating to
the enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement and the arbitrability of
claims between the parties. Judgment upon the award rendered by
the Arbitrator may be entered in any court having competent
jurisdiction. There shall be no right or authority for any claims
within the scope of this Arbitration Agreement to be arbitrated or
litigated on a class basis, or for the claims of more than one Student
to be arbitrated or litigated jointly or consolidated with any other
Student’s claims. Each party shall bear the expense of its own
counsel, experts, witnesses, and preparation and presentation of
proofs. THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT LIMITS CERTAIN
RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO MAINTAIN A COURT
ACTION, THE RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL, THE RIGHT TO
PARTICIPATE IN ANY FORM OF CLASS OR JOINT CLAIM,
THE RIGHT TO ENGAGE IN DISCOVERY (EXCEPT AS
PROVIDED IN THE APPLICABLE ARBITRATION RULES), AND
THE RIGHT TO CERTAIN REMEDIES AND FORMS OF RELIEF.
OTHER RIGHTS THAT YOU OR SEG WOULD HAVE IN COURT
ALSO MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE IN ARBITRATION. RIGHT
TO REJECT: I may reject this Arbitration Agreement by mailing a
signed rejection notice to: Attention: Steiner Education Group

                                   4
      Corporate Office, Compliance Department, 2001 W Sample Road,
      Ste. 318, Pompano Beach, FL 33064 within 30 days after the date I
      sign this Enrollment Agreement. Any rejection notice must include
      my name, address, telephone number.

Aplt. App. at 83.

                              The filing of this action

      Nesbitt filed this purported class action against Defendants on April 7,

2014. The complaint alleged, in pertinent part, that Nesbitt and other students at

Defendants’ schools were effectively acting as employees of Defendants in

providing services to the public and, as such, were entitled under the FLSA and

the wage and hours laws of each state in which the schools operated to minimum

wages and/or overtime wages. The complaint also alleged that the arbitration

paragraph of the Enrollment Agreement signed by Nesbitt and other students

violated the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 29 U.S.C. § 151 et seq.

                     Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration

      Defendants moved the district court to stay the proceedings and compel

Nesbitt to arbitrate her individual claims against Defendants. In support,

Defendants cited the arbitration paragraph of the Enrollment Agreement

(hereinafter Arbitration Agreement) that Nesbitt signed when she enrolled in the

School. Defendants also argued that allowing Nesbitt to proceed with her court

action would contravene the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. §§ 1–16.

      The district court denied Defendants’ motion. In doing so, the district court


                                         5
agreed with Defendants that the Arbitration Agreement “[wa]s not procedurally

unconscionable.” Aplt. App. at 146. The district court reasoned that “[w]hile the

contract was certainly one of adhesion, . . . Nesbitt was provided an opportunity

to read the provision before signing it; notice of a variety of waivers was included

in capitalized letters and in the same font size and typeface as the rest of the

enrollment form sections; and . . . Nesbitt was given the opportunity to opt out of

the provision if she so chose.” 

district court noted, “while

she may not have had an opportunity to become familiar with the document on the

date she signed it, she had thirty days to familiarize herself with its terms and opt

out after enrolling.” 

district court agreed with Nesbitt that two provisions of the

Arbitration Agreement—the provision requiring arbitration to be conducted in

accordance with the Commercial Rules of the American Arbitration Association

and the provision requiring each party to bear its own expenses—effectively

deprived her of her rights under the FLSA. More specifically, the district court

concluded that “the application of the Commercial Rules and their fee splitting

provisions, along with the condition that . . . Nesbitt bear [her own] costs . . . ,

would effectively preclude [her] from pursuing her claims.” 

In

reaching this conclusion, the district court accepted Nesbitt’s estimate that “she

w[ould] likely incur between $2,320.50 and $12,487.50 in costs simply paying for

the arbitrator’s time,” 

and it noted her “affidavit establishing that she

                                            6
[could not] afford the costs of proceeding under the Commercial Rules,” 

The district court also concluded that requiring Nesbitt “to bear the costs of

her own counsel even should she prevail” violated public policy because it

amounted “to a prospective waiver of a statutory remedy while simultaneously

undermining the enforcement scheme erected by the FLSA.” 

      Finally, the district court concluded that because the Arbitration Agreement

contained “no savings clause and . . . [wa]s unambiguous,” the two unenforceable

provisions could not “be stricken, rendering the entire Arbitration Agreement

unenforceable.” 

appeal, Defendants challenge the district court’s denial of their motion

to stay the proceedings and compel arbitration. 1 “We review de novo . . . the

district court’s denial of a motion to compel arbitration.” Sanchez v. Nitro-Lift

Tech., 

, 1145 (10th Cir. 2014). “This review requires us to evaluate

whether the district court correctly found that no valid and enforceable agreement


      1
         The FAA “allows an interlocutory appeal from an order denying a motion
to compel arbitration under 9 U.S.C. § 4.” Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local
#111 v. Pub. Serv. Co. of Colo., 

, 1104–05 (10th Cir. 2014); see
Holick v. Cellular Sales of N.Y., LLC, 

, 394 n.5 (2d Cir. 2015)
(exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C) over district court’s
order denying defendant’s motion to compel arbitration); 15B Charles Alan
Wright, Arthur R. Miller, and Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure
§ 3914.17, at 12 (2d ed. 1992) (“Appeal is expressly permitted [by § 16 of the
FAA] from orders that deny petitions or applications to order or compel
arbitration . . . .”).

                                          7
to arbitrate the parties’ dispute exists.” Riley Mfg. Co. v. Anchor Glass

Container Corp., 

, 779 (10th Cir. 1998).

                                   Section 2 of the FAA

      It is undisputed that this case is governed by the FAA. Section 2 of the

FAA, described by the Supreme Court as the “primary substantive provision of

the Act,” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 

, 24

(1983), provides in pertinent part that

      [a] written provision in any maritime transaction or a contract
      evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration
      a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction . .
      . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds
      as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.

9 U.S.C. § 2. The Supreme Court “ha[s] described [§ 2] as reflecting both a

‘liberal federal policy favoring arbitration’ and the ‘fundamental principle that

arbitration is a matter of contract.’” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 

, 339 (2011) (citations omitted) (first quoting Moses H. 

, then quoting Rent–A–Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson, 

, 67

(2010)). “In line with these principles, courts must place arbitration agreements

on an equal footing with other contracts, and enforce them according to their

terms.” 

      That said, “[t]he final phrase of § 2,” often referred to as the “saving

clause,” “permits agreements to arbitrate to be invalidated by ‘generally

applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability,’ but not

                                            8
by defenses that apply only to arbitration or that derive their meaning from the

fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue.” 

Assocs., Inc.

v. Casarotto, 

, 687 (1996)).

                   The effective vindication exception to the FAA

      Federal courts have recognized what is referred to as “[t]he ‘effective

vindication’ exception” to the FAA. Am. Express Co. v. Italian Colors Rest., 

, 2310 (2013). This exception “originated as dictum in Mitsubishi

Motors [Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 

(1985)], where [the

Supreme Court] expressed a willingness to invalidate, on ‘public policy’ grounds,

arbitration agreements that ‘operat[e] . . . as a prospective waiver of a party’s

right to pursue statutory remedies.’” 

n.19 (emphasis added in Am. Express)). The Supreme Court recently

acknowledged that this exception “would certainly cover a provision in an

arbitration agreement forbidding the assertion of certain statutory rights,” and

“would perhaps cover filing and administrative fees attached to arbitration that

are so high as to make access to the forum impracticable.” 

      In Shankle v. B-G Maint. Mgmt. of Colo., Inc., 

, 1233–35

(10th Cir. 1999), we applied the effective vindication exception to invalidate a

“mandatory arbitration agreement, which [wa]s entered into as a condition of

continued employment, and which require[d] [the] employee to pay a portion of

the arbitrator’s fees.” In doing so, we acknowledged the FAA’s “presumption in

                                           9
favor of enforcing agreements to arbitrate—even where those agreements cover

statutory claims.” 

But we concluded that this presumption falters “if

the terms of an arbitration agreement actually prevent an individual from

effectively vindicating his or her statutory rights.” 

held,

“an arbitration agreement that prohibits use of the judicial forum as a means of

resolving statutory claims must also provide for an effective and accessible

alternative forum.” 

noted that the arbitration agreement before us

required the plaintiff/employee to pay for half of the arbitrator’s fees, which

would have totaled between $1,875 and $5,000, and that the plaintiff/employee

“could not afford such a fee.” 

that this “placed [the

plaintiff/employee] between the proverbial rock and a hard place—it prohibited

use of the judicial forum, where a litigant is not required to pay for a judge’s

services, and the prohibitive cost substantially limited use of the arbitral forum.”

Consequently, we affirmed the district court’s refusal to compel

arbitration of the plaintiff/employee’s claims.

       Did Nesbitt fail to meet her burden on the effective vindication issue?

      Defendants, citing the Supreme Court’s decision in Green Tree Fin. Corp.-

Alabama v. Randolph, 

(2000), argue that Nesbitt “failed to satisfy her

burden” of showing that “arbitration would be prohibitively expensive.” Aplt. Br.

at 18. Green Tree, which was issued slightly less than two years after our

decision in Shankle, addressed the question of whether an arbitration agreement

                                          10
was “unenforceable because it sa[id] nothing about the costs of arbitration, and

thus fail[ed] to provide [the plaintiff] protection from potentially substantial costs

of pursuing her federal statutory claims [under the Truth in Lending Act and the

Equal Credit Opportunity Act] in the arbitral 

. The Court

acknowledged that “[i]t may well be that the existence of large arbitration costs

could preclude a litigant . . . from effectively vindicating her federal statutory

rights in the arbitral forum.” 

“But the record” before it, the Court

noted, did “not show that [the plaintiff] w[ould] bear such costs if she [went] to

arbitration.” 

Court noted, “[t]he record reveal[ed] only the

arbitration agreement’s silence on the subject, and that fact alone,” the Court

stated, “[wa]s plainly insufficient to render it unenforceable.” 

The

Court emphasized that the party “seek[ing] to invalidate an arbitration agreement

on the ground that arbitration would be prohibitively expensive . . . bears the

burden of showing the likelihood of incurring such costs.” 

The Court

did not, however, reach the question of “[h]ow detailed the showing of prohibitive

expense must be before the party seeking arbitration must come forward with

contrary evidence.” 

that Nesbitt did not, as required by Green Tree, meet her

burden on the effective vindication issue for the simple reason that she “could

have opted out of the arbitration clause altogether and still enrolled in school.”

Aplt. Br. at 18. “Opting out,” they argue, “would have eliminated any dispute

                                          11
regarding the cost of arbitration.” 

however, that this argument is at odds with the decision in

Green Tree. In Green Tree, the Court stated that, “[i]n determining whether

statutory claims may be arbitrated, we first ask whether the parties agreed to

submit their claims to arbitration, and then ask whether Congress has evinced an

intention to preclude a waiver of judicial remedies for the statutory rights at

. The Court then separately addressed the effective

vindication exception, suggesting that this exception stands apart from the issue

of whether the parties voluntarily agreed to submit their claims to arbitration. In

other words, we read Green Tree as implying that the effective vindication

exception can apply even in situations where both parties voluntarily agreed, at

the outset of their relationship, to arbitrate any claims that might arise between

them. Under this framework, the availability of an opt-out clause is thus relevant

only to the threshold question of “whether the parties agreed to submit their

claims to arbitration,” 

not impact the availability of the effective

vindication exception. Consequently, we reject the Defendants’ assertion that the

availability for Nesbitt to opt out of the Arbitration Agreement now prevents her

from invoking the effective vindication exception.

      Defendants also argue that Nesbitt failed to satisfy her burden on the

effective vindication issue because she did not “pursue the possibility of deferred

or reduced [arbitration] fees.” Aplt. Br. at 18. Indeed, Defendants argue, the

                                          12
American Arbitration Association’s Commercial Rules include “fee-waiving

capabilities for parties in financial need.” 

As a result, they argue,

“there is no way to determine what costs she actually would have incurred in

arbitration.” 

      The problem with this argument, as Nesbitt convincingly notes, is that

“being at the mercy” of the arbitrator’s “discretion” as to whether to defer or

reduce her share of the arbitration fees “is not the same as the protections of the

FLSA.” Aplee. Br. at 25. And, indeed, both this court and others have rejected

arguments similar to the one now made by Defendants. In Shankle, we rejected

the employer’s argument that the arbitration agreement at issue should be

enforced because of the possibility that “an arbitrator could ‘shift’ fees by

awarding them as costs if the employee [wa]s successful on the 

, n.4. In doing so, we stated that “it [wa]s unlikely that an employee in

[the plaintiff’s] position, faced with the mere possibility of being reimbursed for

arbitrator fees in the future, would risk advancing those fees in order to access the

arbitral forum.” 

Sixth Circuit has rejected a similar argument,

noting that “[i]n many cases, if not most, employees considering the

consequences of bringing their claims in the arbitral forum will be inclined to err

on the side of caution, especially when the worst-case scenario would mean not

only losing on their substantive claims but also the imposition of the costs of the

arbitration.” Morrison v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 

, 665 (6th Cir.

                                          13
2003).

         Finally, Defendants argue that Nesbitt failed to satisfy her burden on the

effective vindication issue because she “presented no evidence regarding the cost

of prosecuting her class or collective action claims in federal court, which

information was necessary for the Court to perform the requisite analysis of

comparing arbitration and court costs.” Aplt. Br. at 18. We are under no

obligation to consider this argument, however, because Defendants failed to raise

it below. 2 See Martinez v. Angel Expl., LLC, 

, 974 (10th Cir. 2015)

(“We generally do not consider theories raised for the first time on appeal . . . .”).

         Thus, in sum, we reject Defendants’ assertion that Nesbitt failed to meet

her burden on the effective vindication issue.




         2
         Even if we were to consider the issue, there is no merit to it. As the
Sixth Circuit stated in Morrison, “[i]n many, if not most, cases, employees (and
former employees) bringing . . . claims” against their employer (or former
employer) “will be represented by attorneys on a contingency-fee basis,” and thus
“will face minimal costs in the judicial forum, as the attorney will cover most of
the fees of litigation and advance the expenses incurred in 

. That appears to be precisely the situation in this case. Moreover, the
Sixth Circuit emphasized that “[i]n the arbitral forum, the litigant faces an
additional expense—the arbitrator’s fee and costs—which are never incurred in
the judicial forum.” 

is precisely the case here: in the arbitral
forum, Nesbitt would be responsible for half of the arbitrator’s fee and costs. In
the judicial forum, in contrast, she would incur no such expenses. Finally, as
Nesbitt notes in her appellate response brief, she “will bear no . . . litigation costs
if she prevails [in federal court] on her [FLSA] claim” because of the FLSA’s fee-
shifting provisions. Aplee. Br. at 32.

                                           14
           Did the district court misinterpret the Arbitration Agreement?

      Defendants next argue that the district court, in invoking the effective

vindication exception to the FAA, erred in interpreting the fee and cost provisions

of the Arbitration Agreement. In particular, Defendants argue that “the

Arbitration Agreement is silent as to a prescribed allocation of arbitration fees

and arbitrator costs” and that “the District Court should have interpreted [this]

silence in a manner that would have eliminated the potential for burdensome fees,

by requiring Defendants to bear those costs.” Aplt. Br. at 19.

      Defendants, however, are wrong on this point. To be sure, the Arbitration

Agreement does not expressly mention arbitration fees and arbitrator costs. But it

does invoke the AAA’s Commercial Rules. And those Commercial Rules

expressly address the issue of such fees and costs. In particular, Rule 53, entitled

“Administrative Fees,” states:

      As a non-profit organization, the AAA shall prescribe administrative
      fees to compensate it for the cost of providing administrative
      services. The fees in effect when the fee or charge is incurred shall
      be applicable. The filing fee shall be advanced by the party or
      parties making a claim or counterclaim, subject to final
      apportionment by the arbitrator in the award. The AAA may, in the
      event of extreme hardship on the part of any party, defer or reduce
      the administrative fees.

AAA, Commercial Arbitration Rules, Rule 53 (2013). In turn, Rule 54, entitled

“Expenses,” provides:

      The expenses of witnesses for either side shall be paid by the party
      producing such witnesses. All other expenses of the arbitration,

                                         15
      including required travel and other expenses of the arbitrator, AAA
      representatives, and any witness and the cost of any proof produced
      at the direct request of the arbitrator, shall be borne equally by the
      parties, unless they agree otherwise or unless the arbitrator in the
      award assesses such expenses or any part thereof against any
      specified party or parties.

AAA, Commercial Arbitration Rules, Rule 54 (2013). Thus, in sum, the

Arbitration Agreement is not, as the Defendants suggest, “silent” on the issue of

fees and costs, but rather effectively incorporates Rules 53 and 54.

      Defendants also argue that “the District Court’s conclusory assertion that

the Arbitration Agreement precludes an arbitrator from awarding attorneys’ fees

at the conclusion of a successful FLSA claim is unsupportable.” Aplt. Br. at 19.

“At most,” they argue, “the Arbitration Agreement requires Plaintiff to initially

bear the expense of her own counsel.” 

argue, “the

arbitration clause makes clear that an award of attorneys’ fees is nevertheless

available by both expressly requiring an arbitrator to apply federal law ‘to the

fullest extent possible’ and by incorporating the AAA Commercial Rules which

expressly allow post-award fee shifting.” 

Agreement provides, in pertinent part, that “[e]ach party

shall bear the expense of its own counsel . . . .” Aplt. App. at 83. Thus, without

question, Nesbitt would be required to bear, at least initially, her own attorneys’

fees. What is less clear is whether this express fee provision can be overridden

by other portions of the Arbitration Agreement. As Defendants note, the


                                         16
Arbitration Agreement states that “[a]rbitration shall be conducted in accordance

with the Commercial Rules of the American Arbitration Association applying

federal law to the fullest extent possible.” 

is undisputed that the

FLSA, which presumably would be the “federal law” applied by the arbitrator,

requires a district court to award “a reasonable attorney’s fee . . . and costs of the

action” to a successful plaintiff. 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). As for the American

Arbitration Association’s Commercial Rules (which, as noted, are incorporated

into the Arbitration Agreement), they state that “[t]he award of the arbitrator(s)

may include . . . an award of attorneys’ fees if all parties have requested such an

award or it is authorized by law or their arbitration agreement.” AAA,

Commercial Arbitration Rules, Rule 47(d)(ii) (2013). Finally, the Arbitration

Agreement itself expressly states, in all-capital letters, that it limits “THE RIGHT

TO CERTAIN REMEDIES AND FORMS OF RELIEF” that would otherwise be

available in a court proceeding. Aplt. App. at 83.

      Considering all of these provisions together, we are left to conclude that the

Arbitration Agreement is internally inconsistent and thus ambiguous regarding the

availability of a fee award for Nesbitt. On the one hand, the Arbitration

Agreement expressly states that each party shall bear its own fees and that

remedies and forms of relief available in court may be limited by the Agreement.

On the other hand, the Arbitration Agreement incorporates both the applicable

substantive law at issue, in this case the FLSA, and the AAA’s Commercial

                                          17
Rules. As noted, these provisions would appear to authorize the arbitrator, should

Nesbitt prevail, to include fees in his or her award.

       All of which leads us to the same conclusion we reached in Shankle: “it is

unlikely that an employee in [the plaintiff’s] position, faced with the mere

possibility of being reimbursed for arbitrator fees in the future, would risk

advancing those fees in order to access the arbitral 

n.4.

                                          III

       For the reasons outlined above, we AFFIRM the district court’s order

denying Defendants’ motion to stay the proceedings and compel arbitration. 3




       3
        In her appellate response brief, Nesbitt argues that the district court erred
in rejecting her argument that the Arbitration Agreement was unenforceable
because it was unconscionable. We find it unnecessary to reach this issue.

                                          18