FILED
                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                 Tenth Circuit

                                                             November 21, 2016
                                     PUBLISH                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                 Clerk of Court
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                               TENTH CIRCUIT


 SAMI RAGAB, an individual,

             Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                    No. 15-1444

 MUHAMMAD HOWARD,
 individually and in his capacity as
 owner, partner, and corporate officer,
 ULTEGRA FINANCIAL PARTNERS,
 INC., a Colorado corporation; CLIVE
 FUNDING, INC., a Utah corporation,

             Defendants - Appellants,

 and

 SEED CONSULTING, d/b/a Seed
 Capital,

             Defendant.


        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
                (D.C. No. 1:15-CV-00220-WYD-MJW)


John Mallonee, Boulder, Colorado, for Defendants - Appellants.

Todd A. Wells (Theodore J. Gleason, and Coren R. Hinkle, with him on the
brief), of Gleason Wells, P.C., Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff - Appellee.


Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
KELLY, Circuit Judge.


      Defendants-Appellants Ultegra Financial, its CEO Muhammad Howard,

(collectively Ultegra Defendants) and Clive Funding, Inc., appeal from the district

court’s order denying their motion to compel arbitration. Ragab v. Howard, No.

15-cv-00220-WYD-MJW, 

(D. Colo. Nov. 2, 2015). Our

jurisdiction arises under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1) and we affirm.



                                     Background

      In 2013, Mr. Ragab entered into a business relationship with the Ultegra

Defendants. The parties had six agreements: a Consulting Agreement, a

Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (Purchase Agreement), an Operating

Agreement, an Assignment of Limited Liability Company Interest Agreement

(Assignment Agreement), an Employment Agreement, and a Non Circumvention,

Non Disclosure & Confidentiality Agreement (Non-Circumvention Agreement).

Aplt. App. 113–50.

      The agreements contain conflicting arbitration provisions. See Aplt. App.

167–87. Suffice it to say the conflicts involve (1) which rules will govern, (2)

how the arbitrator will be selected, (3) the notice required to arbitrate, and (4)




                                         -2-
who would be entitled to attorneys’ fees and on what showing. 1

      In 2015, Mr. Ragab sued the Ultegra Defendants for misrepresentation and

for violating several consumer credit repair statutes. The district court found that

Mr. Ragab’s claims fell within the scope of all six agreements. Ragab, 

, at *4. The Ultegra Defendants moved to compel arbitration. Mr. Ragab

added Defendant Clive Funding, Inc., which joined the Ultegra Defendants’

motion. The district court denied the motion to compel, concluding that there was

no actual agreement to arbitrate as there was no meeting of the minds as to how

claims that implicated the numerous agreements would be arbitrated.




      1
         For example:
       (1) the Consulting Agreement states that arbitration will proceed under the
rules of Colorado’s Uniform Arbitration Act of 1975, but the Operating
Agreement, Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, and the Assignment of
LLC Membership Interest all require application of the AAA Commercial
Arbitration Rules, and the Confidentiality and Non-circumvention Agreement
requires “Rules of the Colorado Court”;
       (2) the Consulting Agreement states that an arbitrator will be chosen by
consent of the parties, or appointed by a Colorado court if the parties cannot
agree; whereas the Operating Agreement, Membership Interest Purchase
Agreement, and the Assignment of LLC Membership Interest all require that the
arbitrator be chosen by the American Arbitration Association (AAA);
       (3) the Operating Agreement requires a thirty-day notice period prior to
proceeding to arbitration, whereas the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement
and the Assignment of LLC Membership Interest require only ten days; and
       (4) the Consulting Agreement requires each party to pay its own arbitration
costs and fees, but the Operating Agreement, Membership Interest Purchase
Agreement, and the Assignment of LLC Membership Interest all permit the award
of costs and fees to the prevailing party.

                                        -3-
                                      Discussion

A.    Motion to Compel Arbitration

      We review a district court’s denial of a motion to compel arbitration de

novo and apply the same legal standard as the district court. Armijo v. Prudential

Ins. Co. of Am., 

, 796 (10th Cir. 1995). We first address whether the

inconsistencies across the six arbitration provisions indicate that the parties failed

to have a meeting of the minds with respect to arbitration.

      The Supreme Court has “long recognized and enforced a ‘liberal federal

policy favoring arbitration agreements.’” Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc.,

, 83 (2002) (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr.

Corp., 

, 24–25 (1983)); see also 9 U.S.C. § 2 (“A written provision in

any . . . contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by

arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction . . .

shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at

law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.”). Therefore, “all doubts must

be resolved in favor of arbitration.” 

.

      However, whether a party agreed to arbitration is a contract issue, meaning

arbitration clauses are only valid if the parties intended to arbitrate. United

Steelworkers v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 

, 582 (1960); see

also Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 

, 478 (1989). No party can be compelled to submit a dispute to arbitration

                                          -4-
without having previously agreed to so submit. United 

.

       We apply state-law principles in deciding whether parties agreed to

arbitrate. First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 

, 944 (1995).

Contract formation in Colorado requires evidence “that the parties agreed upon all

essential terms.” I.M.A., Inc. v. Rocky Mountain Airways, Inc., 

,

888 (Colo. 1986). A meeting of the minds is essential. Agritrack, Inc. v. DeJohn

Housemoving, Inc., 

, 1192 (Colo. 2001). This can be demonstrated

by the parties’ “conduct, their oral statements and their writings, and other

evidence illuminating the circumstances surrounding the making of an

agreement.” 

. Courts cannot create or enforce contracts

between parties when the contract itself does not clearly demonstrate the parties’

intent. Newton Oil Co. v. Bockhold, 

, 908 (Colo. 1946).

       No Colorado court 2 has addressed whether parties can be compelled to

arbitrate given conflicting arbitration provisions, but other courts have. A New

Jersey 3 court, for example, has concluded that irreconcilable differences across

       2
         The parties reference extensively Bellman v. i3Carbon, LLC, 563 F.
App’x 608 (10th Cir. 2014), an unpublished order and judgment. Bellman is not
factually analogous to this case because it does not involve multiple conflicting
arbitration provisions, but rather an arbitration provision, and a forum selection
clause. 

We therefore do not find Bellman persuasive.
       3
         Other jurisdictions have also found that conflicting terms in multiple
arbitration provisions eliminate a duty to arbitrate. See, e.g., In re Toyota Motor
Corp. Unintended Acceleration Mktg., Sales Practices, & Prods. Liab. Litig., 838

                                         -5-
multiple arbitration provisions indicate that the parties did not agree to arbitrate.

See, e.g., NAACP of Camden Cty. E. v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp., 

, 794

(N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2011). At issue in NAACP were three agreements that

each contained an arbitration 

–82. The inconsistencies

across the six arbitration provisions in the case at hand almost mirror the

irreconcilable portions of the arbitration provisions in NAACP, including the

governing rules, the day by which the parties had to initiate arbitration, and which

party was responsible for the arbitration fees. 

Based on these

inconsistencies, the court found that “the arbitration provisions . . . [were] too

plagued with confusing terms and inconsistencies to put a reasonable consumer on

fair notice of their intended meaning.” 

Defendants and Clive

Funding, Inc. argue that NAACP is distinguishable because it involved an elderly

woman who was not well educated. 

Aplt. Br. at 24–25. This

distinction, however, is unavailing. As the court in NAACP explained, even if

the case involved a prudent purchaser — one who reads arbitration clauses — the

conflicting terms would have prevented her from understanding “what the exact

terms and conditions of that arbitration process would 

.

Relying on AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 

, 344 (2011), the

court also recognized that “the FAA does not require an arbitration provision to



F. Supp. 2d 967, 992 (C.D. Cal. 2012); Basulto v. Hialeah Auto., 

, 1156 (Fla. 2014).

                                         -6-
be enforced if the provision is defective for reasons other than public policy or

unconscionability.” 

That is the case here.

       Courts have granted motions to compel despite the existence of

conflicting arbitration provisions when the contracts themselves provide the

solution. For example, in Ex parte Palm Harbor Homes, Inc., 

, 660

(Ala. 2001), the parties had executed several agreements each containing a

different arbitration clause. 

ordered arbitration according to the

arbitration provision in the contract which contained a merger clause, concluding

that provision superceded the others. 4 

there is no language in

the six agreements that suggests one contract overrides the others, and we cannot

arbitrarily pick one to enforce because doing so could violate the other five.

      The Ultegra Defendants and Clive Funding further argue that the court

should compel arbitration here because courts have compelled arbitration based

on a single provision that merely requires arbitration, but does not spell out any

other arbitration-related terms. Aplt. Br. at 30–31; see Guthrie v. Barda, 

, 487 (Colo. 1975) (upholding an arbitration provision that only stated that

claims “shall be submitted to binding arbitration”). But such a scenario is not

relevant to this case, which involves multiple, specific, conflicting arbitration

      4
         “Typically, merger clauses are strong evidence that the parties did not
intend to include terms not expressly incorporated into the document containing
the clause.” Summit Contractors, Inc. v. Legacy Corner, L.L.C., 147 F. App’x
798, 801 (10th Cir. 2005).


                                        -7-
provisions, and not one general or vague arbitration clause.

      Thus, the conflicting details in the multiple arbitration provisions indicate

that there was no meeting of the minds with respect to arbitration. Such a

conclusion is fully supported by contract formation requirements in Colorado.

See 

(explaining that contract formation requires that

parties “agree[] upon all essential terms”).

B.    Summary Trial

      The Ultegra Defendants and Clive Funding also assert that the district court

erred in not granting them a summary trial in deciding whether the parties agreed

to arbitrate. Aplt. Br. at 44. Our review is de novo. See Howard v. Ferrellgas

Partners, L.P., 

, 978 (10th Cir. 2014).

      When parties do not dispute the material facts surrounding an arbitration

provision, then a district court, while viewing the facts most favorable to the non-

moving party, can decide as a matter of law whether the parties actually agreed to

arbitrate. 

is similar to the summary judgment standard. 

is a genuine dispute of material facts, district courts must “proceed

summarily to the trial” to resolve the factual disputes. 9 U.S.C. § 4.

      The district court found that there were “‘genuine issues of material fact

regarding the parties’ agreement,’” and therefore denied the motion to compel

arbitration. Ragab, 

, at *6 (quoting Hancock v. AT&T Co., 

, 1261 (10th Cir. 2012)). Be that as it may, there are no material factual

                                         -8-
disputes in this case that we can see: the parties agreed that they entered into six

agreements, and do not dispute what the arbitration provisions say. What

remained was an application of law: did the provisions conflict to such an extent

that the parties could not have had a meeting of the minds? 

. A summary trial on this issue was unnecessary.

      AFFIRMED.




                                         -9-
No. 15-1444, Ragab v. Howard

GORSUCH, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

      My colleagues are of course correct that “arbitration clauses are only valid

if the parties intended to arbitrate.” Op. at 4. But, respectfully, I just don’t see

any doubt that the parties before us did intend to arbitrate. All six — yes six —

of the parties’ interrelated commercial agreements contain arbitration clauses.

The plaintiff himself, the party the court today permits to avoid arbitration,

instructed his own counsel to draft three of these agreements. In my view, parties

to a commercial deal could have hardly demonstrated with greater clarity an

intention to arbitrate their disputes and I see no way we might lawfully rescue

them from their choice.

      To be sure and as my colleagues note, the six agreements before us differ

on the details concerning how arbitration should proceed. This disagreement, my

colleagues suggest, is fatal because to form a contract the parties must agree on

“essential terms.” Op. at 5, 8. But, respectfully, I believe treating the procedural

details surrounding arbitration in this case as nonessential terms would do a good

deal more to “effectuate[] the intent of the parties” before us, itself always the

goal of contract interpretation. Lane v. Urgitus, 

, 677 (Colo. 2006).

Indeed, I see two easy workarounds that I believe would be more consistent with

the parties’ expressed purposes than the course my colleagues chart. First, it

seems pretty clear the plaintiff in this case would be free to initiate arbitration

under the terms of whichever of the six agreements he prefers — after all, even
the defendants have expressly acknowledged that his claims fall within the scope

of every single agreement. So it is the plaintiff need only choose which

procedures he likes best. Second, Colorado’s preference for arbitration has led it

to enforce even arbitration clauses that say no more than that disputes “shall be

submitted to binding arbitration” without any discussion of procedural details.

Guthrie v. Barda, 

, 487 (Colo. 1975). In circumstances like these,

Colorado statutory law provides a method for appointing an arbitrator when the

agreement fails to do so, Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-22-211(1), and a means for the

arbitrator to determine any outstanding procedural issues, 

(process); 

(discovery); 

(attorneys’ fees). The

Federal Arbitration Act contains similar provisions. See 9 U.S.C. § 5; Green v.

U.S. Cash Advance Ill., LLC, 

, 792-93 (7th Cir. 2013) (collecting

cases using § 5 “to complete detail-free arbitration clauses”). We could simply

follow that well trodden path here too. Indeed, either of these routes would, it

seems to me, effectuate the intent of the parties much better than eradicating all

six arbitration agreements root and branch and allowing the plaintiff to escape the

consequences of a choice he once so clearly preferred but now simply regrets.

      Consider an analogy outside arbitration. In the “battle of the forms”

purchasers and vendors agree to transact but each side memorializes the deal on

its own standard forms. See, e.g., Daitom, Inc. v. Pennwalt Corp., 

,

1574 (10th Cir. 1984). This court has interpreted the Uniform Commercial Code

                                        -2-
to mean that conflicting terms in these forms knock each other out but do not void

the contract. 

That is because a meeting of the minds occurs with

respect to the fundamentals of the deal even if not with respect to the details. 

(explaining that the “fundamental purpose of the U.C.C. . . . is to preserve

a contract and fill in any gaps if the parties intended to make a contract and there

is a reasonable basis for giving an appropriate remedy”). Respectfully, I would

follow the same course here. Indeed, there may be an argument that both

Colorado law and the FAA require it. Colorado law given its strong support for

arbitration. See, e.g., 

(“Our constitution, our statutes, and

our case law all support agreements to arbitrate disputes.”). And the FAA given

its non-discrimination principle that requires us to treat arbitration clauses with

no less solicitude than we afford to other contractual provisions, like those that

apply in the battle of the forms context. See 9 U.S.C. § 2; AT&T Mobility LLC v.

Concepcion, 

, 339 (2011).

      In reaching the opposite judgment, my colleagues place great weight on

New Jersey cases that have voided arbitration agreements for inconsistency. But,

respectfully, I do not see the relevance of these authorities even taken on their

own terms. For example, in NAACP the court held that, as a matter of New Jersey

law, consumer contracts must “convey — with precision and consistency — what

the exact terms and conditions of th[e] arbitration process [are].” NAACP of

Camden Cty. E. v. Foulk Mgmt. Corp., 

, 794 (N.J. Super. Ct. App.

                                         -3-
Div. 2011). But the reasons for that rule find no purchase here. New Jersey

courts say they demand “extra clarity” in arbitration agreements to protect

consumers against unknowingly waiving their right to sue under the State’s

Consumer Fraud Act. See 

Rockel v. Cherry Hill Dodge, 

,

623 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2004). And they say they take “particular care” in

scrutinizing mutual assent in the consumer arena “because arbitration provisions

are often embedded in contracts of adhesion.” 

; see

also 

. But this case, by contrast, involves parties to a

commercial, not a consumer, transaction, with contracts actively negotiated by

both sides, not contracts of adhesion thrust upon the plaintiff. Indeed, three of

the six agreements before us contain handwritten modifications and, again, three

the plaintiff himself proposed (through his own attorney no less). Respectfully, it

seems to me that applying New Jersey’s extra clarity requirement to this case

divorces a rule from its reasons. Because the plaintiff here resembles a merchant

much more than a consumer, the battle of the forms offers the better analogy.

      Beyond even that and however instructive NAACP might be about New

Jersey law, I am also quite unsure whether it has anything to say about Colorado

law or whether it would survive a brush with the FAA. Colorado has not adopted

the same extra clarity requirement for consumer contracts that New Jersey has.

And until it does so I respectfully suggest we should prefer rules harmonious with

the State’s established policy in favor of arbitration and against erecting barriers

                                         -4-
to arbitration — especially where, as here, both parties have so clearly and

repeatedly demonstrated their desire to arbitrate. Then too there is the federal

policy favoring arbitration embodied in the FAA and armed with preemptive

force. The Supreme Court has held that the FAA preempts state laws that single

out arbitration clauses for disfavored treatment. See, e.g., Doctor’s Assocs., Inc.

v. Casarotto, 

, 687 (1996). And our sister circuits have held that

states may not disfavor arbitration through special rules about what’s required to

show contract formation. See, e.g., Progressive Cas. Ins. Co. v. C.A.

Reaseguradora Nacional De Venezuela, 

, 46 (2d Cir. 1993) (finding

preempted New York’s “discriminatory” requirement that arbitration agreements,

but not other agreements, be “express” and “unequivocal”). Whether or not the

FAA would preempt New Jersey’s special “extra clarity” rule for certain kinds of

arbitration agreements, that possibility undoubtedly exists and seems to me to

counsel against endorsing it without a good deal more careful investigation than

the parties offer us in this case.

       All this is not to say that I believe conflicting contract provisions might

never render an arbitration agreement void for lack of a meeting of the minds. In

some cases, for example, the parties’ contract documents will conflict on the

fundamental question whether they wish to arbitrate or not. See, e.g., Bellman v.

i3Carbon, LLC, 563 F. App’x 608, 614 (10th Cir. 2014). But that is not our case

and ours admits a straightforward resolution. Because the plaintiff asked for and

                                         -5-
received assent to three arbitration clauses he drafted and signed three others, all

in a commercial setting and while represented by counsel, I just don’t see how he

can now seriously claim that he never intended to arbitrate — or how we might

rightly rescue him from the consequences of his choice. I respectfully dissent.




                                         -6-