FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           May 2, 2016
                        _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
NATHAN DEVERON BRENNAN,

      Petitioner - Appellant,

v.                                                        No. 15-3325
                                                 (D.C. No. 5:15-CV-03254-JWL)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                   (D. Kan.)

      Respondent - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before LUCERO, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

      Nathan Brennan, proceeding pro se,1 appeals from the denial of his application

for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291, we affirm.2


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      1
          Although we liberally construe pro se filings, see Erickson v. Pardus, 

, 94 (2007) (per curiam), we may not “assume the role of advocate,” Yang v.
Archuleta, 

, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotations omitted); see also
United States v. Pinson, 

, 975 (10th Cir. 2009), and we do not “fashion
. . . arguments for [pro se litigants],” United States v. Fisher, 

, 1147
(10th Cir. 1994).
                                  I. BACKGROUND

       In 2007, Mr. Brennan was convicted of conspiracy to defraud, 18 U.S.C.

§ 371, and bank fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1344(2), in the Northern District of Georgia. He

was sentenced to 180 months in prison. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals

affirmed his sentence on direct appeal. See United States v. Brennan, 290 F. App’x

286, 287 (11th Cir. 2008) (unpublished).

       In 2015, Mr. Brennan, in federal custody in Leavenworth, Kansas, filed an

application for habeas relief in the District of Kansas under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. He

argued his 2007 sentence violated the Due Process Clause because it was based partly

on a 1996 state conviction in Georgia, which was itself obtained, he claimed, in

violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The district court dismissed his

application for lack of jurisdiction, concluding Mr. Brennan failed to show a remedy

under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 would have been inadequate or ineffective.

                                     II. ANALYSIS

       “We review the district court’s dismissal of a § 2241 habeas petition de novo.”

Brace v. United States, 

, 1169 (10th Cir. 2011) (quotations omitted).

       A § 2255 motion is “generally the exclusive remedy for a federal prisoner

seeking to attack the legality of detention, and must be filed in the district that

imposed the sentence.” 

brackets omitted). Congress has created

one exception under the savings clause of § 2255(e): “a federal prisoner may resort

       2
        A federal prisoner is not required to obtain a certificate of appealability to
seek review of a district court’s denial of a habeas application under § 2241.
Eldridge v. Berkebile, 

, 1241 (10th Cir. 2015).
                                           -2-
to § 2241 to contest his conviction if but only if the § 2255 remedial mechanism is

‘inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.’” Prost v. Anderson,

, 580 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e)). The applicant

bears the burden of showing he satisfies § 2255(e)’s savings clause. Abernathy v.

Wandes, 

, 549 (10th Cir. 2013). To determine whether the § 2255

remedy was inadequate or ineffective, we ask “whether a petitioner’s argument

challenging the legality of his detention could have been tested in an initial § 2255

motion. If the answer is yes, then the petitioner may not resort to the savings clause

and § 2241.” 

.

      Mr. Brennan’s argument could have been tested during his federal sentencing

and then under § 2255. “If an enhanced federal sentence will be based in part on a

prior conviction obtained in violation of the right to counsel [under Gideon v.

Wainwright, 

(1963)], the defendant may challenge the validity of his

prior conviction during his federal sentencing proceedings.” Daniels v. United

States, 

, 382-83 (2001) (citing Custis v. United States, 

,

496 (1994)). A defendant may also challenge “a prior conviction as the product of a

Gideon violation in a § 2255 motion, but generally only if he raised that claim at his

federal sentencing proceeding.” 

      Because Mr. Brennan could have attacked his Georgia conviction in a § 2255

motion, he has failed to show § 2255 was “inadequate or ineffective to test the

legality of his detention.” § 2255(e). The district court accordingly lacked

jurisdiction to review his application under § 2241. See 

                                          -3-
(“[W]hen a federal petitioner fails to establish that he has satisfied § 2255(e)’s

savings clause test—thus, precluding him from proceeding under § 2241—the court

lacks statutory jurisdiction to hear his habeas claims.”) (citing cases).

                                  III. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Mr.

Brennan’s § 2241 application. We deny his motion for leave to proceed in forma

pauperis on appeal.

                                                ENTERED FOR THE COURT,



                                                Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                                Circuit Judge




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