FILED
                                                             United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                 April 27, 2016
                                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                     Clerk of Court



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff - Appellant,
                                                         No. 15-5041
 v.                                           (D.C. No. 4:14-CR-00024-GKF-1)
                                                        (N.D. Okla. )
 MICHAEL MEDLOCK,

          Defendant - Appellee.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, GORSUCH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.


      In this interlocutory appeal, the government appeals from the district

court’s grant of Defendant-Appellee Michael Medlock’s motion for a new trial

and the district court’s order denying reconsideration. Fed. R. Crim. P. 33;

United States v. Medlock, No. 14-CR-24-GKF, 

(N.D. Okla.

Apr. 8, 2015) (denying reconsideration). Out of 18 counts charged, Mr. Medlock

was convicted of ten counts of bank fraud and three counts of money laundering;

he was acquitted of five counts of bank fraud. The district court granted the



      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
motion for new trial based upon ineffective assistance of counsel. We exercise

jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3731 and affirm.



                                    Background

      The government’s theory is that Mr. Medlock defrauded ONB Bank &

Trust Co. (ONB) by diverting customer payments on accounts receivable that

should have been sent to a bank lockbox account. The receivables were collateral

for various loans. To understand the actions—and inaction—of defense counsel,

we begin with a detailed recitation of the facts.

                          A. Loan Default and Indictment

      In 2003, Mr. Medlock purchased Klutts Equipment, Inc., a company that

buys and sells railroad equipment, through a holding company named Vincens

Omnibus, LLC. Mr. Medlock funded the purchase with personal assets, an

assumption of Klutts’s existing loans, and financing from Local Oklahoma Bank.

About two years later, Local Oklahoma Bank changed hands, and Klutts moved

its accounts to ONB. Klutts obtained various loans from ONB, granting ONB a

security interest in all of its assets now owned or later acquired, including

accounts receivable. ONB directed that the account debtors make payments to

ONB by depositing payments directly into an ONB lockbox account.

      Klutts eventually fell behind on its loan payments, and in November 2009,

ONB sent a formal demand letter for a deficiency of $58,732.50. See VI J.A.

                                        -2-
1519. Worried that ONB might exercise its power to freeze the account and

prevent future withdrawals, Mr. Medlock consulted with lawyer Ernest A.

Bedford. Medlock, 

, at *2. Mr. Bedford advised Mr. Medlock

to open another account so Klutts could continue to operate. 

later,

ONB froze the lockbox account. At this time, Mr. Medlock already had an

account at Bank of Oklahoma (BOK) for personal use (ending in -0399), and he

opened another BOK account (-7837) as well as an account at IBC Bank (-2702).

      After Klutts’s default, ONB filed suit in January 2010. In April 2011, ONB

obtained a $2.5 million judgment against Mr. Medlock personally, and a receiver

was appointed to manage Klutts. See Aplee. Br. at 7. ONB then met with federal

investigators and filed a suspicious activity report. IV J.A. 832–33. In 2014, the

government indicted Mr. Medlock, alleging he had devised and carried out a

scheme to defraud ONB by diverting 15 payments made on accounts receivable

away from the lockbox account and into other accounts. 1 Medlock, 

, at *2–3. Five railroad companies or related entities made these

payments between November 2008 and February 2011: Dana Galgana (counts

1–2); Galgana’s business Cricket Enterprises (counts 2–3, 5–6, 8–12, 15); Allen

Engineering Contractor, Inc. (count 4); Grace Railroad Contractors (count 7); and

Progressive Rail, Inc. (counts 13–14). The payments were addressed to either Mr.

      1
        The government states that Mr. Medlock actually diverted 111 payments
away from the lockbox, about 40% of Klutts’s receivables during the period. VI
J.A. 1319; Aplt. Br. at 3.

                                        -3-
Medlock (counts 1–3, 5–6, 8–9, 15), Klutts (counts 4, 7, 10, 14), or

Vincens/Klutts (counts 11–13). The government also charged Mr. Medlock with

three counts of money laundering, resulting from payments allegedly diverted

from the receivables: two payments to Boston College and one payment to

Toyota. I J.A. 17–19. A table summarizing the first 15 counts appears below:

Count     Result      Date    Bank Acct.       Amount     Payor           Payee
   1    Convicted 11-19-08 BOK -0399 $24,681.00 Galgana                   Medlock
   2    Convicted 12-03-08 BOK -0399 $ 9,875.00 Galgana          Medlock
                                                (Cricket Enter.)
   3    Convicted 12-09-08 BOK -0399 $42,000.00 Cricket Enter.            Medlock
   4    Convicted 06-17-09 BOK -0399 $18,300.00 Allen Eng’g               Klutts
   5    Acquitted 08-27-09 BOK -0399 $17,000.00 Cricket Enter.            Medlock
   6    Acquitted 08-28-09 BOK -0399 $10,000.00 Cricket Enter.            Medlock
   7    Convicted 09-15-09 BOK -0399 $30,250.00 Grace RR                  Klutts
   8    Acquitted 11-04-09 BOK -0399 $ 8,750.00 Cricket Enter.            Medlock
   9    Acquitted 02-01-10 BOK -0399 $ 6,250.00 Cricket Enter.            Medlock
  10    Convicted 04-28-10     IBC -2702      $21,735.00 Cricket Enter.   Klutts
  11    Convicted 09-10-10     IBC -2702      $15,000.00 Cricket Enter.   Vincens/
                                                                          Klutts
  12    Convicted 09-27-10     IBC -2702      $ 2,900.00 Cricket Enter.   Vincens/
                                                                          Klutts
  13    Convicted 11-16-10     IBC -2702      $42,500.00 Progressive      Vincens/
                                                                          Klutts
  14    Convicted 01-27-11 BOK -7837 $45,430.00 Progressive               Klutts
  15    Acquitted 02-23-11 BOK -0399 $10,454.98 Cricket Enter.            Medlock

       Throughout his difficulties with ONB, the government investigation, and

                                        -4-
the criminal trial, Mr. Medlock retained Mr. Bedford, the attorney he originally

consulted in 2009, in some capacity. Medlock, 

, at *3. Shortly

before the formal indictment, Mr. Bedford was joined by another attorney, Art

Fleak, who represented Mr. Medlock at his initial appearance and in pretrial

motions. Id.; see also Aplee. Br. at 9.

                B. Pretrial Investigation, Defenses, and Conviction

      In response to the government’s theory that Mr. Medlock defrauded ONB

by diverting payments into his personal accounts, Mr. Medlock and his attorneys

considered two relevant defenses.

      First, Mr. Medlock claimed that the 15 payments allegedly diverted from

Klutts’s lockbox account were actually commissions for his personal work as a

broker that were not covered by the ONB security interest and lockbox

arrangement. Medlock, 

, at *3. To show the payments were

part of his brokerage business, Mr. Medlock compiled information about the 15

challenged transactions for his attorneys. He described the first eight counts in

detail, identifying the people and entities involved and explaining how, acting as

a broker, he connected the buyer and seller. 

this information in advance of the trial, his attorneys did

not investigate. 

Mr. Bedford testified that he contacted two individuals

who were never called as witnesses but none of the parties Mr. Medlock




                                          -5-
mentioned. 2 Id.; see also X J.A. 2278. Neither he nor Mr. Fleak issued any

discovery requests to the government or subpoenaed any documents from private

parties—even after a specific request from Mr. Medlock. Medlock, 

, at *4. Mr. Medlock stated that he raised concerns that the government

had more documentation on the transactions that involved Mr. Galgana or his

company Cricket Enterprises. 

attorney lodged an informal or

formal request for additional information. 

Mr. Medlock, his trial attorneys did not address relevant

details in their direct examination of him or the cross-examination of Mr. Galgana

at trial. During Mr. Medlock’s direct examination, Mr. Bedford did not cover the

details of the 15 counts of bank fraud despite the information Mr. Medlock

provided. 

Galgana’s cross examination, Mr. Fleak asked no

specific questions about the transactions underlying counts 5, 6, 8–12, 13, and 15.

       In addition to claiming the 15 transactions were commissions for brokering

deals, Mr. Medlock also planned to argue that after ONB froze the lockbox

account, he deposited the money into other accounts on the advice of his attorney

Mr. Bedford. 

In April 2014, Mr. Fleak urged Mr. Bedford and Mr.

Medlock to prepare testimony about their conversation in 2009. In July 2014, Mr.

       2
       Mr. Fleak testified it was Mr. Bedford’s job to contact witnesses.
Medlock, 

, at *4 n.1. Mr. Fleak did not contact any witnesses.

listed Mr. Bedford as a witness. The government maintained that Mr.

Bedford could not serve both as a witness and as an attorney because it would

compromise the attorney-client privilege and allow potential questioning about

Mr. Medlock’s pre-indictment statements. Still, just days before the trial, Mr.

Medlock and Mr. Fleak sent emails indicating that Mr. Bedford planned to testify.

         Two unexpected incidents occurred the day before the trial began. First,

the government sent defense counsel a one-page summary chart prepared by a

former Klutts employee. 

The chart, which the government planned to

introduce at trial, included details regarding 26 Klutts invoices from 2010 to

2011, including invoices related to payments from Cricket Enterprises and

Progressive Railroad. Mr. Medlock dismissed the chart as inconsequential

because all the transactions listed occurred after ONB froze the lockbox—and

therefore would be explained by the advice-of-counsel defense. Despite Mr.

Medlock’s expectations, however, Mr. Bedford abruptly entered an appearance as

counsel that same night, explaining that he would no longer act as a witness. Mr.

Bedford suggested the defense would “weave in advice of counsel indirectly.” 

         On July 28, 2014, the morning of the trial, Mr. Medlock’s attorneys told the

court they would not present an advice-of-counsel defense. 

Medlock had an emotional outburst in the courtroom concerning the change. 

Fleak also protested the government’s last-minute production of the summary

chart but neither he nor Mr. Medlock asked for a continuance to investigate the

chart’s information. 

Four days later, Mr. Medlock was convicted of 10

counts of bank fraud and three counts of money laundering. He was acquitted on

five counts of bank fraud.

                          C. Post-Trial Motions and Rulings

      After the jury verdict, Mr. Medlock obtained new counsel who filed a

motion for a new trial asserting, among other things, ineffective assistance of

counsel. V J.A. 1040. The trial judge recused herself and the matter was

reassigned to a new district judge who granted an evidentiary hearing on Mr.

Medlock’s motion. At that hearing, the district court ruled from the bench

concluding the interests of justice required vacating the judgment and granting a

new trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel, namely Mr. Bedford’s lack of

pretrial investigation and his abandonment of the advice-of-counsel defense at the

eleventh hour. X J.A. 2368. The government sought reconsideration. IX J.A.

1886. The district court denied the motion but, upon reconsideration, determined

that while the lack of pretrial investigation still constituted ineffective assistance,

the last-minute withdrawal of the advice-of-counsel defense did not because:

(1) Mr. Medlock did not disclose all relevant facts to Mr. Bedford concerning the

obligation to put accounts receivable in the lockbox, and (2) the defense would

have been inconsistent with Mr. Medlock’s claims that the 15 transactions arose

                                          -8-
from his personal brokerage activities. Medlock, 

, at *8. The

government then filed this appeal.



                                     Discussion

      We review a district court’s decision to grant a new trial for abuse of

discretion, United States v. Crowe, 

, 1244 (10th Cir. 2013),

upholding its decision absent such abuse. A district court abuses its discretion

when it decides a new trial motion based upon an error of law (which we review

de novo) or a material fact that is mistaken (which we review for clear error). Id.;

United States v. Jordan, 

, 1252 (10th Cir. 2015) (noting that

credibility determinations warrant deference). In this case, we apply the familiar

test of Strickland v. Washington, 

, 686 (1984), and analyze whether

the district court abused its discretion in concluding that Mr. Medlock was

entitled to a new trial given a showing of deficient performance and prejudice.

The government maintains neither requirement of Strickland was satisfied,

arguing that (1) defense counsel was not constitutionally deficient in the pretrial

investigation, and (2) Mr. Medlock did not demonstrate that he was prejudiced by

his counsel’s errors.

                             A. Deficient Performance

      First, we must consider whether defense counsel’s performance was

deficient—whether it “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.”

                                        -9-


. We begin with a strong presumption of attorney

competence. Kimmelman v. Morrison, 

, 384 (1986). A defendant

can only rebut this presumption by showing an attorney’s conduct does not mirror

“the exercise of the skill, judgment, and diligence of a reasonable competent

defense attorney.” Fisher v. Gibson, 

, 1292 (10th Cir. 2002)

(quoting Osborn v. Shillinger, 

, 625 (10th Cir. 1988)). The issue is

whether a reasonable, competent defense attorney would have undertaken a more

thorough investigation on Mr. Medlock’s behalf or made a reasonable

determination that such an investigation was not necessary. 

. The district court found that defense counsel failed to satisfy either

requirement; we agree.

      Although there is no precise formula, an attorney fulfills the requirement to

conduct a reasonable investigation when he or she spends time consulting with the

defendant, files any necessary discovery and pretrial motions, and makes

reasonable efforts to locate parties that could have pertinent information to the

case. See generally United States v. Rivera, 

(10th Cir. 1990);

Denton v. Ricketts, 

(10th Cir. 1986). Conversely, failure to conduct

any pretrial investigation constitutes a clear instance of ineffectiveness. See

United States v. Gray, 

, 711 (3d Cir. 1989) (finding counsel’s

performance was deficient when counsel made virtually no effort to investigate

his client’s case); see also Williams v. Washington, 

, 679 (7th Cir.

                                        - 10 -
1995). Here, Mr. Bedford failed to investigate beyond his client. He contacted

none of the people involved in the transactions in the indictment except two

tangential witnesses who were never called at trial. He made no arrangements to

interview government witnesses. He issued no subpoenas. He filed no discovery

requests despite Mr. Medlock’s specific entreaty that the government was

withholding information relevant to several charges against him. See Couch v.

Booker, 

, 246 (6th Cir. 2011) (“It is particularly unreasonable to fail

to track down readily available and likely useful evidence that a client himself

asks his counsel to obtain.”). When Mr. Bedford received evidence from the

government on the eve of the trial, he did not seek a continuance. Cf. Snow v.

Sirmons, 

(10th Cir. 2007) (finding that failing to seek a continuance

was objectively reasonable when the district provided a one-day continuance

without counsel’s request and the witness was vigorously crossed at trial). And

we cannot overlook the district court’s observation that the last-minute decision

to not pursue an advice-of-counsel defense foreclosed an adequate investigation

of certain counts in the indictment. When considered in the aggregate, Mr.

Bedford’s failures constitute ineffective assistance. See 

(finding counsel’s representation was objectively unreasonable when, among

other things, attorney filed no discovery motions, failed to interview witnesses,

and failed to investigate an alibi).

      The government argues that after “numerous discussions” with Mr.

                                       - 11 -
Medlock, Mr. Bedford made an informed choice not to pursue any additional

investigation, and therefore, his actions were reasonable. Aplt. Br. at 44–45. We

cannot find, however, that this decision was an informed one. See Heard v.

Addison, 

, 1180 (10th Cir. 2013) (noting that a decision not to

investigate is not reasonable if it is uninformed). The record shows that Mr.

Medlock provided details, including names, dates, and amounts, on the

transactions charged in the first eight counts of the indictment. Mr. Bedford made

no effort to confirm this information. Even if, as the government argues, Mr.

Bedford did not want to unearth “additional ammunition” against his client, see

Aplt. Br. at 45, there is no reason he could not have attempted to simply talk to

those involved in the transactions or request additional documents. For example,

at the evidentiary hearing on Mr. Medlock’s motion for a new trial, John McBride

of Smith Railway Construction corroborated Mr. Medlock’s side brokerage

defense, testifying that Mr. Medlock was acting separately from his role at Klutts.

Mr. Medlock also offered declarations with similar statements from two other

individuals. Furthermore, if Mr. Bedford planned to rely solely on Mr. Medlock’s

account, he failed to develop it during his direct examination. Mr. Medlock later

testified at the evidentiary hearing—and supplied corroborating emails—that the

basis for count 11 was merely a loan from Cricket to allow Klutts to make

payroll, not a receivable of any kind. X J.A. 2223–24. This was never explained

at trial. Although it is certainly true that “[a] defendant is not entitled to an

                                          - 12 -
attorney who will leave not the smallest stone unturned[,] . . . when the defendant

has but one stone, it should at least be nudged.” Coleman v. Brown, 

, 1234 (10th Cir. 1986) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      We find ample evidence that defense counsel’s investigation did not

conform to prevailing professional norms. Insofar as the abandonment of the

advice-of-counsel defense, 3 the district court noted that while it might have been

tactical, the lateness of the abandonment contributed to the inadequate

investigation: had Mr. Medlock been informed earlier that the defense would not

be used, he could have provided counsel with detailed information on counts 10

through 14 that may have supported his defense that the payments resulted from

his brokerage activities. Medlock, 

, at *8.

                                    B. Prejudice

      Next, we shift our focus to prejudice under Strickland. To show defense

counsel’s actions prejudiced the trial, a defendant must demonstrate that there is a

“reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different.” 

. The

district court concluded that Mr. Medlock made such a showing, finding that the

various deficiencies in defense counsel’s investigation undermined confidence in

the outcome of the proceedings.

      3
         We need not address the abandonment of the advice-of-counsel defense
further as there remain sufficient grounds to uphold the district court’s grant of
the motion for a new trial.

                                        - 13 -
      Here, counsel’s failure to investigate has several facets—documentary and

testimonial. The government maintains that we must determine how each facet

prejudiced all 13 counts of conviction. Under the circumstances of this case, we

think that a count-by-count approach would contradict Strickland’s instructions.

      When counsel’s representation is deficient in several respects, we do not

try to measure the result of each individual error; instead we evaluate how the

errors affected the overall fairness of the proceeding. See 

(repeatedly stating prejudice inquiry in aggregate terms); see 

, 1309 (assessing prejudice from counsel’s “numerous” errors and concluding

there was a “devastating impact on the defense”); see also Pavel v. Hollins, 

, 216 (2d Cir. 2001) (examining the cumulative weight of defense

counsel’s flaws rather than the effect of them standing alone). In making this

determination, we consider the totality of the evidence before the jury, cognizant

that “[s]ome errors will have had a pervasive effect on the inferences to be drawn

from the evidence, altering the entire evidentiary picture, and some will have had

an isolated, trivial effect.” 

–96 (emphasis added).

      Mr. Medlock’s trial presents a case where there is a reasonable probability

that defense counsel’s errors altered the evidentiary landscape. Two

considerations compel that conclusion. First, the government alleged the bank

fraud and money laundering charges were part of a single scheme to defraud

ONB. See Aplt. Reply Br. at 33 (noting the scheme to defraud was far broader

                                       - 14 -
than the 15 individual transactions charged). That allegation makes Mr.

Medlock’s case different from those that our sister circuits have held required a

finding of prejudice on each and every count of conviction. In those cases, the

defendants were convicted of separate and distinct episodes of criminality. See

Sully v. Ayers, 

(9th Cir. 2013) (failing to find any prejudice from

counsel’s failure to introduce a defendant’s diminished mental state when the

defendant was convicted of six counts of first-degree murder) (emphasis added);

French v. Carter, No. CV410-141, 

(S.D. Ga. Aug. 16, 2012),

report and recommendation adopted, No. CV410-141, 

(S.D.

Ga. Oct. 2, 2012), aff’d sub nom. French v. Warden, 

(11th Cir.

2015) (failing to find prejudice when defense counsel erred in preserving

appellate review for only one of two counts of molestation); Joseph v. United

States, No. 04-60128-CR, 

(S.D. Fla. Oct. 20, 2008) (failing to

find prejudice when defendant only claimed ineffective assistance related to his

conviction for a crack cocaine conspiracy and not his conviction for a cocaine

conspiracy). Here, Mr. Medlock was convicted of multiple counts stemming from

a single scheme.

      Second, the influence of counsel’s deficient investigation was pervasive,

potentially affecting everything from opening and closing statements to cross

examinations to the presentation of the defense’s case-in-chief. See, e.g., Frost v.

Pryor, 

, 1233 (10th Cir. 2014) (Lucero, J., dissenting) (noting that

                                        - 15 -
“[g]iven the centrality” of the error, the court’s finding of no prejudice was

unreasonable). The absence of a real investigation caused a failure to introduce

any corroboration for Mr. Medlock’s claims despite a showing that such evidence

exists. It also made it difficult for the defense to effectively cross-examine Mr.

Galgana, who was involved in numerous payments. Without offering a viable

defense to the 15 counts of bank fraud, defense counsel could not effectively

explain the three remaining counts of money laundering that were based on the

diverted payments. These unique aspects of the case simply do not allow us to

neatly confine the repercussions of counsel’s lackluster investigation.

      The government disputes that the consequences were so far-reaching,

especially with regard to counts 4, 13, and 14, arguing that the district court’s

finding of prejudice is merely speculative and asking us to be more specific. As

the district court noted, if the jury was willing to consider Mr. Medlock’s

uncorroborated and undeveloped defense of a brokerage business, the jury might

have been convinced by a more “fulsome explanation” of the remaining

transactions. Medlock, 

, at *6.

      This is not to say that future cases will never require a showing of

prejudice count-by-count, as the government advocates here. In Mr. Medlock’s

case, however, defense counsel’s errors tainted the fairness of the entire

proceeding, particularly because of the nature of the error and the underlying

allegation of a single, unitary scheme.

                                          - 16 -
AFFIRMED.


            Entered for the Court


            Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
            Circuit Judge




            - 17 -