FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS      Tenth Circuit

                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                      May 20, 2019

                                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                      Clerk of Court

    FRANK R. MONTERO,

          Plaintiff - Appellant,
                                                        No. 18-5011
    v.                                       D.C. No. 4:17-CV-00622-TCK-JFJ
                                                       (N.D. Okla.)

    TULSA AIRPORT
    IMPROVEMENTS TRUST,

          Defendant - Appellee.



                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before MATHESON, McKAY, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.


         In this case, a pro se plaintiff sued in state court and then purported

to transfer or remove the case to federal court. The federal district court

dismissed the action based on the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Though this

doctrine doesn’t apply, a plaintiff can’t transfer or remove a case to federal


*
      Oral argument would not materially help us to decide this appeal. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2)(C); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). We have thus decided
the appeal based on the briefs and record on appeal.

      This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value if
otherwise appropriate. Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a); 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
court after suing in state court. We thus vacate the dismissal and remand

with directions to remand the case to state district court.

1.    Background

      Mr. Frank Montero sued the Tulsa Airport Improvements Trust in

Oklahoma state district court. The state district court entered judgment for

the Trust and awarded attorney’s fees to the Trust. Mr. Montero then

unsuccessfully moved for post-judgment relief and appealed to the

Oklahoma Supreme Court.

      While the appeal was pending in the Oklahoma Supreme Court, Mr.

Montero began this action in federal district court by moving to transfer

venue. In the motion, Mr. Montero

           referred to the state case and

           purported to either transfer the state case to federal district
            court (under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)) or remove the state case to
            federal district court (under 28 U.S.C. § 1441).

The federal district court dismissed the action sua sponte under the

Rooker-Feldman doctrine, which would preclude subject-matter

jurisdiction. 1 The plaintiff appeals the dismissal. 2


1
      The Trust also moved to strike Mr. Montero’s filings and to dismiss
the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The district court did not
rule on these motions.
2
      Mr. Montero also filed a motion to alter the dismissal. The district
court denied this motion, but Mr. Montero did not file a notice of appeal
with respect to that ruling.


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2.    The District Court’s Reliance on the Rooker-Feldman Doctrine

      We engage in review de novo of the dismissal for lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction. Chapman v. Oklahoma, 

, 749 (10th Cir.

2006). Exercising de novo review, we conclude that the district court erred

in dismissing the action under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. “[F]ederal

jurisdiction is not barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine if suit ‘was filed

before the end of the state courts’ appeal process.’” 

v. Khalsa, 

, 1029 (10th Cir. 2006)). Mr. Montero brought

this suit before the state-court appeal was decided, so the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine does not apply.

3.    Invalidity of Mr. Montero’s Transfer or Removal

      But we conclude that the district court lacked jurisdiction because a

plaintiff cannot

           transfer a case from state court to federal district court under
            28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) or

           remove a case from state court to federal district court under 28
            U.S.C. § 1441. 3


3
      Mr. Montero argues that the defendant was late in moving to dismiss.
A motion to dismiss (or remand) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction can
be made at any time. See Kontrick v. Ryan, 

, 455 (2004) (“A
litigant generally may raise a court’s lack of subject-matter jurisdiction at
any time in the same civil action, even initially at the highest appellate
instance.”); Wis. Dep’t of Corr. v. Schacht, 

, 392 (1998)
(noting that a motion to remand for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may
be made “at any time”). But even if the Trust had been late in raising the
issue, we would need to decide sua sponte whether jurisdiction existed in


                                      3
      Section 1404(a) authorizes a federal district court to transfer a case

on its docket to another federal district court; this section does not allow a

state court to transfer a case to federal court. See 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a); see

also Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Country Chrysler, Inc., 

, 1515

(10th Cir. 1991) (“Congress enacted 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) in 1948 ‘as a

federal housekeeping measure, allowing easy change of venue within a

unified federal system.’” (quoting Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 

, 254 (1981))).

      Section 1441 does permit removal of a case from state court to

federal court. But a plaintiff like Mr. Montero cannot remove the case. See

Hamilton v. Aetna Life & Cas. Co., 

, 643 (2d Cir. 1993) (per

curiam) (“No section [of the U.S. Code] provides for removal by a

plaintiff.”); see also 14C Charles Alan Wright, et al., Federal Practice and

Procedure § 3730, at 607 (2018) (stating that “plaintiffs cannot remove”

cases to federal court).

                                    * * *




district court. Cellport Sys., Inc. v. Peiker Acustic GMBH & Co. KG, 

, 1029 (10th Cir. 2014).



                                      4
         Mr. Montero could not transfer or remove his case from state court to

federal court, so the federal court never obtained jurisdiction. 4 The case

should thus return to state court. So we vacate the dismissal and remand

with directions for the federal district court to remand to the state district

court.

                                     Entered for the Court



                                     Robert E. Bacharach
                                     Circuit Judge




4
      After Mr. Montero purported to transfer or remove the suit, he filed a
federal petition that included federal claims. But Mr. Montero’s right to
transfer or remove the case is determined at the time of the purported
transfer or removal. See Pullman Co. v. Jenkins, 

, 537 (1939)
(noting that the “right to remove” is “to be determined according to the
plaintiffs’ pleading at the time of the petition for removal”); Pfeiffer v.
Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 

, 1488 (10th Cir. 1991) (“[T]he
propriety of removal is judged on the complaint as it stands at the time of
the removal.”). Accordingly, we do not address the issues that Mr. Montero
raises in his federal petition.


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