In this tax case, 79 T.C. 456, we decide the tax consequences arising out of the transfer of mortgages and a promissory note from an ex-husband of the taxpayer, where the transfer occurred when the ex-husband was in arrears in alimony payments. We affirm.

Dorothy Olster and her husband executed a property settlement and custody agreement (original agreement) dated April 6, 1972, providing that petitioner would receive $2,500 per month alimony for life. Upon remarriage, however, petitioner would only be entitled to a lump sum amount equal to two years' alimony, or $60,000. On April 11, 1972, Olster and her husband were divorced; the final judgment incorporated by reference the original agreement. Over the next few years, Olster's ex-husband experienced severe financial difficulties. By June 10, 1976, he was in substantial arrears in his alimony payments.

On June 10, 1976, Olster and her ex-husband executed a "Stipulation for Modification of Agreements and Lump-Sum Settlement Agreement" (modification agreement) designed to alleviate the harshness of the alimony obligations of the ex-husband under the original agreement and to guarantee a more realistic income flow to petitioner.1 Pursuant to paragraph 2(A) of the modification agreement, the ex-husband transferred to Olster mortgages with a face value of $87,243.18. Of the six mortgages transferred, three were wrap-around mortgages.2 The modification agreement also provided that the ex-husband would continue to pay the first mortgages underlying the three wrap-around mortgages. If the ex-husband failed to make the payments, Olster would have been entitled under the modification agreement to the difference between the first mortgage payments owed and the amount due Olster under the wrap-around mortgages. In addition to the mortgages, Olster received a $25,000 promissory note payable one year after execution of the modification agreement. This note was secured by a mortgage on a parcel of land owned by the ex-husband located in Dade County, Florida.

Olster filed a 1976 individual tax return in which she excluded the value of the mortgages. In 1980, the Internal Revenue Service issued a notice of deficiency in the amount of $26,796.62.3 In July, 1980, Olster filed suit in the tax court seeking a redetermination of this deficiency. The issues before the tax court were (1) whether the mortgages were in settlement of the ex-husband's past as well as future alimony obligations or solely in settlement of future alimony obligations; (2) if the value of the mortgages were in satisfaction of past alimony obligations and are includable in gross income, whether such value is to be measured by the amount of alimony arrearages or the fair market value of the mortgages transferred; (3) what is the value of the alimony arrearages; and (4) what is the fair market value of the mortgages Olster received. The tax court held that the transfer of the mortgages was in consideration for the release of the ex-husband's past alimony obligations and determined that the fair market value of the mortgages, $36,183.24, was includable in Olster's gross income for 1976. Pursuant to 26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 7482(a) (West Supp.1984), Olster brings this appeal.

On this appeal, we must consider four main issues: (A) whether the tax court's finding that the transferred mortgages were intended as satisfaction of past, present, and future alimony obligations was clearly erroneous; (B) whether the tax court erred as a matter of law in determining that a mortgage transferred without the underlying note has value; (C) whether the tax court erred as a matter of law in determining that the value of the mortgages to be included in gross income was the fair market value of the mortgages, and not the amount of cash received in payment on the mortgage debt during the 1976 tax year; and (D) whether the government has a duty to determine a tax deficiency by the method most favorable to Olster.

A. Whether the mortgages were satisfaction for past as well as future alimony obligations.

Olster argues that paragraph 3 of the modification agreement identifies the release of the right to future alimony payments as the exclusive consideration for the transfer of the mortgages and the promissory note. The government contends that paragraphs 2 and 3 must be read together, and when read together, support the interpretation that past alimony payments were also consideration for a receipt of the mortgages and the promissory note.

Under 26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 71(a)(1) (West 1984), Olster is required to include in gross income "periodic payments" made pursuant to a decree of divorce by her ex-spouse.4 Alimony payments received on time are taxed in the year of receipt. The tax consequences of delinquent alimony payments, however, are determined based on the intent of the parties. If the payment is made to satisfy back alimony, it retains the character of the original payments for which it is substituted. Holloway v. United States, 428 F.2d 140, 143 (9th Cir.1970); Davis v. Commissioner, 41 T.C. 815, 820 (1964); Holahan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 21 T.C. 451, 463 (1954), aff'd, 222 F.2d 82 (2d Cir.1955). Lump sum payments made solely in consideration for the wife's release of her husband from future alimony obligations, are not taxable to the wife under section 71(a): these payments are not "periodic payments" within the meaning of section 71(c)(2).5 See Sechrest v. United States, 490 F.2d 102, 104 (4th Cir.1974); Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Senter, 242 F.2d 400, 403 (4th Cir.1957), aff'g 25 T.C. 1204 (1956).

The law on the tax consequences of lump-sum payments in satisfaction of a mixture of alimony arrearages and future alimony obligations is unsettled. In Holloway v. United States, the Ninth Circuit held that where a lump sum payment is made to satisfy a taxpayer's obligation to pay past, present, and future alimony, and the "nub" of the payment is for alimony arrearages, the payment is treated for tax purposes as alimony to the extent of such arrearages. Holloway, 428 F.2d at 143. While Holloway deals with deductions of lump sum payments and does not clarify its meaning of "nub," we think the proper approach is to treat these payments as satisfaction of unpaid alimony to the extent of such alimony unless there is an amount specifically allocated to the satisfaction of future alimony obligations and the allocation conforms to the substance of the transaction.

While Olster does not dispute this principle, she does argue that the modification agreement, in paragraph 3, specifically allocated the lump sum settlement to future alimony obligations. In her view, she received no consideration for the release of the right to past alimony obligations. Olster's contentions are without merit. Past and future alimony obligations were intended by the parties as consideration for the lump sum settlement. Both parties were benefited by such a bargain: Olster received a guaranteed flow of income while relieving her ex-husband of the obligation to pay past as well as future alimony payments. The conclusion that such benefit was the intent of the modification agreement is further supported by two other observations: (1) in prefatory language, the agreement provides that "covenants and conditions" of the agreement are "mutual," suggesting mutual obligations and benefits; and (2) the alimony arrearages of $44,800 substantially exceed the value of the transferred mortgages, $36,183.24, suggesting that the mortgages were to satisfy the alimony debt. See Holloway, 428 F.2d at 143. We hold, therefore, that the transferred mortgages and the promissory note were in satisfaction of the ex-husband's past, present, and future alimony obligations, and as such, the value of the mortgages and the promissory note are includable in petitioner's gross income as periodic payments under 26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 71(a)(1).

B. Transfer of the mortgages without the note.

Petitioner argues that mortgages transferred without the underlying note have no value. This contention is made for the first time on appeal. "The law is clear that, absent special circumstances, defenses not presented and for which proof is not offered in the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal." Newton v. Pennington, 718 F.2d 1015, 1018 (11th Cir.1983) (citing Johnson v. Smith, 696 F.2d 1334, 1338 (11th Cir.1983) (citations omitted)). Petitioner makes no claim of the existence of special circumstances. See, e.g., Fehlhaber v. Fehlhaber, 681 F.2d 1015 (5th Cir. Unit B 1982) (an issue not preserved for appeal will not be reviewed unless it is a purely legal one and the error is so obvious that a failure to review would be a miscarriage of justice). Accordingly, we will not review this issue.

C. Valuation of mortgages and promissory note.

Olster contends that the mortgages have a value equal to the amount of cash actually received in 1976, $13,055.62. Olster received, under the modification agreement, six mortgages with a face value of $87,243.6 The tax court found that the mortgages had value.7 We agree.

On the specific question of valuation, various estimates of actual value in relation to face value were received by the tax court. Olster's ex-husband estimated that the mortgages were worth approximately 50-cents on the dollar. The government estimated that the fair market value of the mortgages was also 50% of their face value. Neither party, however, provided any basis for this calculation. Olster provided evidence that the value of the mortgages was substantially impaired at the time of transfer.8 The tax court found that the wrap around mortgages were worth 40% of their face value at the time of the transfer and the other mortgages were worth 45% of their face value at that time. The value transferred in the form of the mortgages, therefore, totalled $36,183.24. This finding is not clearly erroneous.

The government contends that the fair market value of the promissory note at the time of transfer was $25,000. The evidence does not support that contention. The $25,000 note was payable in full within one year from the date of transfer at a rate of 6%. The note was secured by a parcel of land, already encumbered by substantial senior mortgages and unsuitable for commercial development.9 As has been established, Olster's ex-husband was experiencing financial difficulties in the period before and after the execution of the modification agreement. In fact, Olster's ex-husband failed to make the note payment when it became due in 1977, and no evidence exists in the record that he has made any payments on this note. We agree with the tax court, therefore, that the promissory note was virtually worthless when transferred. Accordingly, the tax court's finding that the promissory note had no value was not clearly erroneous.

The fair market value of the property transferred pursuant to the modification agreement was $36,183.24. This value was transferred in satisfaction of past, present, and future alimony obligations of Olster's ex-husband under the original agreement. Because the value of the transferred mortgages is less than the value of the alimony arrearages, the amount taxable to petitioner is this lesser amount.10

D. Government's duty to calculate taxpayer's deficiency by the most favorable method.

Olster contends that the government has a duty to compute her tax deficiency using the most favorable method to her. Without citing any authority, Olster implies that this duty arises from the issuance of the notice of deficiency three years after the 1976 tax return was filed, four days before expiration of the statute of limitations. This question is of first impression in the context of the computation of a tax deficiency.

It is undisputed that the government has a strong interest in maintaining the validity of its tax assessments. The compelling nature of this interest, however, does not mean that the government is entitled to "calculate its assessment in any manner its agents choose." Thomas v. U.S., 531 F.2d 746, 749 (5th Cir.1976). Absent a finding that the computational methods used, and therefore the assessment, was arbitrary and without foundation, the tax deficiency is presumptively correct. Sailor v. U.S., 343 F. Supp. 1279, 1280 (W.D.Ky.1971). The taxpayer has the burden of proving that the computational method used is arbitrary and without foundation. Mersel v. United States, 420 F.2d 517 (5th Cir.1970).

Olster's contention that the government has a duty to compute her tax deficiency by the most favorable method is without merit. In Sailor v. U.S., 343 F. Supp. 1279, taxpayer questioned the assessment determined by the taxing authorities pursuant to the record requirements for wagers, 26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 4403, and the authority to prepare returns for those failing to make a return, 26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 6020. There, the court explained:

It is obvious that where a taxpayer keeps no records and files no returns disclosing his income, no method can be devised which can produce an exact result. Accordingly, the law does not require such exactitude. It is sufficient if the method employed produces a result which is substantially correct. All taxpayers, including the one here involved, by failure to keep records of their income assume the hazard that they may be called upon to pay a tax based upon an income which cannot be determined to a certainty.

Sailor, 343 F. Supp. at 1280-81. This is not a failure to keep a record case. It is obvious, however, that as in Sailor, Olster has done little to come forward with information casting doubt on the Commissioner's assessment. Cf. U.S. v. Firtel, 446 F.2d 1005, 1007 (5th Cir.1971). She has had ample opportunity to challenge the government's choice of computational method. See 26 U.S.C.A. Rule 155(b) (West Supp.1984).11 She has declined to challenge this method through prescribed procedures and has chosen this court as the forum for addressing the validity of the government's computational method. We hold that the proper forum for challenging the government's choice of computational method is in a rule 155 proceeding, not for the first time on appeal. We also hold that no duty exists on the government to compute a tax deficiency using the method most favorable to a taxpayer.

In sum, we hold that the tax court properly determined that the consideration paid by Olster's ex-husband was in satisfaction of his past, present, and future alimony obligations; that where a mixture of such obligations exists and no clear basis is established for allocating between them, the payments are to be considered as satisfaction of unpaid and accrued alimony to the extent of such alimony; that the total alimony arrearages as of June 10, 1976, the time the modification agreement was entered into, was $44,800; that the fair market value of the property Olster received pursuant to the modification agreement was $36,183.24; and that this amount is includable in petitioner's gross income for the 1976 taxable year. Accordingly, the tax court is affirmed.

I am unable to follow the majority's conclusion that the consideration paid was for past, present, and future alimony obligations and that the amount of $36,183.24 should have been included in the petitioner's gross income for the 1976 tax year.

The majority, in reaching this conclusion, has committed two errors. First, by strictly adhering to a court developed formula, that is not required under the Internal Revenue Code, the majority has disregarded the plain and specific provisions of the agreement. Second, if one assumes that the majority has correctly interpreted the agreement, it has clearly erred by permitting the government to tax the petitioner on the total value of the mortgages rather than the amount of income which she has received.

The tax court correctly observed that when "the husband is delinquent in making alimony payments, the tax consequences of a future lump-sum payment are less clear-cut, and depend largely upon the intentions of the parties." Olster v. Commissioner, 79 T.C., 456 462. (Emphasis added). The majority, however, incorrectly concludes that "[p]ast and future alimony obligations were intended by the parties as consideration for the lump sum settlement." Majority Opinion at 1172. The majority reaches its conclusion because: (1) the agreement provides for mutual covenants and conditions (thus suggesting mutual obligations and benefits); and (2) the alimony arrearages exceed the value of the mortgages. These conclusions conflict with the plain meaning of the agreement and the history of periodic and lump sum payments.

It is apparent from paragraphs two and three that the intent of the parties was to release the husband from future alimony obligations. Paragraph two of the agreement provides in part:

In consideration of and for Wife having released the Husband from his obligation to provide future alimony ... the Husband agrees to pay as a lump sum settlement of his obligation to pay future alimony ... the following ....

In consideration of and for the lump sum settlement of future alimony payments ... the Wife hereby agrees to remise, release, and forever discharge the Husband from any obligation to pay to her any past due alimony ....

Both paragraphs specifically state that the consideration is for the release or settlement of future alimony payments. Although paragraph three mentioned the forgiveness of past due alimony, the exclusive consideration given by the petitioner in return for the lump sum payment was the relinquishment of her right to pursue future alimony payments. This is a very affirmative statement of the intent of the parties. To require a more specific agreement in an area of the law which is so uncertain is unfair and contrary to the purposes of tax law. Congress has not amended the tax code to require such a harsh result.

In interpreting the law governing this agreement, the primary issue before the court is whether the transfer has retained its character as a periodic payment or whether it has taken on a new character and become a lump sum payment. The agreement indicates that a lump sum payment for future alimony was intended. I think the nature of the property transferred, i.e. mortgages, supports this conclusion. In Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Senter, 242 F.2d 400 (4th Cir.1957), the distinction between periodic and lump sum payments was discussed. The court explained that lump sum payments are " 'in the nature of division of capital, rather than from the husband's income so as to be deductible by him.' " Id. at 403. Under our tax laws, mortgages are capital investments. Clearly, the assignment of a mortgage, as in this case, resembles a division of capital. If these mortgages had been transferred to the petitioner under the initial property settlement agreement, there is no doubt that the transaction would have been viewed as a lump sum payment. There is no valid reason for treating the present transaction in a different manner. When a wife receives a lump sum in settlement of alimony, it is not taxable to her as income. Similarly, it is not deductible by the husband.

Assuming that the majority was correct in concluding that the agreement involved past, present, and future alimony obligations, it has erred in allowing petitioner to be taxed as a taxpayer who has elected the accrual method of accounting. "Under the accrual method of accounting, an expense is deductible for the taxable year in which all the events have occurred which determine the fact of liability." LX Cattle Co. v. United States, 629 F.2d 1096, 1098 (5th Cir.1980). On the other hand, "[c]ash basis taxpayers are required to include items of income in the taxable year in which such income is actually or constructively received by them." Arnwine v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 696 F.2d 1102, 1111 (5th Cir.1983). A taxpayer is deemed to be in constructive receipt of income when it becomes available to the taxpayer without substantial restrictions. Id. at 1111.

In this case, the taxpayer received mortgages valued at $36,183.24. However, the income which she actually received from the mortgages during 1976 was $13,055.62. The majority concluded that $36,183.24 was includable in the taxpayer's gross income for the year of 1976. This amount is approximately twenty-three thousand dollars more than the income which the taxpayer received from the transferred mortgages. A twenty-three thousand dollar discrepancy is excessive. Under our tax laws, a cash basis taxpayer should not have sustained such an unfair burden. Contrary to the tax court's observation, the taxpayer met her burden of proving that the mortgages did not have a cash equivalent value and that they should not have been included in her income during the year of receipt. As the Supreme Court stated in Helvering v. Taylor, 293 U.S. 507, 55 S. Ct. 287, 79 L. Ed. 623 (1935):

[W]here ... the taxpayer's evidence shows the Commissioner's determination to be arbitrary and excessive, it may not reasonably be held that he is bound to pay a tax that confessedly he does not owe, unless his evidence was sufficient also to establish the correct amount that lawfully might be charged against him.

Id. 55 S.Ct. at 291. The facts of this case indicate that the tax imposed on the petitioner is excessive, arbitrary and invalid. Accordingly, I must dissent.