[PUBLISH]


                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                FILED
                             FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                       ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                            11/19/99
                                          No. 97-2803                    THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                             CLERK


                         D. C. Docket No. 5:95-CR-05036-1/LAC


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                     Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                              versus

FENNIS OLEACH MAJORS a.k.a. F. O. Majors;
GARETH EUGENE MAJORS,
                                                                     Defendants-Appellants.




                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the Northern District of Florida


                                    (November 19, 1999)

Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, and HILL, Senior Circuit Judge, and COOK*,
Senior District Judge.

____________________
*Honorable Julian Abele Cook, Jr., Senior U. S. District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan,
sitting by designation.

HILL, Senior Circuit Judge:
      Father and son appellants, F.O. Majors and Gareth Majors, were convicted by

a jury in 1996 on sixteen counts of conspiracy to commit mail fraud; conspiracy to

commit securities fraud; conspiracy to commit money laundering; mail fraud; and

money laundering. While appellants raise eleven issues on appeal,1 we find that only

three trial-related issues merit discussion: (1) sufficiency of the evidence on the fraud

counts, as to Gareth Majors only; on the money laundering counts, as to both Gareth

Majors and F.O. Majors; (2) admissibility of the government’s expert witness

testimony; and (3) admissibility of evidence seized pursuant to a search warrant.

Based upon the following, we affirm the judgments of conviction and sentences of

both appellants.

                                           I.

      The thirty-six page indictment alleged that, over a twenty-year period, using

four corporations,2 F.O. and Gareth Majors, conspired to defraud investors by selling



      1
          We affirm the eight remaining issues without discussion. See 11th Cir. R. 36-
1.
      2
        The corporations, also named as defendants in the indictment, were Alliance
Fuel Corporation (AFC) [where F.O. Majors was president and a director]; Alliance
Petroleum, Inc. [where F.O. Majors was a director; and Gareth Majors was president
and a director]; I.R.M. Corporation, Inc. [where F.O. Majors was a director and
resident agent; and Gareth Majors was president and a director]; and Virex
Corporation [where F.O. Majors was chief executive officer and chairman of the board
of directors].
                                            2
millions of dollars of worthless securities, bogus licenses and phoney distributorships,

by representing: (1) that they possessed the rights to a patented new “secret formula”

for producing a synthetic fuel additive;3 (2) that they were building a blending plant

which would use as fuel buffalo gourds grown by local farmers;4 and (3) that they held

the formula rights to a new cleaning fluid that killed the HIV virus.5

      Aided by classic con-man methods and unmitigated gall, appellants claimed to

be successful entrepreneurs who, through gilded representations, duped unwary

investors to invest in their corporations, which were falsely touted to be viable,

profitable, and manned by full staffs of office and laboratory personnel. Supplied

with inconsistent, unsubstantiated and inflated balance sheets, stockholders were

guaranteed large profits and dividends. From 1984 through 1996, they invested

$3,296,900.72 with appellants. In turn, appellants used these funds6 for their own

personal living and European travel expenses.

      3
         Tests by the State of Florida determined the additive to be worthless,
consisting of plain alcohol.
      4
        Although elaborate ground-breaking ceremonies were held, no plant reached
the planning stages.
      5
        Investors learned that the solution was merely a generic disinfectant home-
bottled into a few samples.
      6
        Before reaching appellants’ pockets, monies would be transferred several
times between corporations in what, the indictment alleged, was an attempt to launder
funds.
                                           3
                                          II.

      In 1996, pursuant to an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, an

FBI special agent submitted an affidavit in support of a request for search warrant to

search the premises of one of appellants’ corporations, Alliance Fuel Corporation

(AFC). A search warrant was issued authorizing the search of the AFC premises for

“[b]ooks, [l]edgers, [r]eceipts, [i]nvoices, [b]usiness records, the identification of

[f]inancial accounts and any other evidence which is evidence in violation of Title 18

United States Code Sections 1341 and 1343.” As a result of the search, thousands of

documents were seized by the government.

      After months of analyzing these documents, FBI financial analyst Mr. Michael

Root testified as an expert witness for the government at trial. It was his opinion that

$3.3 million approximated the dollar amount of fraud perpetrated by appellants upon

investors for the relevant twelve-year time period.

      At the conclusion of a two-week trial, the jury convicted appellants on all

counts as charged. F.O. Majors was convicted of conspiracy to commit crimes against

the United States, 18 U.S.C. § 371 (count 1)7; mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (counts



      7
        Count 1 charged defendants with participating in a conspiracy that had three
objects: (1) to commit mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341; (2) to commit
securities fraud, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 77 (q); and (3) to commit money
laundering, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956.
                                           4
2-4); and laundering of monetary instruments, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1) (counts 5-8, 10

and 14-16). He was sentenced to a total term of ninety-six months’ imprisonment.

Gareth Majors was convicted of conspiracy to commit crimes against the United

States, 18 U.S.C. § 371 (count 1); and money laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)

(counts 9 and 11).     He was sentenced to sixty-three months’ imprisonment.

Appellants now appeal their convictions and sentences.

                                         III.

                                         A.

      We limit our discussion of the sufficiency of the evidence of a scheme to

defraud as to Gareth Majors only. We discuss the sufficiency of the evidence on the

money laundering counts, as to both appellants.

      Whether there is sufficient evidence to support the convictions is a question of

law subject to our de novo review. United States v. Fischer, 

, 1276

(11th Cir. 1999), petition for cert. filed, 

(July 15, 1999) (No. 99-

11). In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury verdict, we view

the evidence in the light most favorable to the government . . . all reasonable

inferences and credibility choices are made in the government’s favor. 

reasonable inferences from the evidence which support the verdict, we will affirm

the convictions if a reasonable fact-finder could have reached a conclusion of guilt


                                          5
beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Lopez, 

, 524 (11th Cir.

1993). It is not necessary for the government to disprove every reasonable hypothesis

of innocence, as a jury is “free to choose among reasonable constructions of the

evidence.” United States v. Jones, 

, 1557 (11th Cir. 1990).

                                          1.

      Gareth Majors adopts his father’s argument on appeal that he is not guilty of

conspiracy to commit fraud because he made “no real misrepresentations” and that “to

the extent any statements were inaccurate or misleading, any reasonable person could

have - and would have investigated or evaluated the claims and the investment before

handing over thousands of dollars.” He claims that shareholders knew that the

projects would not succeed unless financing was obtained; that European travel

expenses were incurred in an attempt to obtain financing; and that shareholder

investments were, by their very nature, risky.

      Gareth characterizes his actions as “just puffing, misunderstandings, and . . .

failed business efforts,” United States v. Brown, 

, 1557 (11th Cir. 1996),

not actionable under the mail fraud statute. “[W]ithout some objective evidence

demonstrating a scheme to defraud, all promotional schemes to make money, even if

‘sleazy’ or ‘shrewd,’ would be subject to prosecution on the mere whim of the




                                          6
prosecutor. More is required under our criminal law.” 

n. 20 (quoting

United States v. Goodman, 

, 240 (8th Cir. 1993)).

      The government contends that at trial it presented objective evidence of a

scheme to defraud and proved Gareth’s participation in the conspiracy beyond a

reasonable doubt. See United States v. High, 

, 468 (11th Cir. 1997) (to

support a conviction for conspiracy, the government must prove only that two or more

persons agreed to commit a crime, that the defendant knew of the conspiratorial goal,

and that he voluntarily participated in helping to accomplish that goal). The existence

of such an agreement may be proved by either direct or circumstantial evidence; a

common scheme or plan may be inferred from the conduct of the alleged participants

or from other circumstances. 

.8

      We have reviewed the entire record, including the trial transcript. Evidence of

Gareth’s participation in the conspiracy to defraud investors is present throughout.

He was president and a director of two of the four corporations involved. He had



      8
        The government, citing United States v. Harris, 

, 452 (11th Cir.
1994), urges upon us the proposition that, having established the existence of a
conspiracy, it need come forward with only “slight evidence” to connect a particular
defendant with it. It is unfortunate that misleading language to that effect may be
found in some cases, even after the “slight evidence” concept was “banished” in
United States v. Malatesta, 

, 1382 (5th Cir. 1979). For an exposition
of the correct rule, read United States v. Toler, 

, 1426-1428 (11th Cir.
1998).
                                          7
signatory authority on stock certificates. He signed fraudulent newsletters and

corporate literature misrepresenting the financial condition of the companies. He

signed at least one letter of investor inducement and provided inflated financial

statements to potential investors. In addition, Gareth participated in the European

trips, stockholder meetings and board meetings. When his father was absent from the

office, he served as office manager, accountant and signatory, answering stockholder

inquiries by telephone. It is clear from the evidence presented that there was a scheme

to defraud investors; that Gareth knew of its general purpose; and that he knowingly

and voluntarily participated in it. 

. Instead of disassociating

himself from on-going illegal activity, Gareth knowingly associated himself,

furthering its purpose. See United States v. Rudisill, — F.3d — (11th Cir. Sept. 3,

1999).

      In short, the record is replete with objective evidence of actions by Gareth

which far surpass puffing or sellers’ talk. 

. While perhaps

Gareth was not the ringleader of the conspiracy, the apple did not fall far from the

tree. Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence is pervasive

to support the jury’s verdict. 

.

                                          2.

                                          a.


                                          8
       We next examine the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the convictions of

the appellants on the money laundering counts. Counts V through XVI9 of the

indictment charge appellants with money laundering under Section 1956

(a)(1)(B)(I).10




       9
        The concealment element of money laundering alleged in the indictment is
that investors’ funds were indirectly funneled into appellants’ own personal bank
accounts after passing through AFC or Virex; through AFC (via two different
accounts at two different banks); or through Virex to IRM (via two different accounts
at two different banks).
       10
            Section 1956 (a)(1)(B)(i) provides as follows:

       (a)(1) Whoever, knowing that the property involved in a financial
       transaction represents the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity,
       conducts or attempts to conduct such a financial transaction which in fact
       involves the proceeds of specified unlawful activity --

                                           ***

       (B) knowing that the transaction is designed in whole or in part --
             (i) to conceal or disguise the nature, the location, the
             source, the ownership or the control of the proceeds of
             specified unlawful activity
                                         ***
             shall be sentenced to a fine of not more than $500,000 or
             twice the value of the property involved in the transaction,
             whichever is greater, or imprisonment for not more than
             twenty years, or both.



                                            9
      Section 1956 (a)(1)(B)(I) is sometimes referred to as the “concealment” or

“design” provision of the money laundering statute. See United States v. Calderon,

, 720 (11th Cir. 1999);11 United States v. Burns, 

, 848 (5th

Cir. 1998).12 A violation of the concealment provision must “follow in time” the

completion of the underlying transaction as an activity designed to conceal or disguise

the origins of the proceeds. See United States v. Dimeck, 

, 1246 (10th

Cir. 1994).13 This section of the money laundering statute was designed to punish

      11
         Section 1956 (a)(1)(A)(I) has been referred to as the promotion prong of the
money laundering statute. 

n.5. For sentencing purposes,
a defendant convicted under the promotion prong receives a base offense level of 23,
U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, while one convicted under the concealment prong, Section 1956
(a)(1)(B)(I), receives a base offense level of 20. 

punishment is applied
to those defendants who encourage or facilitate the commission of further crimes.
U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1, commentary.
      12
          Section 1956 (a)(1)(B)(I) is a provision structured to reach those types of
money laundering activities designed to conceal or disguise the attributes of proceeds
produced by unlawful activity. United States v. Tokars, 

, 1539 (11th Cir.
1996), citing United States v. Miller, 

, 1079 (11th Cir. 1994) (where it is
“illegal to knowingly enter into a financial transaction involving the proceeds of a
‘specified unlawful activity’ with the intent to conceal or disguise the nature, location,
source, ownership, or control of those proceeds”). The activity that Section 1956
(a)(1)(B)(I) seeks to prevent is the injection of illegal proceeds into the stream of
commerce while obfuscating their source. United States v. Wynn, 

, 927
(D.C. Cir. 1995).
      13
         Before the primary offense of money laundering can occur, the underlying
criminal activity must be complete, generating proceeds to be laundered. United
States v. Christo, 

, 580 (11th Cir. 1997) (where the withdrawal of bank
funds charged as money laundering was one and the same as the underlying criminal
activity of bank fraud and misapplication of bank funds).
                                           10
defendants who thereafter take the additional step of attempting to legitimize their

proceeds so that observers think their money is derived from legal enterprises. 

In this case, the government had to prove to the jury that: (1)

that appellants conducted or attempted to conduct a financial transaction; (2) that the

transaction involved the proceeds of a statutorily specified unlawful activity; (3) that

appellants knew the proceeds were from some form of illegal activity; and (4) that

appellants knew a purpose of the transaction was to conceal or disguise the nature,

location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds. Section 1956 (a)(1)(B)(I). In

this appeal, appellants claim insufficient evidence only as to part (4).15



                                           b.

      Appellants contend that the government failed to prove the concealment charges

under the indictment. They claim their facts are similar to those in United States v.

Dobbs, 

, 397 (5th Cir. 1995), where the court found that money laundering



      14
         Money laundering is not a continuing offense. See United States v. Kramer,

, 1072 (11th Cir. 1996). The statutory language and legislative history
indicate that each transaction or transfer of money constitutes a separate offense. 

No. 433, 99th Cong.2d Sess. 12-13 (1986).
      15
        We find Gareth’s claim that he did not know that the property involved
represented the proceeds of criminal enterprise to be without merit. See Part 

.
                                          11
was not present when a husband deposited funds into his wife’s bank account to pay

ordinary household expenses. Similarly here, they claim that there was no intent to

disguise or conceal the inter-company transfers,16 that there was nothing inappropriate

about the open and notorious transfers, and that the transfers were simply payments

for reasonable and necessary business expenses.           Appellants argue that the

government’s expert witness, Mr. Root, based his opinion that concealment was

present on the sheer volume of inter-company transfers, nothing else. Contrary to Mr.

Root’s opinion, appellants assert that evidence of their concealment was not

substantial. See United States v. Garcia-Emanuel, 

, 1476 (10th Cir.

1994). They claim that the government’s broad interpretation has turned the money

laundering statute into a “money spending statute,” contrary to Congressional intent.

government contends that it proved the concealment prong at trial. In an

elaborate shell game, appellants moved ill-gotten funds in and out of various corporate



      16
        The indictment charged that funds were transferred either through AFC or
Virex directly to appellants or through AFC (two different accounts at two different
banks) or Virex to IRM (two different accounts at two different banks), and then to
appellants.
                                          12
bank accounts, previously set up in multiple signatory names. These moves were

designed to make the funds ultimately enjoyed by appellants appear as legitimate

income not derived from the company in which an investor had invested. Appellants

received “sanitized” funds.17 The sheer volume of these transfers and the number of

lies uttered by appellants to investors, claims the government, satisfies the

substantiality test of Garcia. See also United States v. Hurley, 

(1st Cir.

1995). Once the concealment element is proven, the government has met its burden

of proof. See United States v. Wilson, 

, 108-109 (5th Cir. 1996); United

States v. Manarite, 

(9th Cir. 1995).

                                         d.

      Authority as to the sufficiency of the evidence of money laundering under

Section 1956 (a)(1)(B)(I) is sparse in this circuit. See United States v. Gregg, 

, 1315-16 (11th Cir. 1999). Accordingly we must turn to the case law of

other circuits for guidance.




      17
         These transfers were allegedly concealed from investors in order to further
the conspiracy and keep the money flowing. Any type of exposure would have alerted
investors, as it was counter to appellants’ continuous requests for additional funds.
Appellants allegedly told investors that they never took any money for their own use
out of the companies. Investors were apparently told that appellants were using their
own private funds just to keep the companies solvent.
                                         13
      In 1994, the Tenth Circuit in Garcia-Emanuel, attempted to discern certain

principles governing Section 1956 (a)(1)(B)(I) appeals, a “difficult task of separating

money laundering, which is punishable by up to twenty years in prison, from mere

money spending, which is legal.” 

Because the statute is aimed at

transactions that are engaged in for the purpose of concealing assets, “[m]erely

engaging in a transaction with money whose nature has been concealed through other

means is not in itself a crime . . . [i]f transactions are engaged in for present personal

benefit, and not to create the appearance of legitimate wealth, they do not violate the

money laundering statute.” 

      The Tenth Circuit concluded that no list of categories18 can govern a jury’s

decision about what is sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction of money laundering

beyond a reasonable doubt, but that juries, upon proper instruction, must rigorously

enforce two disciplines. 

. That first is that Section

1956 (a)(1)(B)(I) is a concealment statute, not a spending statute. The second is the



      18
          Evidence that may be considered when determining whether a transaction was
designed to conceal includes, among others, statements by a defendant probative if
intent to conceal; unusual secrecy surround the transaction; structuring the transaction
in a way to avoid attention; depositing illegal profits in the bank account of a
legitimate business; highly irregular features of the transaction; using third parties
to conceal the real owner; a series of unusual financial moves cumulating in the
transaction; or expert testimony on practices of criminals. 

(emphasis on evidence present in this case).
                                           14
requirement that the evidence of concealment must be substantial.19 

to both these disciplines.

      We next turn to case authority from the Fifth Circuit. Appellants liken their

factual setting to that of 

. In Dobbs, the court reversed a money

laundering conviction because the transactions were as open and notorious as typical

bank transactions can be. 

The cattle rancher in Dobbs had been charged

with money laundering when he deposited illegal cattle sale proceeds in his wife’s

bank account used to pay ordinary household and ranch expenses.

      The facts here are unlike those in Dobbs. The Dobbs transactions were not

disguised by the use of third parties. See 

deposit of checks made payable

to IRM from AFC or Virex were disguised by the use of a third party, namely IRM.

Appellants’ connection to IRM could be discovered only by accessing bank or

corporate records of IRM, and then tracing the funds from the IRM account to the

personal accounts of appellants.

      In United States v. Powers, 

, 747-48 (5th Cir. 1999), petition for

cert. filed, (Sept. 3, 1999) (No. 99-6112), the deposit of checks made payable to the



      19
          The Tenth Circuit reversed convictions in United States v. Sanders, 

(10 Cir. 1991) and United States v. Lovett, 

(10th Cir. 1992), both
        th

cases involving purchases of vehicles with proceeds from illegal transactions with
titles registered in family members’ names.
                                         15
ITEX corporation from the Long Valley corporation were disguised by the use of a

third party, ITEX. 

Checks from Long Valley to ITEX did not reveal that

Powers or his wife were involved in the transactions. Powers’ connection to ITEX

could be discovered only by accessing the bank records of ITEX, finding out that Mrs.

Powers had an interest in the account, and then tracing the funds from the ITEX

account to the couple’s personal account. 

Circuit found that Powers’

use of ITEX evidenced a sufficient intent to conceal the source of illegal funds and

confirmed Powers’ money laundering convictions. 

here are very

similar. See 

(where an ordinary check transfer between two

bank accounts conducted in plain view was the final step of a larger money laundering

scheme willfully designed to give the defendant access to the illegal proceeds); United

States v. Jackson, 

, 842 (7th Cir. 1991) (evidence that defendant treated

the illegal funds commingled in legitimate church accounts as his own sufficient to

support finding of design to conceal); United States v. Termini, 

, 880 (8th

Cir. 1993) (commingling illegal gambling proceeds in legitimate corporate bank

accounts sufficient to establish a design to conceal); United States v. Nattier, 

, 658-59 (8th Cir. 1997) (depositing embezzled funds in the seemingly legitimate

business account of IRI and then transferring them to another account in the name of

defendant and his father). Moving money through a large number of accounts has, in


                                           16
light of other evidence, has also been found to support the design element of money

laundering, even when all the accounts to which the defendant transferred the money

and from which he withdrew were in his own name. United States v. Willey, 

, 1385 (5th Cir. 1995) citing 

.

         By depositing illegitimate funds in the business accounts of AFC and Virex,

then, by transferring monies from AFC and Virex to legitimate business accounts of

IRM, and then by transferring the monies from IRM directly into their own pockets,

appellants knew they were concealing the nature or source of the proceeds of an

unlawful activity under the terms of the statute. See 

. The

evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, supports the jury’s

finding that the appellants had a specific intent to structure their financial transactions

so as to conceal or disguise the true nature and source of the transfer of funds between

corporations and, ultimately, to them. See United States v. Wilkinson, 

,

222 (4th Cir. 1997). We reject appellants’ challenge to the sufficiency of the

government’s proof under Section 1956 (a)(1)(B)(I) and conclude that there is

sufficient evidence of a design to conceal. Appellants’ money laundering convictions

stand.

                                            B.




                                            17
      We now turn to the admissibility, under Fed. R. Evid. 702, of Mr. Root’s

testimony as the government’s financial expert. Appellants contend that Mr. Root

should not have been accepted as an expert as he was not a certified public accountant,

holding only an associate’s degree in accounting. They also claim he had no

experience in small business management or in the preparation of consolidated

financial statements.

      Appellants strongly assert that Mr. Root’s opinion, that $3.3 million was the

amount of the fraud, was erroneous, not supported by the facts, and caused them great

prejudice. Gareth argues that the district court’s failure to conduct a hearing on the

admissibility of Mr. Root’s testimony and to make specific fact findings concerning

the application of Rule 702 in this case rendered his trial unfair. United States v. Lee,

, 998 (11th Cir. 1994), citing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,

Inc., 

(1993).

      The government’s response to these assertions is that Mr. Root’s expertise

qualified him to render an opinion based upon his analysis of appellants’ financial

records. It was shown that Mr. Root worked as a financial analyst with the FBI for

eight and one-half years; that he had performed financial analyses in more than fifty

previous cases. In short, the government contends that Mr. Root possessed special

skills and knowledge not possessed by ordinary witnesses, sufficient to meet the


                                           18
guidelines of Fed. R. Evid. 702; that he was not required to be a certified public

accountant; United States v. Barker, 

, 1024 (6th Cir. 1977), and that his

testimony was properly admitted by the district court.

       The Federal Rules of Evidence provide for the admission of expert testimony

when “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact.”

Fed. R. Evid. 702. Under Rule 702, in such situations a witness “qualified as an

expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify . . . in the

form of an opinion or otherwise.” 

the Supreme Court, in 

, focused upon the

admissibility of scientific expert testimony, finding that such testimony is admissible

only if it is both relevant and reliable. In order to ensure that both of these elements

are present, the Supreme Court held that, under Fed. R. Evid. 702, the trial judge

serves as a “gatekeeper.” 

Then, in 1999, in Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v.

Carmichael, 

(1999), the Supreme Court extended Daubert’s

gatekeeping obligation beyond scientific experts. The trial judge is required to inquire

into the areas of relevance and reliability whether the expert testimony is “scientific”

or otherwise. 

United States v. Paul, 

(11th Cir. 1999).

“[F]ederal district courts . . . perform [this] important gatekeeping function by

screening the reliability of all expert testimony, but they have substantial discretion


                                            19
in deciding how to test an expert’s reliability and whether the expert’s relevant

testimony is reliable.” Forklifts of St. Louis, Inc. v. Komatsu Forklift, USA, Inc., 

, 1034 (8th Cir. 1999), citing 

.

      A district court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony under Rule 702

is reviewed for abuse of discretion. General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 

, 517

(1997); United States v. Gilliard, 

, 812 (11th Cir. 1998). Here Mr. Root

had previously performed financial analyses for the FBI in over fifty cases for more

than eight and one-half years. He had testified in certain of these cases involving bank

fraud, mail fraud and money laundering investigations. By virtue of training and

experience, he possessed special knowledge and skill not available to the ordinary

witness. Fed. R. Evid. 702. We conclude that the district court did not err in

admitting Root’s testimony.

                                          C.

      The final trial-related issue of this case is the admissibility of evidence seized

by the search warrant. We have reviewed the original record in this case, including

the application for search warrant and attached affidavit. The search warrant was

supported by probable cause set forth in the ten-page affidavit. Marx v. Gumbinner,

, 1506 (11th Cir. 1990). It was not over-broad. Due to the peculiar

nature of a charge of fraud, especially where corporations are used as vehicles of


                                          20
fraud, an application to search the premises of AFC for “[b]ooks, [l]edgers, [r]eceipts,

[i]nvoices, [b]usiness records, the identification of [f]inancial accounts and any other

evidence which is evidence in violation of Title 18 United States Code Sections 1341

and 1343," describes with particularity the items to be seized. See United States v.

Accardo, 

, 1479 n.3 (11th Cir. 1985) (where there is probable cause to

believe that an enterprise is engaging in a pervasive scheme to defraud, all corporate

records may be seized).

      Based upon our review of the record, under the particular facts and

circumstances of this case, the constitutional search and seizure requirements of the

Fourth Amendment have been satisfied. The district court did not err in allowing

admission of evidence seized pursuant to the execution of the AFC search warrant.

                                          IV.

      The judgments of conviction and sentences of F.O. Majors and Gareth Majors

are AFFIRMED.




                                          21