[PUBLISH]

                       IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                FILED
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                            No. 97-6217                   ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                               05/10/99
                                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                                 D.C. Docket No. CR-96-51-E-7                   CLERK



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                               versus

TONY LAVERNE PRUITT, OSCAR HERNAN PENA,
MIGUEL A. GARRIDO, DAAIYAH JAMEELAH MUSTAFA,
DOUGLAS GENE MAYBERRY and MARLAN EVERETTE ENGLE,

                                                                             Defendants-Appellants.



                           Appeals from the United States District Court
                               for the Middle District of Alabama

                                          (May 10, 1999)

Before DUBINA and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and JONES*, Senior Circuit Judge.

JONES, Senior Circuit Judge:

       This is a direct criminal appeal brought by six defendants found guilty of conspiring to

possess with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §846; and laundering their drug

proceeds thereafter, in violation of 18 U.S.C.§1956(a)(1)(A)(i). The six defendants-appellants are

___________________
*Honorable Nathaniel R. Jones, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
Tony Pruitt, Oscar Pena, Miguel Garrido, Daaiyah Mustafa, Douglas Mayberry, and Marlan Engle.

At issue, with respect to Pena and Garrido, is the constitutionality of a motor vehicle search

conducted on July 29, 1995. Pursuant to Knowles v. Iowa,         U.S. , 

(1998) - a

Supreme Court decision issued subsequent to the trial of this matter - and earlier Eleventh Circuit

precedent, we find the search of defendants' vehicle violative of the Fourth Amendment, and

therefore reverse. In all other respects, we affirm the convictions and sentences of the remaining

co-defendants.

                                                 I.

       The drug conspiracy at issue in this case transported marijuana from California, and other

western locales, to Alabama, where the drugs were distributed and sold. Pena and Garrido, located

in Los Angeles, supplied the marijuana. The Alabama-based Engle and Mayberry purchased the

drugs with funds wired to Los Angeles Thereafter, couriers, working on behalf of the conspiracy,

traveled to California and other destinations, and returned to Alabama with the purchased marijuana.

The drugs were distributed in Alabama via two networks: one operated by Engle (based in

Birmingham); the other, by Mayberry (based in Tuskegee).

       The six defendants were indicted in the Middle District of Alabama in March 1996. Each

was charged with having violated 21 U.S.C. §846 (Count I, the conspiracy count) and 18 U.S.C.

§1956(a)(1)(A)(i) (Count II, the money laundering count). Following the taking of individual not-

guilty pleas, all six proceeded to trial, with the assistance of counsel, in December 1996. The jury

found Pruitt guilty of Count I only, and the remaining five co-defendants guilty of both

Counts I and II. Thereafter, the co-defendants were sentenced to incarceration terms as follows:




                                                 2
Pruitt, Pena and Garrido: 80 months; Mustafa: 96 months; Engle: 240 months; and Mayberry: 292

months. All six co-defendants now timely appeal.

                                                 II.

       The subject stop and search occurred near an Interstate 40 exit ramp in Memphis,

Tennessee.1 (Pena was apparently transporting marijuana from California to Alabama, by way of

Tennessee.) Just after midnight on July 29, 1995, Pena was pulled over for speeding by Officer

Joseph Moore of the Shelby County, Tennessee Sheriff's Department.2 Garrido was then a passenger

in the vehicle, along with two others not parties to this appeal.

       The stop was automatically recorded on Moore's police videocamera. The resulting

videotape (Gov't Ex. 344(c)) shows the following sequence of events:

       1. Moore asked Pena to step out of the van, and Pena did so. Pena accompanied
       Moore to the rear of the van;

       2. Moore advised Pena that he was speeding - traveling 65 miles per hour in a 55
       m.p.h. zone. In broken but understandable English, Pena apologized to Moore.
       Moore responded by asking Pena his age, and whether he owned the van;

       3. Moore directed Pena to accompany him to his police car, so he could check on the
       status of Pena's driver's license and issue him a speeding ticket;




       1
         Pena does not challenge the constitutionality of his stop, just his subsequent detention
and search. We agree that, because Pena was speeding, and a traffic violation had thus occurred,
probable cause existed for the stop. Accordingly, the stop was reasonable for purposes of the
Fourth Amendment, and withstands review. See Whren v. United States, 

, 810
(1996); United States v. Griffin, 

, 707 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam). Thus, we limit
our discussion to the constitutionality of Moore's post-stop conduct.
       2
          Although Moore testified at trial that Pena was also stopped because he "rolled through
a stop sign," J.A. vol. 13, at 65, Moore never so advised Pena. Nor did Moore cite Pena for that
offense. See J.A. vol. 1, doc. 549, ex. A (listing "speeding" as Pena's sole violation).
Accordingly, we view this as a case in which Pena was simply stopped for speeding.

                                                  3
4. Once in the police car, Moore began asking Pena questions unrelated to the stop,
e.g., where Pena's family resides in Memphis. Moore then asked Pena if his
registration and insurance papers were in the van. Pena responded affirmatively, and
Moore left to retrieve them;

5. Standing outside the van, Moore asked Garrido (in the front passenger seat) for the
registration and insurance papers. He also asked the two other passengers who they
were going to visit in Memphis, and that person's street address;

6. Moore returned to his police car where, instead of completing Pena's ticket, he
proceeded to ask Pena: (a) to identify the three other van passengers; (b) how much
he paid for the van; (c) what kind of work he does for a living; (d) whether Garrido
is his brother; and (f) why they have different last names;

7. Again postponing the writing of Pena's ticket, Moore asked Pena if he had
anything illegal in the van; Pena said "no." Moore followed up by asking Pena if he
had pistols or weapons in the van; Pena again said "no." Moore then asked Pena if
he had drugs in the van; Pena said "no" a third time;

8. Moore, having no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity by Pena, nonetheless
asked him if he could search the van. To that end, he handed Pena a written consent
form - in Spanish - to be signed. Pena declined to sign the form, see J.A. vol. 1, doc.
549, ex. B, whereupon Moore told him that he needed yet additional time to
complete the writing of the speeding ticket. Instead of completing the ticket,
however, Moore picked up his police radio to declare that, "I have a refusal" - a code
phrase indicating to the other officers that they should bring a drug-sniffing dog to
the scene;

9. While awaiting the dog's arrival, which took more than fifteen minutes, Moore
detained in his police car - again without a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity -
Pena, Garrido, and the other two van passengers as well. While waiting, Moore
finally issued a "courtesy warning" to Pena instead of a traffic ticket. See 

and

10. Nearly one-half hour after Pena's initial stop, the drug dog arrived. The dog
sniffed the outside of the van, and indicated the presence of drugs. The van was then
searched by Moore and other officers acting without a warrant. The search revealed
significant amounts of marijuana (approximately 81 pounds). Pena and Garrido were
arrested and read their Miranda rights (in English and in Spanish).




                                           4
       Following his guilty finding, Pena challenged the constitutionality of Moore's search in a

Fed. R. Crim. P. 33 motion for a new trial.3 See J.A. vol. 1, doc. 549. The district court denied the

motion, finding that Moore's conduct leading up to his search was supported by the required

reasonable suspicion of Pena's guilt. 

at 5-7. We review that decision for an abuse of

discretion. United States v. Pope, 

, 687-88 (11th Cir. 1998). This standard includes

review to determine whether the district court was guided by an erroneous legal conclusion. Koon

v. United States, 

, 100 (1996). "A district court by definition abuses its discretion when

it makes an error of law." 

          The motion was based, in part, upon Pena's concern that Moore was biased against him,
and may have committed perjury at trial. This is more than mere speculation on Pena's part: just
prior to Pena's sentencing, the prosecuting Assistant United States Attorney wrote to the district
judge below to advise him that Moore had apparently provided false testimony in a suppression
hearing conducted in an unrelated case. See J.A. vol. 1, doc. 549, ex. C. In that case, as here,
Moore stopped a motorist for speeding, detained the occupants, searched the vehicle, and found
drugs. Moore's supposedly perjurious testimony in the unrelated case centered on whether or not
he wrote the speeding ticket on the scene, as he claimed. Subsequent forensic testing appeared
to suggest that Moore wrote the speeding ticket after the arrest, then lied under oath about when
the ticket was written. 

Garrido now argue that Moore's apparent bias is a sufficient grounds upon
which to award them new trials. In light of our finding below - that Moore violated their Fourth
Amendment rights - Pena and Garrido are each entitled to a reversal of their convictions. Thus,
the merits of their "bias argument" need not be reached. Nonetheless, we are severely troubled
by the allegations of Moore's perjurious conduct in another case, and his violation of the Fourth
Amendment in this case. As police officers well know, evidence which constitutes the "fruit of a
poisonous tree" is inadmissable to prove a criminal suspect's guilt. Wong Sun v. United States,

, 488 (1963). Convictions, such as those at issue in this appeal, will withstand
review only if they are consistent with the Fourth Amendment.

                                                 5
               We addressed the constitutionality of detentions following a routine traffic stop in

United States v. Tapia, 

(11th Cir. 1990), where we held:

                In the absence of consent, the reasonableness of [police officer] Guthrie's
       decision to detain and search the vehicle in which appellant Bernardino Tapia was
       a passenger is governed by the principles set forth in Terry v. Ohio, 

, 

, 

(1968). According to Terry, even in the absence of
       probable cause, police may stop persons and detain them briefly in order to
       investigate a reasonable suspicion that such persons are involved in criminal activity.
       In justifying such an intrusion, the "reasonableness" standard requires that a police
       officer "be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with
       rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion." 

88
       S.Ct. at 1879 (footnote omitted). In this regard, "reasonable suspicion" is determined
       from the totality of the circumstances, United States v. Sokolow, 

, 

, 1585, 

(1989), and from the collective knowledge of the
       officers involved in the stop. United States v. Williams, 

, 1524 (11th
       Cir.1989); United States v. Cotton, 

, 352 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied,
       

, 

, 

(1984). Such a level of suspicion is
       obviously considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the
       evidence, INS v. Delgado, 

, 217, 

, 1763, 

       (1984), or even the implicit requirement of probable cause that a fair probability that
       evidence of a crime will be found. 

. Nevertheless,
       "reasonable suspicion" must be more than an inchoate "hunch," and the [F]ourth
       [A]mendment accordingly requires that police articulate some minimal, objective
       justification for an investigatory stop. Id.; 

.

(brackets added; footnote deleted). Since the issuance of Tapia, we have consistently

held that once an officer has briefly stopped a motor vehicle operator for the purpose of issuing a

traffic violation (i.e., a ticket), the officer's continuing detention of the vehicle's occupants is

authorized under the Fourth Amendment only if the officer can point to "specific and articulable

facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the

intrusion." 

(citing 

); accord United States v.

Holloman, 

, 196 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (noting that a police stop cannot

otherwise last "any longer than necessary to process the traffic violation"). Our sister circuits are




                                                 6
of the same view. In United States v. Hunnicutt, 

(10th Cir. 1998), for example, the

Tenth Circuit, consistent with Tapia, found:

       An officer conducting a routine traffic stop may request a driver's license and vehicle
       registration, run a computer check, and issue a citation. See United States v.
       Gonzalez-Lerma, 

, 1483 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1994). The investigative detention usually must "last
       no longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop," and "[t]he scope
       of the detention must be carefully tailored to its underlying justification." Florida v.
       Royer, 

, 500, 

, 1325, 

(1983).

                Lengthening the detention for further questioning beyond that related to the
       initial stop is permissible in two circumstances. First, the officer may detain the
       driver for questioning unrelated to the initial stop if he has an objectively reasonable
       and articulable suspicion illegal activity has occurred or is occurring. See United
       States v. Soto, 

, 1554 (10th Cir.1993). Second, further questioning
       unrelated to the initial stop is permissible if the initial detention has become a
       consensual encounter. See 

. The officer had not
       returned Mr. Hunnicutt's license at the time he asked about guns and drugs, so further
       questioning unrelated to the initial stop must have been supported by an objectively
       reasonable suspicion of illegal activity. See id.; United States v. McKneely, 

, 1451 (10th Cir.1993) (holding that encounter cannot become consensual while
       officer retains driver's documents).

                A variety of factors may contribute to the formation of an objectively
       reasonable suspicion of illegal activity. Among those factors that have justified
       further questioning are having no proof of ownership of the vehicle, having no proof
       of authority to operate the vehicle, and inconsistent statements about destination.
       See United States v. Jones, 

, 872 (10th Cir.1995); 

-84; United States v. Pena, 

, 1514 (10th Cir.1990), cert.
       denied, 

, 

, 

(1991). Also among those
       are driving with a suspended license, see 

, and reluctance to
       stop, see id.; 

; United States v. Walraven, 

, 975 (10th Cir.1989). In particular, the inability to offer proof of ownership or
       authorization to operate the vehicle has figured prominently in many of our cases
       upholding further questioning. See United States v. Horn, 

, 732 (10th
       Cir.1992); United States v. Turner, 

, 959 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1991); United States v. Arango, 

, 447 (10th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 

, 

, 

(1991); see also United States v. Fernandez, 

, 879 (10th Cir.1994)
       (The "defining characteristic of our traffic stop jurisprudence is the defendant's lack
       of ... some ... indicia of proof to lawfully operate and possess the vehicle in question,
       thus giving rise to objectively reasonable suspicion that the vehicle may be stolen.")

                                                  7


        Tapia and Hunnicutt are both in conformance with Knowles. In Knowles, the Supreme Court

invalidated a car search under the Fourth Amendment, and reversed the driver's drug conviction,

because "[o]nce Knowles was stopped for speeding and issued a citation, all the evidence necessary

to prosecute that offense had been obtained. No further evidence of excessive speed was going to

be found either on the person of the offender or in the passenger compartment of the car." 

. Writing for a unanimous court, Chief Justice Rehnquist reasoned that routine

traffic stops are "relatively brief encounter[s]...'more analogous to a so-called 'Terry stop' than to a

formal arrest.'" 

and deleted) (quoting Berkemer v. McCarty, 

, 437

(1984)). The High Court further reasoned that, because Knowles was cited for speeding, but not

arrested, the search of his car was not authorized by the "search incident to arrest" doctrine, even

though the state traffic laws under which Knowles was cited provided for arrest as an alternate

police remedy. 

The Court found the search incident to arrest doctrine supported

by two historical rationales - "(1) the need to disarm the suspect in order to take him into custody,

and (2) the need to preserve evidence for later use at trial" - neither of which applies in a routine stop

where, without more, an officer just has evidence of a traffic violation. 

        Such is the case here. At the time Pena, Garrido and the others were stopped, Moore had

before him evidence of speeding. His questioning following the stop, therefore, should have been

directed to securing Pena's license, registration and insurance papers. Once such brief questioning

was completed, Pena and the others should have been free to go, as Moore was provided at that time

with no reasonable suspicion of their criminal activity. In such circumstances, additional "fishing


                                                    8
expedition" questions such as "What do you do for a living?" and "How much money did your van

cost?" are simply irrelevant, and constitute a violation of Terry.

       Our viewing of the police videotape leaves us with the impression that Moore was acting on

an unsupported hunch instead of a reasonable suspicion that Pena and Garrido had broken anything

other than the speeding laws.4 As Tapia and Hunnicutt make clear, a lengthy detention and car

search under such circumstances violate the Fourth Amendment. Although we resist the temptation

to read an improper motive into Moore's conduct, we are concerned that this appears to be yet

another case in which a driver, once stopped, is unreasonably detained because of his/her race or

national origin (Pena and Garrido are both Hispanic), or because the driver is from out-of-state

(Pena's van had California license plates). Accord 

("[T]he factors cited by

the district court in this case, e.g., being Mexican, having few pieces of luggage, being visibly

nervous or shaken during a confrontation with a state trooper, or traveling on the interstate with

Texas license plates (not yet a crime in Alabama), do not provide a minimal, particularized basis for

a conclusion of reasonable suspicion on the part of Officer Guthrie. Even when considered together




       4
          The fact that Moore's hunch ultimately turned out to be correct - i.e., that Pena and
Garrido were illegally transporting marijuana in their van - is irrelevant for purposes of the
Fourth Amendment. To hold otherwise would open the door to patently illegal searches by
government officials, who would attempt to justify the legality of their conduct after-the-fact.
The Fourth Amendment requires a showing of reasonable suspicion at the time the motor vehicle
occupants are detained, not thereafter, once the results of the car or van search are known. Scott
v. United States, 

, 923 (1976) (Brennan, J., dissenting from the denial of certiorari)
("[T]here is a grave danger that determinations of reasonableness will be dictated by hindsight
evaluations of evidence uncovered by [searches]. This, in turn, is bound to generate a strong
temptation to [search] first and then use the fruits of the [search] in an effort to demonstrate that
the [search] was justified. Courts have repeatedly refused to validate searches and seizures in
this after-the-fact manner...").

                                                  9
and in light of all the facts, such observations fail to suggest that appellant and his brother were

engaged in any criminal activity other than speeding on the highway").

                                                IV.

       The convictions of Pena and Garrido are therefore REVERSED to the extent that they turn

on Moore's unconstitutional detention and search. To that end, this matter is REMANDED to the

district court; in all other respects, Pena's and Garrido's convictions are AFFIRMED.

       Having carefully reviewed each of the other arguments presented by the remaining co-

defendants, we find those arguments without merit, and therefore AFFIRM the convictions and

sentences of appellants Pruitt, Mustafa, Mayberry and Engle pursuant to 11th Cir. R. 36-1.5




       5
           That rule provides:

       Rule 36-1. Affirmance Without Opinion

       When the court determines that any of the following circumstances exist:

       (a) the judgment of the district court is based on findings of fact that are not clearly
       erroneous;
       (b) the evidence in support of a jury verdict is sufficient;
       (c) the order of an administrative agency is supported by substantial evidence on the
       record as a whole;
       (d) a summary judgment, directed verdict, or judgment on the pleadings is supported by
       the record;
       (e) the judgment has been entered without a reversible error of law;

and an opinion would have no precedential value, the judgment or order may be affirmed or
enforced without opinion.

                                                10