[PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT                  FILED
                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                       ________________________           ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              JUNE 30 2000
                                                           THOMAS K. KAHN
                             No. 99-10989                       CLERK
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                  D. C. Docket No. 97-01581-CV-MHS-1

ROBERT PAUL MCINTYRE,

                                                          Petitioner-Appellant,

                                  versus

DOUG WILLIAMS, Warden,

                                                         Respondent-Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Georgia
                     _________________________
                             (June 30, 2000)

Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.

ANDERSON, Chief Judge:
       Robert Paul McIntyre appeals the district court's denial of his petition for a writ

of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. On appeal, he argues that the

substitution of one judge for another during his jury trial for murder constituted a

denial of his constitutional rights. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

       On January 11, 1988, Malissa Earnest and Teresa Simmons ran away from a

group home for troubled youth in Georgia that was being attended to by house mother

Peggy Casteel. After being picked up as hitchhikers by Greg Fischbeck, Fischbeck

brought Earnest and Simmons to Terry Chapman Belcher who gave them shelter. On

January 18, Robert McIntyre was reported missing by his mother; she also reported

a missing van. Louisiana police officers pulled the van over and detained McIntyre,

Belcher, and Earnest over night at the police station.1 Cara Stone, who happened to

be staying in the same cell as Earnest, which was nearby McIntyre and Belcher,

reported what she had heard from these three. Meanwhile, Earnest left the next

morning, and McIntyre and Belcher consented to being returned to Georgia and were

so returned. The Louisiana police officers relayed what Stone had reported to law

enforcement in Douglas County, Georgia. Acting on this report, the Douglas County

Sheriff’s Department searched the woods near the home of Belcher’s grandmother,



   1
    Earnest actually stayed at the police station voluntarily because she had nowhere else to stay
and was waiting for someone to send her money for bus fare back to Georgia.

                                                2
Bessie Mae Newton, (the “Newton house”) and discovered Simmons’ body in a

shallow grave. A boot lace, which was used to strangle her, was still around her neck.

      On March 1, 1988, a Douglas County, Georgia, grand jury indicted McIntyre,

Belcher, and Earnest for the malice murder of Simmons. On June 6, 1988, McIntyre’s

jury trial began with Judge Robert Noland presiding. After two and one half days of

trial, including jury selection and part of the State’s case, Judge Noland had to leave

unexpectedly to attend the funeral of his infant grandson. McIntyre moved for a

continuance or a mistrial; Judge Noland denied the motion and instead Judge Robert

James was substituted. Judge James presided the remaining two and one half days.

On June 10, 1988, the jury returned a verdict of guilty and Judge James sentenced him

to life imprisonment, the only sentence for malice murder. Judge James denied

McIntyre’s motion for new trial on May 28, 1993.

      On direct appeal, McIntyre made a number of arguments including that the

substitution of judges violated his constitutional rights. Addressing the substitution

issue, inter alia, the Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed his conviction and sentence.

See McIntyre v. State, 

(Ga. 1995). The U.S. Supreme Court denied

his petition for certiorari. See McIntyre v. State, 

, 

(1996).




                                          3
         On May 30, 1997, McIntyre petitioned the U.S. District Court for the Northern

District of Georgia for a federal writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

On December 22, 1998, a U.S. magistrate judge recommended that the petition be

denied. Agreeing with this recommendation, the district court denied the petition.

McIntyre filed a notice of appeal and moved for a certificate of appealability, but the

district court denied the motion. This Court, however, issued a certificate of

appealability limited to review of the substitution issue.

         McIntyre argues that the substitution of judges violated his rights under the

Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. This violation, he argues, was a structural defect

not subject to harmless error analysis and, therefore, required automatic reversal.

Alternatively, he argues that he was prejudiced by the substitution.2

         Because McIntyre filed his federal habeas petition on May 30, 1997, after the

effective date (April 24, 1996) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act

("AEDPA"), AEDPA's review provisions concerning the state court’s adjudication of

the issue apply. Explaining the effect of these provisions, the Supreme Court recently

stated:

         Under the statute, a federal court may grant a writ of habeas corpus if the
         relevant state-court decision was either (1) "contrary to . . . clearly


     2
       We decline to address McIntyre’s other arguments because there is no certificate of
appealability with respect to them.

                                          4
         established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the
         United States," or (2) "involved an unreasonable application of . . .
         clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of
         the United States."
         ....
         A state-court decision will certainly be contrary to our clearly established
         precedent if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing
         law set forth in our cases.

Williams v. Taylor, -- U.S. --, --, 

, 1519 (2000) (quoting 28 U.S.C. §

2254(d)).3      The Supreme Court also addressed the meaning of unreasonable

application:

         Defining an "unreasonable application" by reference to a "reasonable
         jurist," however, is of little assistance to the courts that must apply §
         2254(d)(1) and, in fact, may be misleading. Stated simply, a federal
         habeas court making the "unreasonable application" inquiry should ask
         whether the state court's application of clearly established federal law
         was objectively unreasonable. The federal habeas court should not
         transform the inquiry into a subjective one by resting its determination
         instead on the simple fact that at least one of the Nation's jurists has
         applied the relevant federal law in the same manner the state court did in
         the habeas petitioner's case. The "all reasonable jurists" standard would
         tend to mislead federal habeas courts by focusing their attention on a
         subjective inquiry rather than on an objective one. . . .

  3
      Section 2254 provides in part:
        (d) An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody
        pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any
        claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the
        adjudication of the claim--
                (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
        application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
        of the United States; or
                (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination
        of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.


                                              5
               The term "unreasonable" is no doubt difficult to define. That said,
       it is a common term in the legal world and, accordingly, federal judges
       are familiar with its meaning. For purposes of today's opinion, the most
       important point is that an unreasonable application of federal law is
       different from an incorrect application of federal law. . . . Under §
       2254(d)(1)'s "unreasonable application" clause, then, a federal habeas
       court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its
       independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied
       clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that
       application must also be unreasonable.

120 S.Ct. at 1521-22.4 In sum, we can only reverse the district court if we

conclude that the state court's decision was contrary to, or involved an objectively

unreasonable application of, the governing Federal law set forth by Supreme Court

cases. If we cannot so conclude, we must affirm.

       We turn to the Georgia Supreme Court’s decision regarding the substitution of

judges to determine if it is contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of

clearly established Federal law, as determined by the U.S. Supreme Court. The

Georgia Supreme Court assumed that the midtrial substitution of judges implicated

McIntyre's Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights, but did not cite any U.S. Supreme


   4
      In addressing the meaning of the unreasonable application prong of § 2254(d), this Court in
Neelley v. Nagle, 

, 924-25 (11th Cir. 1998), held that "[t]he state court decision must
stand unless it is not debatable among reasonable jurists that the result of which the petitioner
complains is incorrect." The Williams Court rejected that aspect of the Fourth Circuit’s
interpretation of unreasonable application which incorporated the reasonable jurist standard; the
Fourth Circuit had held that a state court applies federal law unreasonably if done in a manner that
reasonable jurists would all agree is unreasonable. See Williams, – U.S. at 

.
In light of this rejection, the viability of this aspect of Neelley is questionable. We, therefore, make
an objective inquiry into reasonableness in accordance with Williams.

                                                   6
Court case to that effect. See McIntyre v. State, 

, 479 (Ga. 1995). It

held that the substitution of judges was not a structural defect requiring automatic

reversal, but rather was subject to harmless error analysis. See 

concluded that McIntyre was not harmed by the substitution, and therefore reversal

was not required. See 

Supreme Court of Georgia did, we assume arguendo that the midtrial

substitution of judges implicated McIntyre’s Sixth Amendment rights, and we address

whether the Georgia court’s decision in applying harmless error was contrary to

clearly established Federal law as determined the Supreme Court, or involved an

unreasonable application thereof. McIntyre primarily argues that the substitution of

judges is a structural defect requiring automatic reversal. He points to a number of

state court decisions that indicate that the substitution of trial judges during the

presentation of evidence at a criminal trial over defendant’s objection is reversible

error. See Bailey v. State, 

, 1026-27 (Ind. Ct. App. 1979); State v.

Davis, 

, 878-79 (Mo. 1978), Commonwealth v. Zeger, 

,

926-27 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1976), People v. McCline, 

, 343-44 (Mich.

1993), Blend v. People, 

(1870), State v. McClain, 

(La.

1940); State v. Johnson, 

(Wash. 1960). However, he does not cite any

U.S. Supreme Court cases, nor have we uncovered any, that indicate that the


                                         7
substitution of judges is a structural defect requiring automatic reversal.5 In fact, we

have found no case in which the Supreme Court has addressed the constitutional

propriety of substituting judges under these circumstances. As a result, we cannot say

that the state court’s conclusion that the substitution is an error subject to harmless

error analysis and not a structural defect is contrary to clearly established Federal law

as determined by the U.S. Supreme Court.

        In assessing the reasonableness of the state court’s conclusion, we turn for

guidance to Arizona v. Fulminante, 

, 

(1991), and Brecht

v. Abrahamson, 

, 

(1993). In Brecht, the Court explained

that constitutional violations classified as trial errors are subject to harmless error

analysis and those classified as structural defects require automatic reversal. See

, 113 S.Ct. at 1717. In Fulminante, the Court provided lists of

both trial errors and structural defects. Trial errors include unconstitutionally

overbroad jury instructions at the sentencing stage of a capital case, admission of

evidence at the sentencing stage of a capital case in violation of the Sixth Amendment


    5
      McIntyre claims that Patton v. United States, 

, 

(1930), holds no
substitution is permitted unless the defendant consents and that Sullivan v. Louisiana, 

,

(1993), requires automatic reversal for the substitution of judges. McIntyre’s
citations are misplaced. Patton was concerned with the reduction of a jury from twelve to eleven
due to one juror’s illness. See 

, 50 S.Ct. at 254. In Patton, the Supreme
Court did not address the substitution of judges. In Sullivan, the Court reversed because the trial
judge gave an unconstitutional definition of reasonable doubt, which the Court deemed a structural
defect. See 

, 113 S.Ct. at 2082-83.

                                                 8
Counsel Clause, jury instructions containing an erroneous conclusive presumption,

jury instructions mistaking an element of the offense, jury instructions containing an

erroneous rebuttable presumption, erroneous exclusion of defendant's testimony

regarding the circumstances of his confession, restriction on a defendant's right to

cross-examine a witness for bias in violation of the Sixth Amendment Confrontation

Clause, denial of a defendant's right to be present at trial, improper comment on

defendant's silence at trial in violation of the Fifth Amendment Self-Incrimination

Clause, statute improperly forbidding trial court's giving a jury instruction on a lesser

included offense in a capital case in violation of the Due Process Clause, failure to

instruct the jury on the presumption of innocence, confession obtained in violation of

Massiah v. United States, 

, 

(1964), admission of evidence

obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, admission of identification evidence

in violation of the Sixth Amendment Counsel Clause, admission of the out-of-court

statement of a nontestifying codefendant in violation of the Sixth Amendment

Confrontation Clause, and denial of counsel at a preliminary hearing in violation of

the Sixth Amendment Counsel Clause.6 See 

, 

    With respect to the last two trial errors listed above, the Supreme Court in Fulminante described
them as the admission of the out-of-court statement of a nontestifying codefendant in violation of
the Sixth Amendment Counsel Clause and the denial of counsel at a preliminary hearing in violation
of the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause. Apparently, the Supreme Court inadvertently
transposed the clauses, i.e., as indicated in the cases cited by the Supreme Court for the respective
propositions, the first trial error is in fact a violation of the Confrontation Clause and the second of

                                                   9
at 1263. “The common thread connecting these [trial errors] . . . is that each involved

[an] error which occurred during the presentation of the case to the jury, and which

may therefore be quantitatively assessed in the context of the other evidence presented

in order to determine whether its admission was harmless.” 

111 S.Ct.

at 1264.

       On the other hand, structural defects include the total deprivation of right to

counsel at trial, a judge who is not impartial, the unlawful exclusion of members of

defendant’s race from a grand jury, the right to self-representation at trial, and the

right to public trial. See 

111 S.Ct. at 1265. “Each of these constitutional

deprivations is a similar structural defect affecting the framework within which the

trial proceeds.” 

111 S.Ct. at 1265. In Brecht, the Court described structural

errors as follows: “At the other end of the spectrum of constitutional errors lie

structural defects in the constitution of the trial mechanism, which defy analysis by



the Counsel Clause. See Brown v. United States, 

, 231, 

, 1570) (1973)
(citing Bruton v. United States, 

, 126, 

, 1622 (1968) (“admission of
[nontestifying codefendant’s] confession in this joint trial violated petitioner's right of
cross-examination secured by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment.”); Coleman v.
Alabama, 

, 7, 

, 2002 (1970) (citing United States v. Wade, 

,
224-25, 

, 1931 (1967) (“In recognition of these realities of modern criminal
prosecution, our cases have construed the Sixth Amendment guarantee to apply to 'critical' stages
of the proceedings. The guarantee reads: ‘In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defence.’”)). We have described these trial errors above without the transposition.



                                               10
harmless-error standards. The existence of such defects–deprivation of the right to

counsel, for example–requires automatic reversal of the conviction because they infect

the entire trial process.” 

-30, 113 S.Ct. at 1717 (internal

quotation marks, citation, and footnote omitted).

           McIntyre argues that the substitution of judges is like a biased judge. We

disagree; there is a meaningful difference. Unlike the substitution of judges, the

presence of an impartial judge “infects the entire trial process,” 

113 S.Ct.

at 1717, and is one of those “‘basic protections [without which] a criminal trial cannot

reliably serve its function as a vehicle for determination of guilt or innocence, and no

criminal punishment may be regarded as fundamentally fair.’” Fulminante, 499 U.S.

at 

(quoting Rose v. Clark, 

, 577-78, 

, 3106 (1986)). McIntyre never alleges that either trial judge was not impartial.

Moreover, in United States v. Boswell, 

, 1342 (5th Cir. 1978),7 the

former Fifth Circuit applied a harmless error analysis to the improper substitution of

a magistrate judge for an ailing district court judge for four hours during a criminal

trial.8 The state court was not unreasonable in concluding that the error assumed here


       7
     Fifth Circuit decisions enacted prior to October 1, 1981 are binding precedent in the 11th
Circuit. See Bonner v. City of Prichard, 

, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc).
   8
    Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 25(a) provides: “If by reasons of death, sickness or other
disability the judge before whom a jury trial has commenced is unable to proceed with the trial, any
other judge regularly sitting in or assigned to the court, upon certifying familiarity with the record

                                                 11
was more like the trial errors than the structural defects listed in Fulminante and

therefore a trial error subject to harmless error analysis.9 As a result, we cannot say

that the state court’s conclusion that the substitution is not a structural defect but

rather a trial error subject to harmless error analysis involves an unreasonable

application of clearly established Federal law as determined by the U.S. Supreme

Court.

         Alternatively, McIntyre argues that he was prejudiced by the substitution. After

carefully reviewing the record, we note the following. Judge Noland conducted the

pretrial hearings and presided for the first two and one half days of trial. He presided

over selection of the jury. He also presided over the opening arguments of both sides

and the beginning of the State’s case. While Judge Noland presided, the State put

eight witnesses on the stand: 1) Warren Tillman, a medical examiner for the State

Crime Laboratory, who had conducted an autopsy on Simmons’ body and who

testified about bruises on Simmons’ body and ligature marks around her neck which



of the trial, may proceed with and finish the trial.” Thus, a substitution under certain circumstances
is permissible under the federal rules. The error to which the Boswell Court applied a harmless error
analysis was not the substitution per se, but the fact that a magistrate judge was substituted for an
Article III district court judge where another Article III district court judge should have been
substituted for the ailing Article III district court judge.
   9
     Our analysis below of McIntyre’s argument that he was prejudiced reinforces our conclusion
that the state court was not unreasonable. Our analysis suggests that the substitution of judges is not
an issue which “def[ies] analysis by ‘harmless-error’ standards.” 

, 113 S.Ct.
at 1717.

                                                  12
indicated she was strangled;10 2) Peggy Casteel, the employee working at the group

home from which Simmons and Earnest ran away, who testified that Simmons and

Earnest ran away on the evening of January 11, 1988;11 3) Greg Fischbeck, a friend

of Belcher, who testified that he picked up two hitchhikers, Simmons and Earnest,

took them to Belcher, and never saw McIntyre; 4) Benjamin Pearson, a Douglas

County deputy sheriff, who testified that McIntyre’s mother reported to him that

McIntyre and her van were missing; 5) Bill Landry, a detective sergeant of the

Gonzales, Louisiana, city police department, who testified that he pulled over the

missing van on January 26, 1988, found McIntyre, Belcher, and Earnest inside,

brought them to the police station, detained McIntyre and Belcher over night,

permitted Earnest voluntarily to stay in a nearby cell overnight, heard Earnest say she

was pregnant by Belcher, and helped arrange the return of McIntyre and Belcher to

Georgia and who also testified that Cara Stone was detained nearby the three; 6) Israel

Moreno, another Gonzales police officer, who testified that he assisted Landry in

pulling over the van; 7) James Groody, a third Gonzales police officer, who testified




    10
     While Tillman was on the stand, the State introduced some pre-autopsy photographs of
Simmons’ body that Tillman had taken.
   11
     While Casteel was on the stand, the State introduced the runaway note left by Simmons and
Earnest at the group home.

                                             13
that he helped return McIntyre and Belcher to Georgia under an interstate agreement;12

and 8) James Skinner, Douglas County Sheriff’s Department crime scene investigator,

who testified about the discovery, appearance, and recovery of Simmons body from

its shallow grave and other physical evidence discovered including a rope used to tie

a blanket around the body, which matched rope at the Newton house, a shovel, a

wheelbarrow, a boot lace found wrapped around Simmons’ neck, and a pair of boots

with one lace missing found at the Newton house.13 The credibility and testimony of

these witnesses was not meaningfully contested.

        On the third day, Judge Noland announced that he had to leave to attend the

funeral of his infant grandson. Defense counsel moved for a continuance and for

mistrial. Judge Noland denied these motions and instead indicated that Judge James

would preside in his place. After an approximately fifteen minute recess in which

Judge Noland conferred with Judge James about the case, Judge James took the bench.

At that point, Judge Noland considered and denied McIntyre’s motion in limine to




   12
     While Groody was on the stand, the State attempted to admit the waiver of extradition form
that McIntyre had executed. Defense counsel objected because the officer allegedly knew that
McIntyre was suspected of murder at this point, due to a report from Cara Stone, but did not inform
McIntyre of this knowledge. Judge Noland overruled the objection and admitted the form into
evidence.
  13
    While Skinner was on the stand, the State introduced in evidence the physical evidence noted
above and various pictures of the grave, the body, and the physical evidence.

                                                14
exclude all evidence and testimony concerning satanism or satanic rituals.14

Importantly, to that point, no such evidence or testimony had been adduced.

        Judge James presided over the State’s remaining seven witnesses: 1) Terry

Chapman Belcher, a high school friend of McIntyre, who testified extensively about

how he, McIntyre, and Earnest killed Simmons by strangulation with boot lace from

Belcher’s boots at the Newton house, spoke a satanic chant over the dead body, tied

a blanket around the body with rope from the house, wheeled her in a wheelbarrow

into the nearby woods, buried her in a shallow grave, and then a day later fled Georgia

in McIntyre’s mother’s van; Belcher also testified about his and McIntyre’s

involvement in satanism and satanic rituals; 2) David Belcher, Terry Chapman

Belcher’s stepfather, who testified seeing his stepson, McIntyre, and Earnest at the

Newton house around the time of the Simmons killing; 3) Cara Stone, Earnest’s

cellmate for the night in Gonzales, who testified that she heard Earnest, McIntyre, and

Belcher talking about their killing of Simmons and that she reported this information

to a detective when the three left their cells; 4) Rodney Howard, a detective of the

Douglas County Sheriff’s Department, who testified that he received information

concerning Stone’s reports of the killing from Landry, picked up McIntyre and


   14
     Throughout the remainder of the State’s case, defense counsel repeated his objection to the
evidence and testimony about satanism and satanic rituals, but Judge James overruled these
objections because such evidence and testimony related to the motive for the murder.

                                              15
Belcher at the airport, took them into custody, and participated in the recovery of

Simmons’ body; 5) Earl Lee, Sheriff of Douglas County, who testified, among other

things, that in his presence McIntyre told his mother, “I did [it], Mama, yes, I did,

Mama, I tied the knot off.”; 6) Phil Miller, a major for the Douglas County Sheriff’s

Department, who testified about recovering a satanic drawing from the residence of

Michael Brackett, a member of Belcher’s cult; and 7) Mark Carter, a sergeant of the

jail for the Douglas County Sheriff’s Department, who testified about recovering some

drawings from the trash from McIntyre’s cell.15 After the State rested, McIntyre

moved for mistrial and directed verdict. Judge James denied these motions. The

defense rested. Judge James instructed the jury and received its verdict of guilty. He

then imposed a life sentence.

       McIntyre claims he was prejudiced in five ways. First, McIntyre argues that the

trial court’s duty under Jackson v. Virginia, 

, 

(1979), to

grant a motion for directed verdict where no rational trier of fact could have found

proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt was compromised because Judge James did

not see all of the evidence personally. We find no prejudice because the testimony of

Belcher alone, all of which Judge James heard, was sufficient proof to permit a



  15
     These drawings, which were admitted into evidence, included a sketch of a dagger piercing a
bleeding heart.

                                              16
rational trier of fact to find McIntyre guilty beyond a reasonable doubt and because

the evidence adduced before Judge James took the bench was in no way exculpatory.

Moreover, our careful review of the record reveals that the great weight of the

evidence against McIntyre was adduced after Judge James assumed the bench.

      Second, McIntyre argues that the trial judge’s duty to instruct the jury was

compromised since the judge who instructed the jury did not even hear some of the

evidence. However, McIntyre’s only complaints regarding jury instructions are Judge

James’ denial of McIntyre’s requests for instructions on voluntary manslaughter and

on impeachment by proof that the witness, in this case Belcher, had been convicted

of a crime involving moral turpitude. Judge James was completely informed to make

a decision regarding the propriety of a voluntary manslaughter instruction because all

evidence of McIntyre’s state of mind was presented while Judge James presided.

Moreover, neither in his request to the trial court for the instruction on voluntary

manslaughter nor in his appellate brief to this Court has McIntyre pointed to any

evidence of provocation before or after the substitution, besides the circumstance that

music was playing. See 

(“It was not error to fail to give

McIntyre’s written request to charge on voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included

offense, since there was no evidence of provocation which would authorize a finding

that the homicide was an act of voluntary manslaughter rather than murder.”).


                                          17
Accordingly, we do not find that McIntyre was prejudiced by the substitution with

respect to Judge James’ denial of this instruction request. Likewise, Judge James was

completely informed regarding the request for the impeachment instruction. He

presided during the testimony of Belcher, the only witness convicted of a crime of

moral turpitude. Thus, McIntyre was not prejudiced by the substitution in this

respect.16

       Third, McIntyre argues that it was necessary for the trial judge to weigh all the

satanic evidence in ruling upon McIntyre’s motion for mistrial. As noted above, all

the satanic evidence was introduced while Judge James was on the bench, so Judge

James was able to weigh all of this evidence when considering McIntyre’s motion for

mistrial based on this evidence. As a result, we fail to see how McIntyre was

prejudiced by the substitution with respect to Judge James’ denial of this motion.

       Fourth, McIntyre argues that Judge James could not determine the sufficiency

of the evidence or determine the admissibility of the confession because he could not

assess the credibility of all the witnesses. As noted with McIntyre’s first claim of



  16
     Judge James denied McIntyre’s request for this impeachment instruction because the defense
never introduced a certified copy of Belcher’s conviction. The Georgia Supreme Court found that
Judge James erred by not giving this impeachment instruction because Belcher testified that he was
convicted and the State failed to object thus waiving any best evidence objection. See 

. The substitution of judges, however, is not the reason for Judge James’ error because
he was presiding when Belcher testified and thus when the State waived this objection. In any event,
the Georgia Supreme Court found the error harmless. See 

                                                18
prejudice, Belcher’s testimony, which Judge James could fully assess, was sufficient

evidence alone for conviction and the evidence that Judge James did not personally

hear was not exculpatory. As for the admission of the confession, while Judge James

presided, Sheriff Lee testified about McIntyre's confession to his mother and the

circumstances surrounding it. Thus, Judge James was in a position to assess the

sheriff’s credibility and the admissibility of the confession. The substitution did not

prejudice McIntyre with respect to the sufficiency of evidence and the admission of

his confession.

      Lastly, McIntyre argues that because Judge James did not personally preside

over the whole trial he could not properly set aside the verdict and grant a new trial

in the event the verdict was strongly and decidedly against the weight of the evidence

or a miscarriage of justice. McIntyre is especially concerned here with the intent

element of the crime. We do not believe McIntyre was prejudiced in this manner

because all evidence of McIntyre’s intent was introduced while Judge James presided.

We also note that the record suggests that Judge James had access to a transcript of

those proceedings that took place during his absence and that he indicated an intention

of reviewing same, in particular any portions suggested by defense counsel. See

& n.2 (Hunstein, J., concurring). Finally, after carefully

reviewing the record, we agree with the Georgia Supreme Court that there was


                                          19
overwhelming evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict. Accordingly, we cannot

conclude that the finding of no prejudice by that court was an unreasonable

application of clearly established Federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.

In sum, we conclude that McIntyre was not prejudiced by the substitution.

         For the reasons stated above, we

AFFIRM.17




  17
       McIntyre’s request for oral argument is denied.

                                                20