[DO NOT PUBLISH]


           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                           FILED
                  FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                    ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                     SEPTEMBER 25, 2007
                          No. 06-15507                THOMAS K. KAHN
                    ________________________              CLERK


                D. C. Docket No. 04-00065-CV-CDL-3

AZEEZ P. ADEDUNTAN, M.D.,


                                               Plaintiff-Counter-
                                               Defendant-Appellant,


VICTORY VASCULAR & GENERAL SURGERY OF GEORGIA,
P.C,

                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,

                              versus

HOSPITAL AUTHORITY OF CLARKE COUNTY,
d.b.a. Athens Regional Medical Center,
ATHENS REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER,
ATHENS REGIONAL HEALTH SERVICES, INC.,

                                                Defendants-Counter-
                                                Claimant-Appellees,

ATHENS VASCULAR SURGERY, P.C.,
DAVID M. SAILORS, M.D., et al.,


                                               Defendants-Appellees.
                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Georgia
                         _________________________

                               (September 25, 2007)

Before CARNES, BARKETT and HILL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Dr. Azeez P. Adeduntan appeals the district court’s grant of summary

judgment to the defendants, Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens Vascular

Surgery, P.C., and a number of their individual employees (1) on his ten federal

and state law claims, and (2) on Athens Regional’s counterclaim for contractual

attorney’s fees.

      The defendants moved to dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction because

the court has yet to decide the amount of attorney’s fees owed to Athens Regional

under the contract between it and Adeduntan, which served as the basis for a

counterclaim by Athens Regional against him. According to the defendants (the

other defendants have joined the motion to dismiss), because the district court has

not resolved the issue of the amount of fees owed by Adeduntan to Athens

Regional, which is part and parcel of the merits of the counterclaim, summary

judgment for the defendants on the other issues and claims is not a “final decision”



                                          2
that can be appealed under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Where there is a question as to our

appellate jurisdiction, we have an obligation to review it before we turn to the

merits of the appeal. See Main Drug, Inc. v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 

, 1229 (11th Cir. 2007).

      Section 1291 provides the general rule that we have “jurisdiction of appeals

from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. §

1291. This is the most common basis for our appellate jurisdiction, and it is the

jurisdictional hook relied on by Adeduntan in this appeal. He does not cite any

other basis for our jurisdiction, cf. 

and we haven’t found any that would

arguably apply here. Jurisdiction to hear the merits of Adeduntan’s appeal

therefore hinges on whether the district court’s summary judgment for the

defendants, reserving the amount of fees owed to Athens Regional as a result of its

contract counterclaim, is a “final decision” under § 1291.

      “At common law,” the rule was that “attorney’s fees were regarded as an

element of ‘costs’ awarded to the prevailing party, which are not generally treated

as part of the merits judgment.” Budinich v. Becton Dickinson & Co., 

, 200, 

, 1721 (1988) (citation omitted). Since an attorney’s fees

award was not considered part of the merits of the case, the absence of a fee award

from the judgment for the winning party did not render that judgment non-final,



                                           3
precluding an immediate appeal by the losing party under § 1291. See 

108 S. Ct. at 1721.

      However, there is an exception to the common law rule that an attorney’s

fees award is not part of the merits of the case and does not render the judgment

non-final. The exception applies where “the attorney’s fees are an integral part of

the merits of the case and the scope of relief.” Ierna v. Arthur Murray Int’l Inc.,

, 1475 (11th Cir. 1987) (citing Holmes v. J. Ray McDermott & Co.,

, 1146 (5th Cir. 1982)). In such cases, the attorney’s fees “cannot be

characterized as costs or as collateral and their determination is a part of any final,

appealable judgment.” 

cases where attorney’s fees are an integral part

of the merits of a claim or counterclaim, the district court’s judgment disposing of

all other claims does not become final, and we lack appellate jurisdiction, until all

the fee issues are decided.

      Our case law supports the defendants’ position that the attorney’s fees due

Athens Regional as part of its counterclaim against Adeduntan are an integral part

of the merits of this case because they were awarded to Athens Regional based on a

contract between it and Adeduntan. In Ierna, where the contract between the

parties provided that the “prevailing party in the arbitration shall be awarded, in

addition to any other relief granted, all of its costs and expenses of any such



                                            4
arbitration proceeding, including reasonable attorneys’ fees,” we said:

       When the parties contractually provide for attorneys’ fees, the award
       is an integral part of the merits of the case. . . . Because the parties
       provided in their agreement for costs and expenses to be awarded to
       the prevailing party, the award is integral to the merits. The district
       court’s order, therefore, did not become final and appealable until the
       court calculated the final award of costs and expenses to appellees as
       prevailing 

. Likewise, in Brandon, Jones, Sandall, Zeide, Kohn, Chalal &

Musso, P.A. v. MedPartners, Inc., 

(11th Cir. 2002), we reiterated

the rule “[i]n this Circuit” that “a request for attorneys’ fees pursuant to a

contractual clause is considered a substantive issue; and an order that leaves a

substantive fees issue pending cannot be ‘final.’” 

       In this case, there is no dispute that Athens Regional’s counterclaim for

attorney’s fees was based on a contract between it and Adeduntan. The “Consent

and Release” form that he signed in exchange for his appointment to the medical

staff at Athens Regional provided: “If . . . I institute action against the Hospital . . .

and do not prevail, I agree to reimburse the Hospital . . . for any and all costs

incurred in defending such legal action, including reasonable attorney’s fees.” The

district court granted summary judgment to Athens Regional on its counterclaim

for fees based on the contract insofar as entitlement is concerned. The court,

however, concluded that it could not determine from the record as it then stood the



                                            5
amount of fees due and that a hearing would be necessary for that reason.

Adeduntan filed his notice of appeal before the district court held a hearing on the

fees issue.

      We are aware that the Supreme Court said in Budinich that “[c]ourts and

litigants are best served by the bright-line rule, which accords with traditional

understanding, that a decision on the merits is a ‘final decision’ for purposes of §

1291 whether or not there remains for adjudication a request for attorney’s fees

attributable to the 

–03, 108 S. Ct. at 1722. And we are

aware that this Court has said of Budinich that “the Supreme Court held that both

the imposition and the amount of attorney’s fees are always collateral to the merits

of an action.” Fluor Constructors, Inc. v. Reich, 

, 96 (11th Cir. 1997);

see also LaChance v. Duffy’s Draft House, Inc., 

, 837 (11th Cir.

1998) (stating that Budinich “held that attorney’s fees is always a collateral issue”).

Adeduntan contends that Budinich and our two opinions characterizing it mean

that the exception to the attorney’s-fees-as-collateral-issue for fees awarded based

on a contract has been undermined.

      While we are sympathetic to Adeduntan’s position, we as a panel cannot

adopt it. Budinich, Fluor, and LaChance were all cases where the attorney’s fees

were awarded by the courts based on a prevailing party statute, rather than as part



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of the contract. 

, 108 S. Ct. at 1719 (awarded based on

Colorado statute which gave fees to prevailing party in any employment

compensation case); 

(fees requested pursuant to attorney’s

fees provision in Energy Reorganization Act of 1974); 

(ADA case). The facts of those three cases could not have presented, and did not

present, the issue of whether the amount of attorney’s fees due to be awarded

pursuant to a contract is a substantive issue, which would, if left open, render the

judgment non-final for § 1291 purposes. As a result, those three decisions could

not have decided the contract-fees-as-a-merits-decision issue because their facts

did not present that issue.

      Decisions, even Supreme Court decisions, can make law only to the extent

of their facts; all else is dicta. See Watts v. BellSouth Telecomm., Inc., 

, 1207 (11th Cir. 2003) (“Whatever their opinions say, judicial decisions

cannot make law beyond the facts of the cases in which those decisions are

announced.”); United States v. Aguillard, 

, 1321 (11th Cir. 2000)

(per curiam) (“The holdings of a prior decision can reach only as far as the facts

and circumstances presented to the Court in the case which produced that

decision.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). The only previous

cases that have squarely presented the contract-attorney’s-fees-final-judgment



                                           7
issue to this Court were Ierna and MedPartners. In both of them this Court held

that “a request for attorneys’ fees pursuant to a contractual clause is considered a

substantive fees issue; and an order that leaves a substantive issue pending cannot

be ‘final.’” 

(citing 

).

       It could be argued that the holding of the Ierna decision was undermined by

the sweeping language in the later decision of the Supreme Court in Budinich, even

though that case did not squarely present the issue as to contractual attorney’s fees.

However, in addition to the principle, which we have just discussed, that holdings

are limited to the issues actually presented by the particulars of a case, there is also

the fact that MedPartners, which reiterated our holding in Ierna, came after

Budinich, not before it. Therefore, MedPartners establishes the law of this circuit

on the issue in the post-Budinich era. For better or for worse, whether wrong or

right, MedPartners is binding panel precedent that we must follow until this Court

sitting en banc, or the Supreme Court, decides otherwise in a case that presents the

contract-attorney’s-fees issue. See United States v. Steele, 

,

1317–18 (11th Cir. 1998) (en banc).1

       1
           We are aware that the MedPartners decision did not explicitly address the argument
that Budinich undermined the holding of Ierna. However, we have held a number of times that a
prior panel precedent cannot be circumvented or ignored on the basis of arguments not made to,
or factors not considered by, the prior panel. See, e.g., Saxton v. ACF Indus., 

,
1215 (11th Cir. 2001) (“that holding [of the earlier panel] is the law of this Circuit regardless of
what might have happened had other arguments been made to the panel that decided the issue
first”) (citation omitted); Smith v. GTE Corp., 

, 1302–03 (11th Cir. 2001)

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       Until that happens, this appeal is controlled by MedPartners and Ierna. And

under those two decisions Adeduntan’s appeal is due to be dismissed as premature.

Of course, he may file another one after the district court enters an order

determining the amount of fees owed. At that time the district court’s judgment

will be “final” and appealable under § 1291.2

       APPEAL DISMISSED.3




(categorically rejecting an “overlooked reason” exception to the prior precedent rule); Turner v.
Beneficial Corp., 

, 650 (11th Cir. 2000) (“Nor is the operation of the rule dependent
upon the skill of the attorneys or wisdom of the judges involved with the prior decision—upon
what was argued or considered.”); Cohen v. Office Depot, Inc., 

, 1076 (11th Cir.
2000) (same); United States v. Bascaro, 

, 1343 (11th Cir. 1984) (“[T]he mere act
of proffering additional reasons not expressly considered previously . . . will not open the door to
reconsideration of the question by a second panel.”).
       2
         In any future appeal, in order to minimize expenses, the parties may wish to move this
Court for permission to rely on the briefs they have already filed, supplemented with any
additional briefing related to intervening decision on the attorney’s fees issue.
       3
         This appeal was originally scheduled for oral argument, but it was removed from the
oral argument calendar pursuant to 11th Cir. R. 34-3(f).

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