[PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  FILED
                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUITU.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               DEC 28, 2010
                                  No. 07-14077                  JOHN LEY
                            ________________________              CLERK


                         D. C. Docket No. 94-02680-CV-JAL

FLORIDE NORELUS,
a.k.a. Lavictore Remy,

                                                                          Plaintiff,


KAREN COOLMAN AMLONG,
WILLIAM R. AMLONG,
AMLONG & AMLONG, P.A.,

                                                   Interested-Parties-Appellants,

                                      versus

DENNY’S, INC.,
T.W. SERVICES, INC.,
MEOS CORP, INC.,
a Florida corporation,
ASIF JAWAID,
individually,
RAHEEL HAMEED,
individually,

                                                            Defendants-Appellees.
                                  __________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            _________________________

                                   (December 28, 2010)

Before TJOFLAT and CARNES, Circuit Judges, and BOWEN,* District Judge.

CARNES, Circuit Judge:

       No one’s memory is perfect. People forget things or get confused, and

anyone can make an innocent misstatement or two. Or maybe even three or four.

But not 868 of them. In this case, the plaintiff’s attorneys, William and Karen

Amlong, filed a sixty-three page errata sheet containing 868 attempted changes to

their client’s deposition testimony, which was the sole source of evidentiary

support for their client’s claims. The district court exercised its authority under 28

U.S.C. § 1927 to sanction the Amlongs. This is their appeal, or more specifically

their second appeal.

                                              I.

                                              A.

       In May 1994, Floride Norelus, an illegal immigrant from Haiti, and two of

her brothers met with Debra Valladares, a Miami attorney specializing in family


       *
        Honorable Dudley H. Bowen, Jr., United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Georgia, sitting by designation.

                                               2
law and personal injury litigation. Norelus’ native tongue is Haitian French Creole

and she has some difficulty with English, so her brothers translated for her. At the

meeting, Norelus told Valladares that she had suffered a nearly year-long ordeal of

sexual abuse, including rape, inflicted by Asif Jawaid and Raheel Hameed. Those

two men, who were roommates, managed separate Denny’s restaurants where

Norelus worked as a bus person, prep cook, and dishwasher. At the meeting one of

Norelus’ brothers told Valladares that Jawaid had admitted sexually abusing

Norelus.

      After meeting with Norelus, attorney Valladares visited the two Denny’s

restaurants where Norelus had told her that much of the alleged abuse occurred.

During these visits, Valladares spoke with a Denny’s employee, Edmond Reed,

and a regular patron, John Green, about Norelus’ allegations. Both denied having

witnessed the kind of sexual misconduct that Norelus alleged. According to

Valladares, Reed did tell her that Jawaid, in Valladares’ words, “definitely had a

thing for [Norelus] and that she was like his property.” Green agreed, adding that

he felt sorry for Norelus because Jawaid treated her, in Valladares’ words, “as a

slave.”

      At this point, Valladares got help from another attorney, Joseph Chambrot.

Chambrot did not investigate Norelus’ allegations, but instead agreed to involve



                                          3
himself with the case because he believed Norelus “looked like a victim” and

“looked like someone who had been raped.” Neither Valladares nor Chambrot had

any experience with Title VII litigation, so the pair sought the help of William and

Karen Amlong and their firm, Amlong & Amlong, P.A. The Amlongs are

experienced Title VII attorneys.

                                          B.

      In August 1994, months after the nearly year-long period of alleged abuse

had ended, Norelus reported the alleged incidents to the police and to the owners of

the Denny’s restaurants. The investigation undertaken by the restaurant owners

uncovered no evidence to support Norelus’ claims. Following the police

investigation, the State Attorney decided not to prosecute the case due to

“inconsistencies and conflicts” in Norelus’ account of the events and a lack of

corroborating evidence. The Amlongs knew about the results of the investigation

and the State Attorney’s refusal to prosecute before they engaged in the conduct

that led to the sanctions against them.

      Valladares and Chambrot, working from a sample complaint provided by the

Amlongs, filed Norelus’ initial complaint on December 19, 1994 in the United

States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. In January 1995, the

Amlongs assumed primary responsibility for representing Norelus, although



                                               4
Chambrot and Valladares remained minimally involved as co-counsel throughout

the litigation. Norelus was deposed for the first time in the present case on August

3, 1995. The Amlongs filed amended complaints on behalf of Norelus on July 27,

1995 and February 12, 1996. The February 12 amended complaint contained

claims of sexual harassment, retaliation, battery, unequal pay, invasion of privacy,

intentional infliction of emotional distress, false imprisonment, and negligent

hiring, training, retention, and supervision. The five defendants were Denny’s,

Inc., its parent company, a Denny’s franchisee, and Jawaid and Hameed.

      If the story underlying Norelus’ complaint is true, for nearly a year, from

June 1993 to May 1994, she was constantly subjected to sexual harassment and

abuse by a relentless aggressor, Jawaid. He was, she alleged, occasionally joined

in his gross misconduct by his roommate Hameed. In her complaint Norelus

alleged that over an eleven-month period while she worked for Denny’s, she was

not only sexually harassed but also assaulted, battered, kidnaped, and raped. She

alleged that Jawaid “repeatedly” sexually assaulted her by touching her breasts,

genitalia, and buttocks. She alleged that he repeatedly forced her to have oral,

vaginal, and anal intercourse with him in various areas of the restaurant, including

the men’s bathroom, the walk-in area in front of the freezer room, the stockroom,

and in the manager’s office while the office window was covered with a piece of



                                          5
cardboard. She testified in her deposition that Jawaid forced her to have oral sex

“almost every day” for eleven months.

      Norelus claimed that Jawaid offered her job advantages if she went along

with his sexual advances and threatened to report her to immigration authorities or

to refuse to file necessary immigration paperwork if she did not. Norelus also

claimed that when she refused Jawaid’s sexual demands, he assigned her

unpleasant duties like cleaning the men’s restroom. She alleged that during one of

the times when she was forced to clean the men’s restroom at the restaurant

Hameed managed, he forced her to have sex with him there.

      Most of the conduct Norelus alleged occurred entirely at work, although

some of it allegedly began at work and ended at the managers’ home. For

example, according to Norelus, Jawaid and Hameed made her leave work early on

a few occasions to go to their house for sex. She alleged that on one occasion she

was forced to leave work early and was transported to the house where Jawaid and

Hameed lived. There, she alleged, the two men restrained her, raped her

repeatedly, and forced a hairbrush into her vagina. Most of what allegedly went

on, however, occurred at work during regular work hours.

      Despite Norelus’ allegations of pervasive harassment, gross abuse, and

rampant criminal behavior against her, which occurred in various areas of two



                                          6
Denny’s restaurants over the course of almost a year, no one else saw or heard a

thing. At least seven of Norelus’ co-workers, whom the Amlongs had planned to

call as witnesses in support of her allegations, actually contradicted those

allegations under oath when deposed by defense counsel. Those witnesses were

specifically asked if they had ever heard Jawaid make any sexual comments to

Norelus, if they had ever seen Jawaid touch Norelus in a sexual way, and if they

had seen Jawaid touch any female employee in a sexual way. All of them

answered “No” or “Never” to those questions.

       One of those witnesses was a waitress named Rose Boleda, who worked the

same shift as Norelus. When asked about the interactions of Jawaid and Norelus,

Boleda testified: “I never saw anything out of the ordinary to say that anything

was going on.”1 After giving similar testimony, some of the other witnesses stated



       1
         Boleda also testified that a former Denny’s employee, who did not like Jawaid and
“wanted to bring [Jawaid] down any way” that he could, had attempted to get her to falsely state
that she had seen the sexual harassment and had told him about it. She testified that the former
employee told her that he had gotten Norelus some attorneys and “apparently . . . any time
Denny’s Restaurant has a . . . sexual harassment suit in Florida [the lawyers] go after Denny’s
and they always win.” (The attorneys the former employee was referring to were the ones
handling this lawsuit before the Amlongs got involved.)

         It gets worse. John Green, a regular customer at the Denny’s location Jawaid managed,
testified in a deposition that a “woman attorney” who identified herself as Norelus’ counsel had
offered to write him a check if he would give false testimony supporting Norelus’ claim but that
he had refused. The bribery attempt Green testified about happened before the Amlongs got
involved in this case, but Green’s deposition testimony put them on notice about it. Even though
the Amlongs themselves apparently did not read the depositions, they did have an associate at
Green’s deposition who took notes for them about his testimony.

                                                7
that they wondered why Norelus had identified them as having seen or heard

something.

      None of the co-worker witnesses testified to having seen or heard anything

improper. Some went further, and based on their experiences with Jawaid

expressed doubt that such conduct could have occurred. Rose Boleda testified that

when Jawaid would “hear[] the girls talking about something [sexual] he [would]

walk[] right out. He gets very upset. He doesn’t like that at all, so he would never

[engage in the alleged conduct].” When asked about the allegations against

Jawaid, Denny’s line cook Evon Martin shook his head and said: “It’s just not him

to do that . . . . He’s not the kind of guy who would talk about sex or mess with

people like that.” Martin also testified that he had received a phone call from

Norelus telling him that she was suing Jawaid for sexual harassment and wanted to

meet with Martin to talk. Martin noted that during their conversation Norelus had

complained that “[Jawaid] made me work so hard,” but she said nothing about

Jawaid having sexually harassed her.

      From the deposed witnesses’ descriptions of the restaurants involved, it is

inconceivable that gross sexual harassment and misconduct could have occurred on

a near-daily basis for nearly a year, as Norelus claimed it did, without any

witnesses having seen or heard anything. According to Boleda, there is “no way



                                          8
anything is going to happen in that little tiny restaurant and [some employees are]

not going to see what’s going on.” Another waitress, Michele Stewart, explained

that “everything is open. Employees are all over the restaurant.” She agreed that

“[t]here’s no way” the conduct Norelus alleged could have occurred without some

employee seeing something. Line cook Martin testified that it would be

“impossible” for the conduct alleged to occur without people knowing because the

restaurant is “too small.”

      Even the areas of the restaurant that seem the most private, like the restroom

or the stockroom, were not completely shielded from view. When cleaning the

men’s restroom, which was part of Norelus’ duties as an employee, the typical

procedure was to prop the door open with a mop bucket. Even if that was not

done, the men’s restroom still did not provide total privacy. According to an

employee’s deposition testimony, a person using the pay phone outside the men’s

restroom could see inside when the door opened. Once a person could see into the

restroom, he could see whether someone was in the stalls because the stall doors

did not reach all the way to the ground.

      Although one stockroom was locked during part of the graveyard shift, it

was open during the 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. shift that Norelus worked. The

restaurant stayed “[t]oo busy to keep [the stockroom] locked,” with employees



                                           9
running in and out of it to get supplies throughout the day. The manager’s office

was located right beside the employees’ break area and table. When the office

door was closed, someone seated at the break table could hear what was going on

inside the office if she listened, although what she heard would not be perfectly

clear. The door to the walk-in area in front of the freezer had a window in it as

well, and unless that window was fogged up because the door had been opened

recently, it provided a clear view into the area.

      And Jawaid himself had little privacy. As manager of the restaurant he was

often in demand. One line cook explained in deposition that “[e]very single five

minutes [some employee] need[s] something from the manager, where is he going

to hide?” With so little private space, if Norelus’ allegations of rampant

harassment, sexual misconduct, and assault were true, someone would have seen

something. Norelus’ co-workers, who would have seen or heard something,

testified under oath that they had not seen or heard anything.

      After the witnesses the Amlongs planned to call to corroborate Norelus’

allegations failed to do so, counsel for the defendants warned the Amlongs “that

the case lacked merit and might result in sanctions.” The Amlongs, however, were

undeterred by the complete lack of corroboration and the mountain of evidence

contradicting their client’s claims, which the depositions of potential fact witnesses



                                           10
uniformly revealed.

      No one from the Amlong firm deposed any fact witnesses in this case or

ordered transcripts of any depositions that were taken by the defendants until the

sanctions hearing that resulted from the submission of the sixty-three page errata

sheet. The Amlongs had, however, sent one or two associates to at least ten of the

thirteen witnesses’ depositions, and those associates provided the Amlongs with

summaries of the testimony from their notes. The more experienced of the two

associates expressed her doubts about the case to Karen Amlong who disregarded

the associate’s concerns.

      Norelus herself was never a stable or reliable witness. Her second

deposition, which took place during January and February of 1996, spanned eight

days. At least one of the Amlongs’ associates attended each session of Norelus’

deposition, although neither of the Amlongs did. During the deposition an

interpreter translated the questions into Haitian French Creole for Norelus and

translated her answers into English. Throughout the course of the deposition

Norelus exhibited emotional and erratic behavior.

      From the first day of her deposition, Norelus lied. For example, when asked

if she knew anyone named Lavictore Remy, Norelus testified that she did not.

Later she was forced to admit that Remy was her cousin and that she had falsely



                                         11
used Remy’s name in her application to work at Denny’s. When asked if she had

lied, Norelus responded: “Of course. What’s wrong with that?”

      More troubling testimony from Norelus was to come. At several points

during her deposition, she directly contradicted statements she had made in her

complaint. For example, in her complaint Norelus alleged that Jawaid had forced

her to have oral, vaginal, and anal sex in the walk-in area in front of the freezer.

But during deposition she testified that no sex had occurred there. Norelus also

alleged in her complaint that Jawaid had forced her to have oral, vaginal, and anal

sex in the restroom and in the stockroom and in the manager’s office. But she

testified at her deposition that no vaginal or anal intercourse had taken place at any

of those locations.

      Norelus alleged in her complaint that the managers retaliated against her at

work after she complained to restaurant authorities about the sexual harassment.

But she testified in her deposition that she had not complained until after she

resigned from her job, which means that no retaliation could have occurred at

work. Norelus also alleged in her complaint that after the managers raped her with

a hairbrush, she sought medical attention. But at her deposition Norelus testified

that she had not sought medical attention, and in response to other discovery

requests of the defendants she was unable to name any health care provider or



                                           12
facility she had visited.

       During the time period in which Norelus’ deposition was being taken, the

Amlongs arranged for her to undergo a polygraph examination. According to

Karen Amlong, they arranged for the polygraph in order to probe the truthfulness

of Norelus’ claims of abuse. Norelus underwent a second polygraph examination

after the last day of her deposition. To conduct the examinations, the Amlongs

hired George Slattery, a well respected polygraph examiner who had done work for

various law enforcement agencies. Slattery was of the opinion that both

examinations showed that, while she was lying about some things, Norelus was

telling the truth about her core allegations of sexual abuse.

       The Amlongs also decided to have a clinical psychologist assess Norelus’

mental state. They selected Dr. Astrid Schutt-Aine, a psychologist who spoke

Haitian French Creole, to perform the evaluation. She was of the opinion that

Norelus’ symptoms were consistent with those exhibited by people suffering from

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The record contains no evidence, however, that

Dr. Schutt-Aine formed any opinion about the source or nature of any trauma

Norelus had suffered.

       At this point, the Amlongs decided to continue pursuing the lawsuit. As part

of their preparation for trial, they instructed one of their associates to review



                                           13
Norelus’ deposition testimony with her. Norelus’ brother, whom the Amlongs had

listed as a potential fact witness in support of her allegations, served as an

interpreter. During this process, the associate read aloud to Norelus the questions

asked by defense counsel during the deposition. The brother interpreted those

questions for Norelus and then interpreted her answers for the associate.

      The Amlongs’ associate then prepared an errata sheet. The finished product

errata “sheet” was actually sixty-three sheets that made 868 changes to Norelus’

deposition testimony. The reason given for more than 500 of the 868 changes to

Norelus’ deposition testimony was merely that Norelus “[d]id not understand what

was being asked.” The reasons given for most of the other changes in Norelus’

testimony were classified into three broad categories: “poor translation by

interpreter,” “clarification of response,” and “refreshed recollection.” At the end of

the lengthy errata sheet Norelus signed a sworn statement certifying that she had

read the transcript of her deposition and that it “is a true and accurate recording of

the proceedings had at the time and place designated with the exceptions, if any, on

the ERRATA sheet.” Veda Russo, the office manager for the court reporting

service that had transcribed Norelus’ deposition, notarized Norelus’ signature and

the date that she signed it, which was June 14, 1996. By creating “exceptions” to

the deposition transcript being “a true and correct recording” of the Norelus’



                                           14
answers to the deposition questions, the errata document was intended to be, and

was, made a part of the deposition. Norelus did not sign the deposition, except by

means of the errata document and subject to the massive number of exceptions

contained in that document.

       The first time the defendants heard anything about the errata document was

on June 19, 1996, which was after discovery had closed and just three weeks

before trial was scheduled to begin. On that date the parties had a conference call

and discussed a proposed amended joint pretrial stipulation. Two days later, in a

“Motion for Extension of Time to Prepare the Pretrial Stipulation,” the defendants

informed the district court that during the June 19 conference call, they “were told

for the first time that Plaintiff had filed a 50 to 60 page Errata Sheet making

extensive ‘corrections’ to Plaintiff’s deposition” and that the defendants had not

yet had an opportunity to review the errata sheet.2 On August 1, 1996, the

defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, arguing that the number and

nature of the changes demonstrated that Norelus had committed perjury during her

deposition. The district court denied the motion, stating that dismissal was an



       2
         The record does not indicate that the errata sheet was filed with the district court until it
was attached as an exhibit to the defendants’ motion to dismiss, which was filed on August 1,
1996. In their motion to dismiss, counsel for the defendants stated that they first received a copy
of the errata sheet on June 20, 1996, the day after the conference call with opposing counsel.
The Amlongs do not dispute that, and there is nothing in the record to indicate to the contrary.

                                                  15
“inappropriate remedy” at that point because dismissal is only appropriate when

“the plaintiff’s lie is established beyond doubt” and that it was “unclear to the

Court at this juncture whether the Plaintiff’s original or revised version of the facts

constitutes the truth.” Instead of dismissing Norelus’ case, the court ordered her

deposition reopened, with Norelus to pay the costs of it. The district court also

ordered Norelus to file an appendix to her deposition identifying, describing, and

explaining in detail each of the changes made to her testimony in the second

deposition. (Apparently, that was never done.)

      Norelus’ third deposition occurred in September 1996 and lasted three days

before it was abruptly ended. Karen Amlong attended this deposition in person.

Norelus behaved much as she had in her second deposition. She again had trouble

recalling facts, including those contained in the recently submitted errata sheet.

Finally, after a heated exchange in which Norelus responded sarcastically to his

questions, defense counsel ended the deposition.

      On October 16, 1996, the district court entered an order making Norelus and

the Amlongs jointly responsible for the costs of reopening the deposition. When

Norelus and the Amlongs refused to pay those costs, the district court dismissed

the lawsuit. Norelus appealed the resulting judgment against her, but we dismissed

the appeal because she failed to prosecute it. See Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v.



                                           16
Denny’s, Inc., 

, 1236 (11th Cir. 2007) (Amlong I).

                                           C.

      The procedural history of the sanctions proceedings is set out more fully in

Amlong 

–37, but we will summarize that history before

discussing the proceedings that have taken place since we issued our opinion in

Amlong I.

      After the dismissal of Norelus’ complaint, several of the defendants filed

motions asking the district court to impose sanctions against Norelus and the

Amlongs. At the direction of the district court, a magistrate judge conducted an

evidentiary hearing and filed a report and recommendation containing findings of

fact and conclusions of law. 

The recommendation was that the district

court assess attorney’s fees against Norelus under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k) but not

against the Amlongs. 

judge found that the Amlongs, “from

beginning to end, believed in plaintiff’s credibility as to the ‘core allegations’ of

the lawsuit [] and genuinely believed that plaintiff’s claims were meritorious

despite plaintiff’s inability to testify completely and truthfully about several

aspects of her case.” On that basis he concluded “that the Amlong’s conduct did

not amount to bad faith conduct justifying sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927.” 

                                           17
      The defendants objected to the report and recommendation and asked the

district court to impose sanctions on the Amlongs. Without conducting its own

evidentiary hearing, the district court sustained the defendants’ objections.

Rejecting the report and recommendation, the court ordered the Amlongs to pay

sanctions. The order “required the Amlongs personally to pay,” among other

amounts not at issue here, “a total of $389,739.07 to cover attorney’s fees and costs

the defendants had incurred after the filing of the errata sheet.” 

appealed. In Amlong I we concluded that “the district court

abused its discretion and clearly erred when it squarely rejected the magistrate

judge’s findings of fact and credibility determinations and substituted its own,

without hearing so much as a single witness at a sanctions hearing.” 

We reversed and remanded the case to the district court with instructions that it

choose one of two options: “It may accept the magistrate judge’s basic findings of

fact and then reach its own determination as to whether the [Amlongs’] conduct

[warranted sanctions under § 1927]” or, in the alternative, “the district court may,

if it so chooses, conduct its own hearing as a prelude to making a new

determination.” 

the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s factual findings

and declined to hold its own evidentiary hearing. The court nevertheless



                                           18
reimposed sanctions on the Amlongs, rejecting the magistrate judge’s legal

conclusions as based on a flawed understanding of the standard for imposing

sanctions pursuant to § 1927. The court viewed the question before it as whether a

reasonable attorney would have filed the errata sheet and continued to pursue

Norelus’ claims knowing what the Amlongs knew at the time they made and filed

the sheet and continued with the case. The court answered that question in the

negative, explaining:

      [The] numerous changes contained in the errata sheet should have
      related to the Amlongs that [Norelus] was not able to relate a
      consistent account of the events underlying her claims. Therefore, the
      Court finds that the preparation and filing of the Errata Sheet itself,
      combined with the improper methods of preparation and the factual
      content of such Errata Sheet, constituted objectively reckless conduct
      on the part of the Amlongs, which was so egregious that it was
      tantamount to bad faith. Moreover, the Amlongs[] continued to press
      forward with their case after the filing of the Errata Sheet and in spite
      of the fact that [Norelus] continued to evade reasonable inquiry
      concerning her evolving account of events alleged in this case during
      her reopened deposition. Taken together, this objectively reckless
      conduct unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied the instant
      proceedings.

(citations omitted). The district court’s award of sanctions held the Amlongs

jointly and severally liable for the defendants’ costs, expenses, and attorney’s fees

incurred from the date the errata sheet was submitted until the initial imposition of

sanctions by the district court. The sanctions award included the costs, expenses,




                                          19
and fees incurred in connection with the sanctions proceedings. The sanctions

amount imposed by the district court following remand totaled $387,738.45.

       The Amlongs then brought this appeal, contending that the district court

abused its discretion in imposing sanctions against them under § 1927. They also

contend that, even if the district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing

sanctions, it did so by including in the sanctions award the costs, expenses, and

fees arising from the sanctions proceedings themselves.

                                          II.

       We review the district court’s imposition of sanctions under 28 U.S.C. §

1927 only for an abuse of discretion. Schwartz v. Millon Air, Inc., 

,

1225 (11th Cir. 2003). “The application of an abuse-of-discretion review

recognizes the range of possible conclusions the trial judge may reach.” United

States v. Frazier, 

, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

      By definition . . . under the abuse of discretion standard of review
      there will be occasions in which we affirm the district court even
      though we would have gone the other way had it been our call. That
      is how an abuse of discretion standard differs from a de novo standard
      of review. As we have stated previously, the abuse of discretion
      standard allows “a range of choice for the district court, so long as that
      choice does not constitute a clear error of judgment.”

Id.; see also McMahan v. Toto, 

, 1129 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[U]nder an

abuse of discretion standard there will be circumstances in which we would affirm



                                          20
the district court whichever way it went.”); In re Rasbury, 

, 168 (11th

Cir. 1994) (“Quite frankly, we would have affirmed the district court had it reached

a different result, and if we were reviewing this matter de novo, we may well have

decided it differently.”). “[W]hen employing an abuse-of-discretion standard, we

must affirm unless we find that the district court has made a clear error of

judgment, or has applied the wrong legal standard.” 

(citing Maiz v. Virani, 

, 662 (11th Cir. 2001)).

                                         III.

                                          A.

      28 U.S.C. § 1927 authorizes federal courts to require any attorney “who so

multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously . . . to satisfy

personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred

because of such conduct.” We have long held that “the provisions of § 1927, being

penal in nature, must be strictly construed.” Peterson v. BMI Refractories, 

, 1395 (11th Cir. 1997) (citing Monk v. Roadway Express, Inc., 

, 1382 (5th Cir. 1979), aff’d sub nom., Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 

, 

(1980). The statute’s plain language sets forth three

requirements to justify an imposition of sanctions:

      (1) an attorney must engage in “unreasonable and vexatious” conduct;



                                          21
      (2) such “unreasonable and vexatious” conduct must “multipl[y] the
      proceedings;” and
      (3) the amount of the sanction cannot exceed the costs occasioned by
      the objectionable conduct.

(citing 

).

      The Amlongs’ submission of the novella-length errata sheet making a slew

of material changes to their client’s deposition testimony was improper. See

Hambleton Bros. Lumber Co. v. Balkin Enters., Inc., 

, 1225 (9th Cir.

2005) (upholding a district court’s judgment to strike an errata sheet listing twenty-

seven changes, noting that “Rule 30(e) is to be used for corrective, and not

contradictory, changes”); Garcia v. Pueblo Country Club, 

, 1242 n.5

(10th Cir. 2002) (“We do not condone counsel’s allowing for material changes to

deposition testimony and certainly do not approve of the use of such altered

testimony that is controverted by the original testimony.”); Thorn v. Sundstrand

Aerospace Corp., 

, 388–89 (7th Cir. 2000) (explaining that an errata

sheet effecting “a change of substance which actually contradicts the transcript is

impermissible unless it can plausibly be represented as the correction of an error in

transcription, such as dropping a ‘not’”); Greenway v. Int’l Paper Co., 

, 325 (W.D. La. 1992) (“[Rule 30(e)] cannot be interpreted to allow one to alter

what was said under oath. If that were the case, one could merely answer the




                                          22
questions with no thought at all then return home and plan artful responses.

Depositions differ from interrogatories in that regard. A deposition is not a take

home examination.”); but see Podell v. Citicorp Diners Club, Inc., 

,

103 (2d Cir. 1997) (“[T]he language of [Rule 30(e)] places no limitations on the

type of changes that may be made, nor does [Rule 30(e)] require a judge to

examine the sufficiency, reasonableness, or legitimacy of the reasons for the

changes—even if those reasons are unconvincing.” (quotation marks and

alterations omitted)); Reilly v. TXU Corp., 

, 487–490 (N.D. Tex.

2005) (reviewing the various approaches for interpreting the allowable scope of

Rule 30(e) changes and ultimately adopting a broad interpretation “consistent with

the plain language” of Rule 30(e), allowing any changes, “in form or substance”

under Rule 30(e)); cf. EBC, Inc. v. Clark Bldg. Systems, Inc., 

, 268

(3d Cir. 2010) (“We therefore hold that when reviewing a motion for summary

judgment, a district court does not abuse its discretion under Rule 30(e) when it

refuses to consider proposed substantive changes that materially contradict prior

deposition testimony, if the party proffering the changes fails to provide sufficient

justification. At the same time, we emphasize that courts may, in their discretion,

choose to allow contradictory changes (and implement the remedial measures

discussed above) as the circumstances may warrant.”). One circuit has gone so far



                                          23
as to call the creation of an errata sheet making substantive changes a “foolish

tactic.” 

–89. In the present case, the magistrate judge who

conducted the evidentiary hearings of the defendants’ motion for sanctions found

that the procedures used to prepare the errata sheet, “i.e., translating through

plaintiff’s brother and possible explanations of questions by plaintiff’s counsel”

were also improper.

        As the magistrate judge found and no one (with the possible exception of the

dissenting judge on this panel) seriously contests, the improper submission of the

massive errata document rendered the eight days spent on Norelus’ deposition a

waste of time and money to say nothing of the time the attorneys were forced to

spend on the issues created by the document itself. The Amlongs’ decision to

press on with Norelus’ claims after the creation of the errata document wasted

more time and money. Together, the submission of the errata document and the

continued pursuit of Norelus’ claims afterwards unquestionably prolonged and

multiplied the proceedings. The question is whether under the circumstances of

this case the district court abused its discretion in finding that it was done

“unreasonably and vexatiously.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927; see Amlong 

.

        An attorney multiplies court proceedings “unreasonably and vexatiously,”



                                           24
thereby justifying sanctions under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, “only when the attorney’s

conduct is so egregious that it is ‘tantamount to bad faith.’” Amlong 

(quoting Avirgan v. Hull, 

, 1582 (11th Cir. 1991)). The

standard is an objective one turning “not on the attorney’s subjective intent, but on

the attorney’s objective conduct.” 

I, we said that “objectively

reckless conduct is enough to warrant sanctions even if the attorney does not act

knowingly and malevolently.” 

We compare the conduct at issue with

how a reasonable attorney would have acted under the circumstances. The

Amlongs’ conduct was at least objectively reckless.

       The Amlongs’ attempt to alter their client’s deposition testimony in 868

ways was of a piece with their conduct throughout the litigation. As the magistrate

judge found, they had nothing to base Norelus’ claims on other than her “own

changing testimony . . . which was totally or nearly totally discredited by plaintiff’s

numerous lapses of memory, outright lies, and outlandish comments made during

her deposition.”3 As the litigation unfolded, all of the witnesses who should have


       3
         At one point in their initial brief, the Amlongs challenge the district court’s reliance on
the findings of the magistrate judge contained in the part of his report recommending that
Norelus be held liable for attorney’s fees pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e-5(k). The Amlongs argue that the district court’s reliance on those factual findings was
improper because the legal standard for imposing attorney’s fees under Title VII is less stringent
than the standard required to impose sanctions on an attorney under § 1927.

       That argument lacks merit. The district court did not rely on the magistrate judge’s


                                                 25
seen or heard something if the claims had any basis in fact not only failed to

support her incredible story but actually gave deposition testimony contradicting it.

       Still, like Ahab hunting the whale, the Amlongs relentlessly pursued the

claims. All the while they blinded themselves to as much of the contradictory

evidence as they could. They deliberately did not obtain the deposition testimony

of any of Norelus’ co-workers who would have seen or heard something had

anything improper occurred. They did not concern themselves with that testimony,

according to Karen Amlong, because they assumed all of the witnesses, except for

their client, were either lying or simply could not remember witnessing the gross

sexual harassment inflicted on her.4

       When the truth was thrust in the Amlongs’ faces, they stubbornly ignored it

and kept on litigating. They knew that the State Attorney’s Office had refused to



application of the Title VII standard to Norelus, but instead relied only on the factual findings
underlying the recommendation that Norelus should pay attorney’s fees. The magistrate judge
made those factual findings during the course of an evidentiary hearing on the combined issues
of whether Norelus should be held liable for attorney’s fees under Title VII and whether the
Amlongs should be sanctioned under § 1927.
       4
         At the sanctions hearing, Karen Amlong stated that she found depositions of fact
witnesses in employment cases to be of little value. She told the judge: “In virtually every
employment case we have the employees either have a lack of memory or they say that it didn’t
happen or they say that she was fellating a sausage or a banana. We have ceased taking
depositions of most employees because it’s a waste of time, we know that they are not going to
say anything useful to us and we just get them on cross-examination.” The Amlongs’ practice
was to have a junior associate attend any depositions taken by opposing counsel and make
detailed notes of the testimony.


                                                26
file criminal charges because it had found “inconsistencies and conflicts” in

Norelus’ allegations.5 They knew, given the nature of her allegations, that if

Norelus’ story about the extreme and extensive crimes against her were true, there

would have been a lot of corroborating evidence from others who were present at

the two small restaurants during those eleven months, but there was none. They

knew that the testimony of every witness who should have supported Norelus’

story, if it were true, either failed to do so or in many cases actually contradicted it.

They knew that the more experienced associate they had sent to monitor the

depositions of other employees came back with misgivings about the validity of

their case. They knew that their client had responded to a deposition question

about whether she had lied with her own question: “Of course, what’s wrong with

that?” And they knew, or should have known, that submitting an errata document

that made 868 changes in their client’s deposition testimony would effectively

destroy any credibility she might otherwise have had. They knew all of this in

light of their significant experience as Title VII lawyers. Karen Amlong, who was

admitted to practice in 1979, testified in the sanctions hearing that she personally


       5
         Describing this case as a “swearing match between two people—one says it did happen,
one says it didn’t happen,” Karen Amlong said in her sanctions hearing testimony that she was
not surprised that criminal charges, which require a higher standard of proof, had not been
pursued. She also said that in her experience police agencies and state attorney’s offices usually
want medical evidence to pursue rape allegations, and there was none in this case.


                                                27
had handled about fifty sexual harassment cases. She also estimated that about

three-fourths of the cases handled by the Amlong law firm, in terms of both time

and income, were employment cases and that half of those involved sexual

harassment claims. Under all of the circumstances, a reasonable attorney would

have known that any road paved with the truth could not lead to judgment for

Norelus. Yet, in spite of everything, the Amlongs charged ahead, apparently

determined to pursue the case at all costs.

      At the sanctions hearing, Karen Amlong defended the decision to continue

to press Norelus’ claims even after her disastrous deposition performance. She

testified that her belief in the truth of Norelus’ allegations was bolstered by, and

consistent with, the results of two polygraph examinations and a clinical

psychologist’s conclusions following an examination of Norelus. According to the

Amlongs, those examinations, which they arranged, demonstrate that their

continued pursuit of Norelus’ claims was without the recklessness that justifies

sanctions under § 1927.

      We disagree. It can be debated whether the polygraph examinations indicate

that the Amlongs believed they were litigating the case in good faith. Karen

Amlong testified that they sometimes arranged for polygraph examinations of their

clients for “ethical reasons” and as a form of “self-protection.” That testimony



                                           28
suggests that the Amlongs banked the polygraph examinations for use in fending

off sanctions. It is true that to some extent the Amlongs’ subjective state of mind

is relevant to whether sanctions should be imposed because conduct is more likely

to be “unreasonable and vexatious” if it is done with a malicious purpose. See

Amlong 

n.1 (“[A] determination of whether an attorney’s

conduct was objectively reckless, or tantamount to bad faith, may be aided by an

examination of the attorney’s state of mind.”). However, we have held that “for

purposes of § 1927, bad faith turns not on the attorney’s subjective intent, but on

the attorney’s objective conduct.” 

see also Braley v. Campbell, 

, 1512 (10th Cir. 1987) (en banc) (“Subjective good faith ought not to be

an infinitely expansive safe harbor to protect an attorney who brings an action that

a competent attorney could not under any conceivable justification reasonably

believe not frivolous.”).

      Even if the polygraph results did allay the Amlongs’ own well-founded fears

about whether their client was telling the truth, those results could not have

justified the belief, if they had one, that their client’s case had a snowball’s chance

of making it to a favorable judgment. Opinions based on polygraph examinations

are seldom, if ever, admissible into evidence. See United States v. Henderson, 

, 1301–04 (11th Cir. 2005) (upholding a district court’s decision to



                                           29
exclude polygraph results under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and Daubert v.

Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 

, 

(1993)). We have never

held that it is an abuse of discretion to exclude the opinion of a polygraph

examiner. 

To no one’s great surprise, the district court ruled in this

case that any evidence relating to the polygraph examinations would not be

admissible at trial.6 No reasonable attorney would base a case on the unreasonable

expectation that a polygraph examiner’s opinion about whether someone was

telling the truth would be admitted into evidence. That is especially true where

there are many witnesses who, if the client’s story were true, would have seen or

heard something, and all of them testified under oath that they saw and heard

nothing.

       Besides, even if the district court had allowed evidence about the polygraph

examinations, “the only thing the polygraph examination ‘proves’ is that the

examinee believes her own story.” Amlong 

n.30 (Hill, J.,

dissenting); see also Julie A. Seaman, Black Boxes, 58 Emory L.J. 427, 475 (2008)

(“A witness might believe that she is testifying truthfully but be mistaken or

perhaps delusional; it is sometimes assumed that even a foolproof lie detector


       6
         That ruling came in response to a motion in limine the Amlongs filed seeking to have
the polygrapher’s testimony admitted in their case-in-chief. They had wanted to call him as their
first witness.


                                               30
would not detect such untruths.” (footnotes omitted)). The same can be said for the

the psychologist’s opinion that Norelus’ symptoms were consistent with those

exhibited by people suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. At most that

opinion is evidence that Norelus believed she had been subjected to some kind of

trauma by someone at some time. It does not prove that any of Norelus’

allegations in this case are true. See Amlong 

n.30 (Hill, J.,

dissenting).

      Following the polygraph and psychologist examinations, the Amlongs

compiled and then submitted the errata document making 868 changes to Norelus’

deposition testimony. As we have already mentioned, the reason given for more

than 500 of the 868 changes to Norelus’ deposition testimony was merely that

Norelus “[d]id not understand what was being asked.” The remaining changes

were classified mainly in three other broad categories: “poor translation by

interpreter,” “clarification of response,” and “refreshed recollection.” But Norelus,

or her counsel, could have prevented any problems caused by her lack of

understanding about what was being asked or by poor translation. They chose her

interpreter. And at the beginning of her deposition, she was asked to listen to the

question in English and then wait for the interpreter to ask it in Haitian Creole, her

native language. Norelus agreed to do that. She was also instructed: “If at any



                                          31
time you don’t understand my question, would you please advise me of that . . .

[a]nd I’ll try and rephrase it.” Norelus agreed to do that.

      The record casts serious doubt on Norelus’ alleged misunderstanding of the

questions. Several “misunderstood” questions called for yes or no answers, and

Norelus did not seem to have trouble answering those questions when they were

asked during the deposition. To take only one of many examples, she was asked a

fairly simple question: whether a former co-worker named David Hill had ever

come to her house before she stopped working at Denny’s. Without any apparent

hesitation, she responded “yes.” In the errata changes, however, the “yes” became

a “no.”

      Some of the changes made by the errata document were pure additions.

Events and facts Norelus could not remember during her deposition were described

by her in vivid detail in the lengthy errata document where they were often

characterized as “refreshed recollections” without any indication as to who or what

had refreshed her memory. A few examples will serve to illustrate. At her

deposition, Norelus testified that she could not remember what type of car she rode

in on the way to Jawaid and Hameed’s house the time they allegedly raped her and

inserted a hairbrush into her vagina. She also testified that she could not remember

the route they had taken to get to the house, the color of the hairbrush, the material



                                          32
out of which it was made, or whether she rode to their house in the same car that

time as she had on other occasions. In the errata document, however, Norelus

recalled that the car was a cream-colored, four-door Jaguar; she also recalled the

route well enough to provide exact driving directions to the house, including street

numbers and which direction to turn on which streets; she remembered the

hairbrush was light-to-medium brown and made of wood; and she knew that on

different occasions she had ridden to Jawaid and Hameed’s house in three different

cars.

        Between her deposition and the submission of the errata sheet Norelus

apparently had the chance to “remember” new information about all kinds of

things. At her deposition, when asked where specifically in the men’s restroom

Jawaid had forced her to perform oral sex on him, Norelus answered that she did

not remember. In the errata document, however, she recalled that he forced her to

do it “in the stall.” During her deposition Norelus testified that she did not

remember anything she had told the police about being assaulted. By the time the

errata document was created, she was certain that she had told the police that her

managers had sexually assaulted her. When asked at her deposition why she would

use the back door at work Norelus stated, “Sometimes I just use it.” In the errata

document, however, she changed that answer to: “I used the back door to leave the



                                          33
restaurant only when Asif took me to his house.” Similarly, during her deposition,

Norelus denied that Jawaid had ever forced her to have sex “from the back,” while

alleging in the errata document that the sexual encounters between Jawaid and

Norelus involved “always vaginal, and sometimes anal sex, too.” And on and on it

went.

        Karen Amlong testified that the Amlongs’ purpose in submitting the

novella-length errata sheet was “not to hide things from people, but to make full

disclosure” in order to “do the best job [they] could to present as honestly as [they]

could what the truth was.” This is a novel proposition: following a lengthy period

of discovery and shortly before trial, after their client has given testimony, much of

which harms her case as much as helps it, and after the many witnesses who could

have corroborated her story have instead contradicted that story, it shows good

faith for attorneys to change their client’s deposition testimony in nearly nine

hundred ways.7

        Regardless of why the Amlongs created the errata document and injected it

into the case, their conduct was improper. Their actions are not the result of



        7
         When asked during the sanctions hearing how she would characterize the bulk of the
changes made by the errata document, Karen Amlong stated: “As immaterial changes or as
elaborations. I think that there are very few that are really significant in the course of this trial
and if there are those inconsistencies, able counsel certainly can exploit them at trial.”


                                                   34
ineptitude. We cannot excuse as incompetence a deliberate action of this

magnitude committed by attorneys seasoned in Title VII litigation. Tellingly, the

Amlongs, who have touted their expertise in litigating this type of case, have never

suggested in defense of their actions that they were inept.

      As the magistrate judge found, only Norelus’ own testimony supported her

claims, and the submission of the errata document rendered that testimony useless.

The district court did not abuse its discretion when it found that “[no] reasonable

attorney would have thought it proper to file such an errata sheet” with a view

toward continuing to litigate this case. That is true even if that lawyer subjectively

believed his client was telling the truth about her claims.

      The Amlongs compounded the impropriety of submitting the errata

document by continuing to pursue the litigation of Norelus’ claims after

submitting it. The magistrate judge found as a fact that:

   [Norelus] presented only her own changing testimony, without
   corroboration or support from any other witnesses or sources, which was
   totally or nearly totally discredited by [Norelus’] numerous lapses of
   memory, outright lies, and outlandish comments made during her
   deposition—even if made in anger or frustration. Even [Norelus’] own
   testimony became useless after she filed the lengthy errata sheet leaving
   her open to further impeachment during her reopened deposition . . . .

Adopting those findings, the district court reasoned that because Norelus’ own

testimony was the only evidence supporting her claims, and because the errata



                                           35
document rendered that testimony “useless,” the Amlongs’ continued “vigorous[]”

litigation of Norelus’ claims following submission of the lengthy errata document

was objectively reckless conduct that unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied the

proceedings.

      It was entirely reasonable for the district court to conclude that the Amlongs

acted with objective recklessness when they created the errata document and then

continued to pursue Norelus’ claims after the creation and submission of that

document had made her claims untenable. That finding is certainly not outside

“the range of possible conclusions” permitted under the abuse of discretion

standard of review. 

. We have previously explained that

“[w]hen it becomes apparent that discoverable evidence will not bear out the claim,

the litigant and his attorney have a duty to discontinue their quest.” 

(citations omitted). The Amlongs refused to discontinue their quest

for a judgment even after the sole source of evidentiary support for their client’s

claims had been rendered useless by the errata document. The district court did not

abuse its discretion in concluding that the Amlongs engaged in objectively reckless

conduct.

      The district court’s denial of the defendants’ motion to dismiss following the

submission of the errata document does not place that court’s finding that the



                                          36
Amlongs’ conduct was objectively reckless beyond the pale of permissible

conclusions it could reach. 

; cf. Blue v. U.S. Dep’t of

Army, 

, 535 (4th Cir. 1990) (“As a matter of law there is no

requirement that a party move for summary judgment as a precondition to the

recovery of sanctions. Numerous courts have awarded sanctions to prevailing

defendants in Title VII cases despite the fact that plaintiffs were allowed to present

their cases.”). The district court did not act inconsistently when it later decided to

impose sanctions. When ruling on the motion to dismiss, the court was

considering a different issue from the one the Amlongs themselves considered in

deciding whether to submit the voluminous errata document and then charge ahead

with Norelus’ claims. The issue the motion to dismiss presented the district court

was whether to dismiss Norelus’ claims at that stage or instead to permit inquiry

into the reasons the Amlongs and Norelus had asserted for changing her testimony.

The questions the Amlongs faced were different: (1) whether it was reasonable to

make 868 changes, many of them substantive, to their client’s deposition testimony

just three weeks before the scheduled trial in the face of a mountain of evidence

that her allegations were not true and would never be believed by a factfinder; and

(2) whether it was reasonable to continue litigating her claims, which had been left

without any credible support due to the creation and submission of the errata



                                           37
document.

      Attorneys are charged with knowing more about their case, about their

client’s various stories, about the contradictions in their client’s testimony, and

about the testimony of all the potential witnesses than a busy district court judge

with a heavy docket can be expected to know. We refuse to require district courts

to dismiss a case at the earliest possible opportunity or lose their authority to

impose sanctions under § 1927. We give district courts latitude in exercising their

authority to manage litigation instead of looking for a chance to say “gotcha”

procedurally.

      In their final attempt to avoid § 1927 sanctions altogether, the Amlongs

argue that two of our earlier opinions, Schwartz v. Millon Air, Inc., 

(11th Cir. 2003), and Hudson v. Int’l Computer Negotiations, Inc., 

(11th Cir. 2007), “lead inevitably to the conclusion that the lower court’s decision

must be reversed as an abuse of discretion.” Neither leads inevitably or otherwise

to that conclusion.

      In Schwartz, we reversed the district court’s imposition of § 1927 sanctions

on non-Spanish speaking American attorneys who had represented Ecuadorian

clients, with whom they had never met, in personal injury litigation arising out of

an airplane crash in 

. An Ecuadorian attorney had



                                           38
referred the cases to the American attorneys. 

the cases, which

had proved to be fraudulent, the district court sanctioned the American attorneys

because it determined that they had “failed to conduct a proper investigation before

filing the complaints and missed later suggestions of meritlessness.” 

The heart of the district court’s decision to impose sanctions was its conclusion

that the American attorneys’ “complete reliance” on the Ecuadorian attorney to

investigate the facts of the case “was unreasonable and a breach of the duty to

investigate.” 

observing that “[t]his case involves special

circumstances” and concluding that, in light of those special circumstances, “we

cannot conclude that Appellants acted much (if at all) outside of the range of

reasonable conduct by relying upon the representations of . . . the duly licensed

Ecuadorian counsel,” who “was not obviously unworthy of belief.” 

      The Amlongs contend that Norelus’ case resembles Schwartz because her

case also presented “special circumstances,” 

language and

foreign culture difficulties.” The magistrate judge made no mention of language or

cultural difficulties in his report and recommendation. Faced with that fact, the

Amlongs venture beyond that document in search of support for their position,

citing portions of our decision in Amlong 

–48, as establishing

that “[t]he language and cultural difficulties . . . were a recurring problem



                                           39
throughout the litigation.” The Amlongs argue that Amlong I’s factual account

binds all proceedings in this case following that decision, including this appeal,

because that factual account is now the law of the case. We disagree.

       It is true that “[u]nder the ‘law of the case’ doctrine, the findings of fact and

conclusions of law by an appellate court are generally binding in all subsequent

proceedings in the trial court or on a later appeal.” Heathcoat v. Potts, 

, 370 (11th Cir. 1990) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Schiavo

ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo, 

, 1291 (11th Cir. 2005) (“The [law-of-

the-case] doctrine operates to preclude courts from revisiting issues that were

decided explicitly or by necessary implication in a prior appeal.”). The doctrine

applies to those issues that were decided “either explicitly or by necessary

implication” in the earlier appeal. United States v. Jordan, 

, 1035

(11th Cir. 2005). At first glance, that would seem to make the Amlong I panel’s

recitation of facts binding on the district court and on us in this appeal, but what

appears at first glance does not always withstand closer scrutiny.

      The mandate rule is a “specific application of the ‘law of the case’ doctrine”

requiring that “[a] trial court, upon receiving the mandate of an appellate court,

may not alter, amend, or examine the mandate, or give any further relief or review,

but must enter an order in strict compliance with the mandate.” Piambino v.



                                           40
Bailey, 

, 1119–20 (11th Cir. 1985) (collecting cases describing

contours of the mandate rule). In Amlong I we issued these specific instructions

mandating what the district court could and could not do when it got the case back:

      On remand, the district court need not conduct a new hearing. It may
      accept the magistrate judge’s basic findings of fact and then reach its
      own determination as to whether the [Amlongs’] conduct was
      objectively unreasonable and vexatious. Alternatively, the district
      court may, if it so chooses, conduct its own hearing as a prelude to
      making a new determination. Our holding is simply this: the district
      court abused its discretion and clearly erred when it squarely rejected
      the magistrate judge’s findings of fact and credibility determinations
      and substituted its own, without hearing so much as a single witness at
      a sanctions 

. It would be passing strange for the Amlong I panel to have

made its own extensive findings of fact, intending to bind the district court under

the law of the case doctrine, while at the same time mandating that the district

court was required to either “accept the magistrate judge’s basic findings of fact”

or “conduct its own hearing” before making its own findings of fact. 

have been the point of that mandate if our opinion had already found the

facts in a way that bound the parties and the district court? When viewed through

the lens of Amlong I’s actual instructions and mandate, the factual narrative

contained in that opinion, including its discussion of linguistic and cultural

problems, is properly viewed not as a pronouncement of findings of fact that




                                          41
controlled the future proceedings in the case but instead as background information

presented in the light most favorable to the magistrate judge’s ultimate

recommendations to the district court.

       Seen in that light, Amlong I’s factual narrative did not operate as law of the

case to bind the district court on remand or us in this appeal. Our conclusion about

this keeps the factfinding function in this case where it belongs—in the district

court, not in this Court. Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 

, 291-92, 102 S.

Ct. 1781, 1791–92 (1982) (“[F]actfinding is the basic responsibility of district

courts, rather than appellate courts.” (alteration in original) (quotation marks

omitted)); United States v. Barnette, 

, 1558 (11th Cir. 1994) (“It is not

an appellate court’s role to find facts.”).

       In any event, even accepting the Amlongs’ contention that Norelus’ Haitian

background created serious linguistic and cultural problems, Schwartz still does

not require us to reverse the district court’s decision to impose § 1927 sanctions on

the Amlongs. The district court in Schwartz sanctioned the attorneys in that case

“based upon [their] failure to investigate more thoroughly their clients’ 

. We reversed the district court’s imposition of sanctions because

under the “special circumstances” of that case, which included “great distances

across international borders,” “foreign languages and foreign cultures,” “medical



                                              42
records and a great many clients,” it was not “unreasonable—to the point of willful

abuse and bad faith—for American counsel to rely upon others (especially other

legal counsel) who were fluent in Spanish and familiar with local customs in

Equador and who were on the spot to conduct the investigation.” 

did not involve those special circumstances: Her case arose in Florida; the

potential witnesses were located in Florida; the case involved only a single client;

and it did not involve a voluminous collection of documentary evidence written in

a foreign language.

      Despite those key differences in the two cases, the Amlongs argue that their

actions compare favorably to those of the attorneys in Schwartz because their

belief in Norelus’ veracity was consistent with the views of Valladares (Norelus’

initial attorney), Chambrot (the second attorney to represent her), the polygrapher,

and the psychologist, whereas the Schwartz attorneys had relied only on an

Ecuadorian lawyer who appeared to be worthy of belief, see 

. That argument fails to grasp the key distinction between the two cases,

which is that Schwartz concerned primarily whether the attorneys in that case had

failed to fulfill their duty to investigate when they relied on the Ecuadorian

attorney to investigate the claims for them. While the Amlongs’ investigatory

techniques certainly left much to be desired, the district court did not sanction them



                                          43
for inadequately investigating Norelus’ claims. Instead, it sanctioned them for

improperly submitting an errata document, which obliterated the only useful source

of evidentiary support for Norelus’ claims, and then pressing forward with the case

anyway. The fact that the Amlongs’ assessment of Norelus’ veracity may have

been consistent with the beliefs of four people, none of whose beliefs were

admissible evidence, does not change the fact that, from the point when they

submitted the massive errata document forward, the Amlongs were pursuing a case

that no longer had any useful evidentiary support.

      The Amlongs’ reliance on Hudson is also misplaced. In that case, we

affirmed the district court’s refusal to impose § 1927 sanctions on Hudson’s

attorneys, 

, stating that “while Hudson’s case was weak,

it was not ‘so without circumstantial foundation’ as to render it frivolous” and

therefore sanctionable pursuant to § 1927. 

The Amlongs urge us to

reverse the imposition of sanctions against them because, in their view, Norelus’

case, like Hudson’s, had enough “circumstantial foundation” to rule out § 1927

sanctions. As the foundation for Norelus’ claims, the Amlongs again assert that

four other people believed in her veracity. As we have said before,

“determinations regarding frivolity are to be made on a case-by-case basis.” 

(quoting Cordoba v. Dillard’s, Inc., 

, 1177 (11th Cir. 2005)



                                          44
(quotation marks, emphasis, and brackets omitted). That said, the comparison

between Norelus’ case and the case underlying the Hudson decision is not even

close.

         Hudson alleged that his supervisor, Auer, fired him because of his

depression or because of his inquiries into the long term benefits available under

International Computer Negotiation’s insurance policy. 

Hudson and

Auer agreed that about nine weeks before he was terminated they had a brief

conversation about Hudson’s depression. 

Hudson’s speculation that

the office manager, Rosenblum, had told Auer about his insurance inquiries, made

a mere eight days before his termination, had circumstantial support based on the

nature of Rosenblum’s job, the small size of ICN’s office, and an affidavit

submitted by a former ICN employee stating that Rosenblum would have reported

Hudson’s inquiries to Auer. 

of annual raises and his

appointment to an executive committee three months before his termination all

made it believable that Hudson was terminated not because of performance

deficiencies but due to his depression or due to his inquiries into long-term

disability benefits. 

stands in stark contrast to Hudson’s. To begin with, the fact

that the Amlongs and two attorneys who had represented her believed that Norelus



                                           45
was telling the truth does not qualify as admissible circumstantial evidence to

support Norelus’ allegations. Nor do the opinions of the polygrapher and

psychologist. The magistrate judge specifically found that “plaintiff’s claims were

not strengthened in any manner by the polygraph examinations.” As the magistrate

judge also found, Norelus’ claims lacked “corroboration or support from any other

witnesses or sources.” Not only that, but the witnesses who would have

corroborated Norelus’ claims if those claims had any merit uniformly contradicted

her claims. The evidence simply did not provide the sort of foundational support

that was present in Hudson. In fact, the small size and layout of the restaurants in

which the alleged abuse occurred, coupled with the fact that Norelus’ coworkers

contradicted her claims, actually provided circumstantial evidence that those

claims were not true. The only admissible evidence supporting Norelus’

allegations of extreme sexual harassment was her own testimony, and it was

rendered useless by the submission of the errata document. As the magistrate

judge and district court found, Norelus’ “own changing testimony, without

corroboration or support from any other witnesses or sources” was “totally or

nearly totally discredited by her numerous lapses of memory, outright lies, and

outlandish comments made during her deposition,” and her testimony “became

useless after she filed the lengthy errata sheet leaving her open to further



                                           46
impeachment during her reopened deposition.” Still, the Amlongs pressed on with

the lawsuit.

      In Amlong I we explained that under § 1927 “objectively reckless conduct is

enough to warrant sanctions even if the attorney does not act knowingly and

. We then remanded to the district court with

specific instructions that “[i]t may accept the magistrate judge’s basic findings of

fact and then reach its own determination as to whether the lawyers’ conduct was

objectively unreasonable and vexatious,” or in the alternative it “may, if it so

chooses, conduct its own hearing as a prelude to making a new determination.” 

The district court followed our instructions when it adopted the

magistrate judge’s findings of fact and determined that the Amlongs’ conduct was

“objectively reckless conduct [that] unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied the

instant proceedings.” Because the district court neither made a clear error of

judgment nor applied the wrong legal standard in coming to that conclusion, its

decision to sanction the Amlongs was not an abuse of its discretion. See 

(citing 

).

                                          B.

      This is as good a point as any to address an argument made by the National

Employment Lawyers Association in an amicus brief addressing the undesirability



                                          47
of a rule requiring corroborating evidence in sexual harassment cases. Neither the

district court nor the defendants have said that an attorney ought to be sanctioned

for pursuing a sexual harassment claim without evidence corroborating the

plaintiff’s story. Still, amicus gravely warns us that:

      abuse like that alleged in the instant case—rape and coerced sexual
      conduct—virtually always occurs outside the presence of witnesses,
      unless by ‘witnesses’ one includes co-perpetrators. NELA would urge
      the Court to give careful consideration to the systematic chilling effect
      of imposing sanctions on lawyers for alleged victims of sexual
      violence, where the rationale for such sanctions is the lack of
      corroborating witnesses.

That warning is worth considering, but it has nothing to do with this case.

      The district court did not sanction the Amlongs for filing and pursuing these

claims without corroborating witnesses. The issue is not whether bringing the

action in the first place was sanctionable. The issue is not even whether continuing

to pursue the case after all of Norelus’ witnesses refused to corroborate her claims

was sanctionable. The issue is whether creating and submitting the sixty-three

page errata document and then continuing to press forward with Norelus’ claims,

which had been left completely unsupported once the errata document rendered her

testimony useless, constituted conduct sanctionable under § 1927.

      Even if the district court had sanctioned the Amlongs simply for pursuing

this case without corroborating witnesses, which it didn’t, this is not a case where



                                           48
the claimed harassment occurred only when the victim and abusers were behind

closed doors or in a manner in which there likely would be no corroboration. To

the contrary, Norelus claimed not only that her managers sexually harassed her

virtually every day for eleven months, but also that they regularly raped her and

forced her to perform oral sex on a near-daily basis. She claimed most of the abuse

occurred in one of two relatively small restaurants where there were few, if any,

places to hide. If the alleged acts actually happened, they happened where many of

them would have been seen or heard by other employees. This is a case where the

plaintiff claimed that at least seven of her co-workers witnessed at least some of

sexual abuse during the eleven months it allegedly had occurred over and over

again. This is not a case in which it is unreasonable to expect corroborating

evidence. It is a case in which, if the plaintiff’s story were true, it would be

incredible not to have some corroborating evidence. Whatever relevance the

amicus’ warning might have in some other case, it has none in the only case we

decide, which is the one before us.

                                           C.

      Up to this point, we have addressed the issues related to the errata document

and the award of sanctions as those issues have been raised and defined since that

document was submitted fourteen years ago. Our dissenting colleague, by contrast,



                                           49
has hatched a brand new theory—a theory that was never raised by the parties,

never considered by the district court, and never argued to this Court. The theory

that he has conjured up is that the errata sheet was really nothing more than a

“letter” from Karen Amlong to defense counsel. It was not, he insists, an errata

sheet because he thinks it was never presented to the court reporter or affixed to

Norelus’ deposition as, he thinks, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30 requires.

Dissenting Op. at 1. He is wrong on his premises and wrong in his conclusion.

      The record contradicts our dissenting colleague’s assertion that the errata

document was never presented to the court reporter who transcribed Norelus’

deposition. See Dissenting Op. at 1, 6,11, 19 n.12, 21. An affidavit in the record

shows that one of Norelus’ attorneys went to the court reporting company and in

the presence of the court reporter, reviewed Norelus’ deposition transcript before

the errata document was created. More importantly, the errata document itself

contains this certification by Norelus:

              I, Floride Norelus Germain, do hereby certify, I having read my
             foregoing deposition taken on 1/9/96; 1/22/96; 1/24/96; 1/25/96;
             2/6/96; 2/7/96; & 2/9/96 & 2/14/96 that said transcript is a true and
             accurate recording of the proceedings had at the time and place
             designated, with the exceptions, if any, on the ERRATA sheet.


(emphasis added). Norelus’ signature on that certification was notarized by the




                                          50
office manager of the court reporting company. As Norelus’ own certification

states, the errata document was submitted as part of “the foregoing deposition.”

And it created, or attempted to create, “exceptions” to the deposition transcript.

      Even if there were some ambiguity in the record about this matter, we

would resolve it against the Amlongs because they, as the appellants, have the

burden of presenting a record clear enough to show any fact necessary or helpful to

their appeal. See United States v. Delancy, 

, 1313 n.10 (11th Cir.

2007) (“Because the record does not make this clear, we resolve this ambiguity in

favor of . . . the party that prevailed below.”). Instead of recognizing the obvious

import of Norelus’ own certification or following our precedent about who has the

burden on appeal where there are any ambiguities, the dissenting judge would

remake the case entirely along different factual lines, lines that only he sees.

      The central fact that he would have us find, more than fourteen years after

the actual record was made, would be that Karen Amlong did not actually “intend

Norelus’s later ‘errata sheet’—the one at issue here—to function as a formal Rule

30 errata sheet with legal effect.” Dissenting Op. at 10. Neither the magistrate

judge nor the district court found that fact, which is crucial to the dissenting

judge’s novel theory, and as everyone knows, appellate courts may not make fact

findings. See e.g., Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 

, 573, 105



                                           

, 1511 (1985) (“The reviewing court oversteps the bounds of its duty

under Rule 52(a) if it undertakes to duplicate the role of the lower court.”); see also

DeMarco v. United States, 

, 450 n.1, 

, 1186 n.1 (1974)

(stating that “factfinding is the basic responsibility of district courts, rather than

appellate courts”); Tello v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 

, 967 n.6

(11th Cir. 2007) (“Because we are not factfinders, when we need facts to resolve

legal questions before us, we return the case to the district court on limited remand

for the requisite factfinding or determination of specific factual issues.”); Primera

Iglesia Bautista Hispana of Boca Raton, Inc. v. Broward County, 

,

1306–07 (11th Cir. 2006) (“Appellate courts must constantly have in mind that

their function is not to decide factual issues de novo.”) (alterations and quotation

marks omitted); United States v. Banks, 

, 1271 (11th Cir. 2003) (“A

court of appeals is not a fact finding body.”); E.E.O.C. v. Joe’s Stone Crab, Inc.,

, 1286 (11th Cir. 2000) (“We therefore abide by the general rule of

law that a remand is the proper course unless the record permits only one

resolution of the factual issue.”) (quotation marks omitted); Didie v. Howes, 

, 1104 (11th Cir. 1993) (“We, however, are not factfinders.”); Williams

v. United States, 

, 239 (5th Cir.1968) (“We are not fact finders.”).

       Karen Amlong, along with everyone else involved in this litigation, would



                                            52
be surprised to find out that the voluminous errata document was, after all, just a

letter. From its inception, the errata document has been understood by all, except

our dissenting colleague, to be a Rule 30 errata sheet. For almost a decade-and-a-

half, ever since Norelus signed it on June 14, 1996, everyone has viewed the errata

sheet as an errata sheet, and the errata sheet has always been considered to have

been submitted as such under Rule 30.8

       And it is no wonder that the document has been considered to be an errata

sheet and not a letter. At the top of the first page of the document, the title

“ERRATA SHEET” appears in bold. It does not say “LETTER.” It is not on

letterhead. It is not signed by Karen Amlong. It is not addressed to opposing

counsel. It was executed at the court reporter’s office. At that office Norelus’

signature on the errata sheet was notarized by the office manager, and Norelus

certified the truth and accuracy of her deposition “with the exceptions, if any, on


       8
         And contrary to the dissenting judge’s assertion, the Amlongs were not sanctioned for
“failing to point out to the district court, and to this court on appeal, that the ‘errata sheet’ at
issue was not an errata sheet. . . .” Dissenting Op. at 506 n.14. The defendants did not move for
sanctions on that ground and the district court did not impose sanctions on that ground. The
defendants moved for sanctions on the ground that the Amlongs submitted the errata sheet as an
errata sheet, thereby altering their client’s deposition testimony in 868 ways, and because they
continued to litigate their client’s claims thereafter. The district court imposed sanctions on that
basis. Sanctions were not requested or imposed because the Amlongs were guilty of
“negligence” in failing to come up with the theory that none of the lawyers and judges who have
been involved with this case for the past decade and a half, except the dissenting judge, has ever
come up with before. The Amlongs were sanctioned for what they did, not what they failed to
argue.


                                                 53
the ERRATA sheet.” That certification itself and its use to assert “exceptions” to

the deposition belies the dissent’s far-fetched assertion that the errata sheet was

nothing more than a letter from one attorney to another. And there is more.

      The defendants have contended for almost a decade-and-a-half, ever since

they filed their motion to dismiss the complaint on August 1, 1996, that Norelus

used the errata sheet to change the substance of her deposition testimony, and that

“[t]he changes to [Norelus’] deposition indisputably exceed both the letter and

spirit of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(e).” In response to that position, the

Amlongs have contended that the “defendants simply do not understand Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 30(e),” and they have argued that the errata sheet made

“deposition corrections” that were “proper under Rule 30(e).” Those are the

Amlongs’ own words. The defendants have argued in reply that in creating the

errata sheet Norelus “abuse[d] Rule 30(e) in a patent attempt to re-write her

deposition.” In its order denying the defendants’ motion to dismiss and reopening

Norelus’ deposition, the district court stated that “[a]fter a deponent changes a

deposition in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(e), the deposition will be

reopened if the deponent’s changes make the deposition incomplete or useless

without further testimony.” The district court found that the errata sheet did just

that, which is why it ordered the deposition re-opened.



                                           54
      And that was not the end of it. The consideration of the errata sheet as an

errata sheet in light of Rule 30 continued after the deposition was re-opened. In its

first order granting the defendants’ motions for sanctions, which was issued on

March 21, 2000, the district court quoted Rule 30(e) and concluded that “when an

Errata Sheet sixty-three pages long with 868 corrections is necessary to validate

testimony, any reasonable attorney would be on notice that such testimony may be

incredulous.” And there is more.

      In their brief filed with this Court for the appeal that we now know as

Amlong I, the Amlongs cited Rule 30 and contended that they had complied with

it. This is what they said:

      No dispute exists with respect to the specific instructions given to Ms.
      Taylor [the Amlongs’ associate who attended Norelus’ second
      deposition] as to how Ms. Taylor was to proceed with the review of
      Ms. Norelus’ deposition and, if Ms. Norelus had any changes, how
      Ms. Taylor was to prepare an errata sheet in accord with Rule 30(e).
      The tedious and thorough process employed by Ms. Taylor has also
      been discussed as was the fact that all changes were those of Ms.
      Norelus, with neither Ms. Taylor, Ms. Amlong or anyone else having
      any involvement whatsoever. That was the reality surrounding the
      preparation and filing of the errata sheet.

Br. of Appellant in Amlong I at 41 (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted). In this

Court’s Amlong I decision, the majority opinion noted that Norelus’ sworn

testimony was changed 868 times by the Errata Sheet. Amlong 

1235; see also 

(Hill, J. dissenting) (“The Amlongs maintain that Rule

30(e) ‘in no way limits the types and number of changes’ that an errata sheet is

permitted to make to a prior deposition.”) (footnote omitted). And there is more.

      After Amlong I and back in the district court on remand, when that court

reimposed sanctions on the Amlongs it focused not only on the “improper methods

of preparation and the factual content” of the errata sheet, but also on the fact that

the Amlongs “continued to press forward with their case after the filing of the

Errata Sheet and in spite of the fact that [Norelus] continued to evade reasonable

inquiry concerning her evolving account of events alleged in this case during her

reopened deposition.” When the Amlongs appealed that decision—the appeal

before us now—they once again argued to this Court that the errata sheet was

intended to, and did, comply with the requirements of Rule 30. For example, they

argued:

      At no point in this litigation has there been any case authority cited for the
      proposition that the decision [to make changes using an errata sheet] violated
      Rule 30(e) that simply provides that within thirty days after a deposition
      becomes available, the person deposed has the right to review the transcript
      and, ‘if there are changes [made] in form or substance,’ sign a statement
      giving the reasons for making them.”

Br. of Appellant in Amlong II at 10 n.28 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(e)) (first

alteration added).




                                           56
      So for about a decade-and-a-half everyone has understood that the errata

sheet is an errata sheet submitted by the Amlongs under Rule 30 for the purpose of

changing their client’s deposition testimony. The Amlongs, the defendants, the

magistrate judge, the district court judge, all three judges of this Court in Amlong

I, everyone in the district court after the remand, and both parties in briefing and

arguing the present appeal have understood that. Everyone has understood it—

except for our dissenting colleague. Now, after almost a decade-and-a-half of

litigation, he has been able to discern what everyone else has overlooked: that the

Rule 30 errata sheet is not really a Rule 30 errata sheet, but it is instead “a

document, although entitled ‘errata sheet,’ [which] had no more legal efficacy than

a letter.” Dissenting Op. at 22. During a period of almost fifteen years of looking

at the document, no one else has ever thought it was just a letter. And no wonder.

Treating the errata sheet as nothing more than a letter is like arguing after

Gettysburg that the warring sides had been mistaken all along about the

bombardment of Fort Sumter, that it was actually nothing more than a diplomatic

overture.

      And the dissenting judge’s extraordinary perception does not end there. He

is even able to perceive that everyone else’s inability to see that the errata sheet is

not really an errata sheet is not the fault of the Amlongs, who designated it an



                                            57
errata sheet and have been arguing for almost a decade and a half that is what it is,

and not the fault of all the judges who have consistently treated it as an errata

sheet, but instead is the fault of—who else is left? Defense counsel, of course.

See Dissenting Op. at 2, 19–20, 22–23. According to the dissent, defense counsel

prolonged the litigation unnecessarily by not informing the district court about

something that no one knew but that defense counsel somehow should have

figured out. What defense counsel should have divined, according to the dissent,

is that a document labeled “ERRATA SHEET,” which was in the form of an errata

sheet, was really nothing more than a letter to defense counsel—a letter without a

greeting or a salutation, and without an inside or outside address, and a letter that

was not sent to the party for whom it was intended but instead was taken to the

court reporting company, just as an errata sheet would have been, where it was

certified as a series of exceptions to the deposition transcript, just as an errata sheet

would have been. How could defense counsel, along with everyone else, have

overlooked that?

      Even beyond the facts, there is another problem with the dissent’s attempt to

inject the not-an-errata-sheet-but-just-a-letter issue into the case at this point. The

issue has been defaulted about as many times and in about as many ways as any

issue can be. The issue was not raised by the Amlongs when they served the



                                            58
document on the defendants on June 20, 1996; it was not raised when the Amlongs

responded to the defendants’ motion to dismiss; it was not raised or considered by

the district court when it ruled on that motion and re-opened Norelus’ deposition; it

was not raised or considered by the magistrate judge when he made findings on the

defendants’ motion for sanctions; it was not raised or considered by the district

court when it granted that motion and awarded sanctions against the Amlongs on

March 21, 2000; it was not raised when the Amlongs appealed that judgment to

this Court; it was not raised or considered by this Court in Amlong I when we

ordered a limited remand; it was not raised in the district court on remand; it was

not raised or considered by the district court when it reimposed the sanctions award

against the Amlongs; and it was not raised by the Amlongs in their briefs or at oral

argument after the they appealed that judgment to this Court in the appeal before us

now.

       The first and only time this issue has been raised in the more than fourteen

years since the errata document was submitted is now, by our dissenting colleague

who wants us to share his novel vision and reverse the district court’s award of

sanctions on that basis. Even if his vision had any factual basis, there are two walls

of precedent standing against what he wants to do. The first one is our well-

established rule against reversing a district court judgment on the basis of issues



                                          59
and theories that were never presented to that court—issues not raised in the

district court should not be considered on appeal. See, e.g., Bryant v. Jones, 

, 1296 (11th Cir. 2009) (holding that an issue was not properly before us

where plaintiffs “failed to raise the issue before the district court”) (citing Johnson

v. United States, 

, 1228 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003) (“Arguments not raised

in the district court are waived.”)); Access Now, Inc. v. Southwest Airlines Co.,

, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (explaining that addressing questions not

raised in the district court “would not only waste our resources, but also deviate

from the essential nature, purpose, and competence of an appellate court”); Irving

v. Mazda Motor Corp., 

, 769 (11th Cir. 1998) (refusing to consider an

argument not raised in the district court and observing that “[t]oo often our

colleagues on the district courts complain that the appellate cases about which they

read were not the cases argued before them”); Stewart v. Dep’t of Health and

Human Servs., 

, 115 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Judicial economy is served and

prejudice is avoided by binding the parties to the facts presented and the theories

argued below.”) (quotation marks omitted).

      The second wall of precedent that forbids us from redesigning the issues at

the appellate stage are prior decisions that make the law “by now well settled in

this Circuit that a legal claim or argument that has not been briefed before the court



                                           60
is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed.” Access 

. See also Ferguson v. United States Att’y Gen., 

, 1258 n.7

(11th Cir. 2009) (petitioner who failed to dispute the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ rejection of her claim as unsubstantiated by any evidence she had been

served with an Order to Show Cause had “abandoned her claim that she was

served”); Millenium Partners, L.P. v. Colmar Storage, LLC, 

, 1298

(11th Cir. 2007) (“On appeal, Colmar has not challenged the District Court’s denial

of the request for an allocation instruction. Thus, that claim is forfeited.”); Tanner

Adver. Group, L.L.C. v. Fayette County, Ga., 

, 785 (11th Cir. 2006)

(“Under the established law of this Circuit, ‘issues that clearly are not designated in

the initial brief ordinarily are considered abandoned.’”) (quoting Hartsfield v.

Lemacks, 

, 953 (11th Cir.1995)); Sun America Corp v. Sun Life

Assurance Co. of Can., 

, 1333 (11th Cir. 1996) (“As this Court has

held repeatedly, ‘[a]n argument not made is waived.’” (quoting Cont’l Technical

Servs. v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 

, 1199 (11th Cir. 1991)). As this

Court explained in Access Now,

      If an argument is not fully briefed (let alone not presented at all) to the
      Circuit Court, evaluating its merits would be improper both because
      the appellants may control the issues they raise on appeal, and because
      the appellee would have no opportunity to respond to it. Indeed,
      evaluating an issue on the merits that has not been raised in the initial



                                          61
      brief would undermine the very adversarial nature of our appellate
      system. As the First Circuit has stated, “[i]n preparing briefs and
      arguments, an appellee is entitled to rely on the content of an
      appellant’s brief for the scope of the issues 

(quoting Pignons S.A. de Mecanique v. Polaroid Corp., 

, 3 (1st Cir.1983)). Issues should not sprout like weeds in appellate opinions no

matter how fertile the minds of the judges deciding the appeal. We could not

reverse the district court based on the dissenting opinion’s new theory of the case,

even if it had a factual basis, which it does not.

                                           IV.

      We turn now to the parties’ contentions about who should bear the costs,

expenses, and attorney’s fees incurred while pursuing a sanctions award under 28

U.S.C. § 1927. Sanctions imposed under § 1927 “must bear a financial nexus to

the excess proceedings [and] may not exceed the ‘costs, expenses, and attorneys’

fees reasonably incurred because of [the sanctionable] conduct.’” 

(citing 28 U.S.C. § 1927). The Amlongs contend that the district

court violated that principle, and therefore abused its discretion, making a mistake

of law by including in the sanctions award against the Amlongs the costs,

expenses, and attorney’s fees (hereafter “costs” for short) that the defendants




                                           62
incurred in prosecuting the sanctions proceedings.9

       This is the first time we have addressed whether a district court may include

costs arising from the sanctions proceedings themselves in an award of § 1927

sanctions. Other circuits have tackled this issue in the closely related context of

rules-based sanctions. Many of those courts have held that it is within the

discretion of a district court to include within a sanctions award costs incurred in

obtaining that award. See In re Tutu Wells Contamination Litig., 

,

387 n.21, 387–88 (3rd Cir. 1997) (affirming district court’s decision to base

sanctions award in part on the costs arising from sanctions proceedings and

expressly stating that the “analysis . . . does not make a distinction between

inherent powers sanctions and statute-based or rule-based sanctions”), overruled on

other grounds by Comuso v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 

, 338 (3rd

Cir. 2001); Silva v. Witschen, 

, 733 n.15 (1st Cir. 1994) (rejecting


       9
         Although they did so before the district court, the Amlongs do not argue in this appeal
that, assuming the costs incurred in prosecuting the sanctions proceedings can be recovered in
the award, the amount of the sanctions is itself unreasonable. We find the Amlongs’ failure to
raise that issue before us notable, given that the total amount of the sanctions award was nearly
$400,000. That seems like a lot, but we will not raise and decide an issue that the Amlongs
themselves have abandoned. See Millennium Partners, 

(“On appeal,
Colmar has not challenged the District Court’s denial of the request for an allocation instruction.
Thus, that claim is forfeited.”); Tanner Adver. Group, 

(“[T]he law is by
now well settled in this Circuit that a legal claim or argument that has not been briefed before the
court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed.” (alteration in original)
(quotation marks and citation omitted)); Campaign for a Prosperous Ga. v. S.E.C., 

, 1287 (11th Cir. 1998) (issues not raised on appeal are abandoned).


                                                63
“claim that attorney fees reasonably incurred in the sanctions phase may not be

made the subject of a Rule 11 sanction”); Brandt v. Schal Assocs., Inc., 

, 649–51 (7th Cir. 1992) (endorsing inclusion in sanctions award of expenses

incurred by opposing party in establishing Rule 11 violation); In re Stauffer Seeds,

Inc., 

, 50 (8th Cir. 1987) (instructing that Rule 37 sanctions award

should include expenses reasonably incurred in seeking discovery sanctions). See

also Amlong 

(Hill, J., dissenting) (listing and discussing cases

addressing this issue).

      We begin our analysis of what the statute permits where we always should:

the statute’s plain language. See Nguyen v. United States, 

, 1250

(11th Cir. 2009). The plain language of 28 U.S.C. § 1927 establishes that, in

making a sanctions award to a party, a court may include the “costs, expenses, and

attorneys’ fees” that the party victimized by the sanctionable conduct incurred in

obtaining the award. 28 U.S.C. § 1927. After all, those costs are, in the statute’s

terms, “incurred because of such conduct.” 

were no sanctionable

conduct there would have been no proceeding to impose sanctions. Because the

costs arising from the sanctions proceedings were “occasioned by the objectionable

conduct,” 

(citing 

), a

district court may include costs arising from the sanctions proceedings in the



                                          64
sanctions award.

      Because the statutory language is unambiguous, we could end our analysis

there. See United States v. Steele, 

, 1318 (11th Cir. 1998) (en banc).

But this is another of those occasions in which we give in to the temptation to go

beyond a statute’s plain language and point out that there is another reason for

reaching the same conclusion. See, e.g., Harris v. Garner, 

, 977 (11th

Cir. 2000) (en banc); United States v. Gilbert, 

, 1299 (11th Cir.

1999). The additional reason supporting our conclusion is the fact that a

categorical rule excluding from a sanctions award the costs incurred in obtaining it

would undercut the purposes of providing for sanctions. See Tutu 

. The time, effort, and money a party must spend to get another party

sanctioned realistically is part of the harm caused by that other party’s wrongful

conduct. 

A rule automatically excluding that type of harm from the

calculation of sanctions awards would not allow courts to fully compensate the

harmed party for the wrongful conduct it had suffered. 

rule excluding the costs of having sanctions imposed from the

award would also undermine the goal of deterrence, because it would discourage a

party aggrieved by wrongful conduct from pursuing sanctions. 

aggrieved

party knows beforehand that it has no hope of recovering the costs necessary to



                                          65
have the other party sanctioned, it will be less likely to pursue sanctions. 

present case, for example, the costs arising from the sanctions proceedings may

have equaled or surpassed the harm inflicted on the defendants during the period

from the submission of the errata sheet until the dismissal of Norelus’ claims. An

economically rational party would not relish the prospects of an award that is

smaller than the costs of obtaining it. The less likely that aggrieved parties are to

pursue sanctions, the more sanctionable conduct will go unsanctioned, and the

weaker the deterrent will be. 

know that the likelihood of facing

a sanction[s] proceeding [is] low may engage in sanctionable conduct more

often.”).

       These policy considerations reinforce and explain the purpose or reasons

behind the plain language of § 1927, although no reinforcement or explanation is

needed because what a statute plainly says is the law. See, e.g., Oncale v.

Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 

, 79, 

, 1002 (1998)

(“[I]t is ultimately the provisions of our laws rather than the principal concerns of

our legislators by which we are governed.”); Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Fla.

v. S. Everglades Restoration Alliance, 

, 1087 (11th Cir. 2002)

(“[U]nambiguous language in a statute is more than mere evidence of what

Congress intended the law to be—it is the law.”).



                                           66
       Against what the statute itself says, and the obvious reasons behind what it

says, the Amlongs present us with a holding from the Fourth Circuit and some

dicta from the Tenth Circuit to support their position that the costs the moving

party incurs in obtaining a sanctions award should not be included in that award.10

The Fourth Circuit decision is Blue v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 

(4th Cir.

1990), a Title VII lawsuit in which the district court had imposed sanctions on the

plaintiffs and their counsel by “invok[ing] a number of different yet overlapping

legal theories to justify its imposition of sanctions, including Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 11 and 16, the ‘bad faith’ exception to the American Rule, and 28

U.S.C. § 1927.” 

The district court had “ordered not only that defendant

be awarded payment for court costs and attorneys’ fees, but also that the court

itself be reimbursed for the expenses it incurred and the time it spent presiding

over the litigation.” 11 

Amlongs also rely on Tutu 

, a case in which the Third
Circuit actually affirmed a sanctions award that included the costs incurred in the sanction
proceedings. The Amlongs attempt to use that case to argue that costs for the sanctions
proceeding itself should be awarded only where the conduct that led to the proceeding was
egregious. But the Tutu Wells opinion did not purport to impose an egregiousness standard.
See 

In any event, the decision did affirm the inclusion in the award of the costs
incurred in obtaining the sanctions. 

(“A district court, in the exercise of its discretion,
may award attorney’s fees arising from sanctions proceedings.”). As a result, if the Tutu Wells
opinion had said that anything less than the egregious misconduct present in that case would
have ruled out costs for the sanctions proceeding itself, it would have been only dicta.
       11
         The Fourth Circuit observed that “[w]hile these legal theories approach attorney and
party misconduct from different perspectives and have differing standards, all share the common


                                                  67
       The Fourth Circuit held in Blue that “counsel cannot simply rely on a

client’s patently incredible testimony when any reasonable investigation of the

factual bases for the client’s claims or examination of materials obtained in

discovery would reveal the paucity and implausibility of the evidence.” 

Because the senior partner in charge of the plaintiffs’ case had not done that, the

Blue court concluded that “the conduct of this litigation was sanctionable.” 

Although it set aside the sanctions imposed against the junior associate, who

was working on her first case for the firm and had entered the litigation late, the

court affirmed the decision to sanction the senior partner who had been in the

charge of the case when it began. 

The Blue decision provides

strong support for the imposition of sanctions on the Amlongs. Their conduct was

even worse than that of the senior partner in Blue when the submission of the



goal of the efficient litigation of meritorious suits and the deterrence of suits so patently
meritless that their pursuit constitutes an abuse of the judicial system.” 

Because there
is significant overlap among those various theories, the court concluded: “Rather than dissect the
particulars of each theory as applied to each of the district court’s findings of improper conduct,
we think it more straightforward to examine the basic question of whether the actions of
plaintiffs and their counsel in pursuit of this lawsuit in fact constituted sanctionable conduct.”

Even so, the Fourth Circuit commented that “[t]he sheer breadth and magnitude of
[the district court’s] sanctions effort are probably unprecedented.” 

“[T]he district
court not only invoked every conceivable legal theory on which sanctions could be imposed, but
also levied every conceivable sanction, including attorneys’ fees, court costs, court salaries
(including that of its law clerk), and even a fine and reprimand of counsel for violation of state
ethical rules.” 

Circuit ultimately set aside as improper the part of award of
sanctions based on court salaries. 

                                                68
massive errata document is considered along with the paucity and implausibility of

the evidence supporting Norelus’ case.

       The part of the Blue opinion that the Amlongs rely on deals with the court’s

decision to “set aside the sanctions arising out of the prosecution of the sanctions

hearing with respect to counsel” because there was “no sanctionable conduct in the

attorneys’ opposition to the sanctions motions.” 

The Fourth Circuit

gave as its reason for doing so that “[l]itigants should be able to defend themselves

from the imposition of sanctions without incurring additional sanctions.” 

Of course, one could say with equal force that parties who have been

victimized by vexatious litigation should be able to have themselves made whole

through a sanctions award, which is possible only if they can recover the additional

costs of obtaining that award from the guilty party.

       For our purposes, the more fundamental problem with the Blue court’s

curiously thin treatment of this issue is that, because it was taking a wholesale

approach to the various theories under which the district court had awarded

sanctions in the first place, the court apparently saw no reason to confront the plain

language of § 1927. If the court had any explanation for why costs, expenses, and


       12
          The Blue court did affirm the award of sanctions for the sanction proceedings conduct
of the plaintiffs themselves, because they had committed perjury during the sanctions hearing.

                                               69
attorney’s fees incurred in obtaining an award because of opposing counsel’s

sanctionable conduct are not “costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees . . . incurred

because of such conduct,” 28 U.S.C. § 1927, the court did not mention it.

      If the Blue court had been focusing on § 1927, instead of a smorgasbord of

sanctions theories, it might have realized that its policy view could not stand in the

face of the plain statutory language. Courts may not rewrite the language of a

statute in the guise of interpreting it in order to further what they deem to be a

better policy than the one Congress wrote into the statute. See Artuz v. Bennett,

, 10, 

, 365 (2000) (“Whatever merits these and other policy

arguments may have, it is not the province of this Court to rewrite the statute to

accommodate them.”); Albritton v. Cagle’s, Inc., 

, 1017 (11th Cir.

2007) (“We are not empowered to rewrite statutes.”); Wright v. Sec’y, Dep’t of

Corrs., 

, 1255 (11th Cir. 2002) (“Our function is to apply statutes, to

carry out the expression of the legislative will that is embodied in them, not to

‘improve’ statutes by altering them.”); 

(“We will not do to

the statutory language what Congress did not do with it, because the role of the

judicial branch is to apply statutory language, not to rewrite it.”).

      There is another problem with the Blue court’s policy position. It is

inconsistent with the position universally applied in other cost- and fee-shifting



                                           70
situations. Like other courts, we have allowed parties to recover the cost of

establishing their right to, and the amount of attorney’s fees—the right to fees-on-

fees. See, e.g., Jackson v. State Bd. of Pardons & Paroles, 

, 798–99

(11th Cir. 2003) (holding “that fees-on-fees are recoverable under” the Prison

Litigation Reform Act of 1995, 42 U.S.C. § 1997(e)(d)(1)(A)); Jean v. Nelson, 

, 780 (11th Cir. 1988) (holding “that the United States may not oppose a

‘fees for fees’ request [under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412,]

solely on the ground that its position in the fee litigation was substantially

justified”); Jonas v. Stack, 

, 568 (11th Cir. 1985) (“[A] prevailing

party’s counsel is entitled to reasonable compensation when he litigates his own

claim for entitlement to § 1988 fees.”). In allowing awards of fees-on-fees, we

have relied on the language of the rule or statute at issue. See 

–99; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(2) (“If warranted, the court may award to

the prevailing party the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred for

the motion [for sanctions].”). We have also reasoned that not allowing fees-on-

fees would undermine the congressional policies behind awarding attorney’s fees.

. The same reasoning supports the same rule in the present

circumstances. The Fourth Circuit also allows fees-on-fees in other circumstances,

see, e.g., Trimper v. City of Norfolk, 

, 77 (4th Cir. 1995), Daly v. Hill,



                                           71


, 1080 (4th Cir. 1986), a fact that went unremarked in the Blue

opinion. If, as the Blue court held, a sanction award should not include the costs

the moving party incurred in the sanction proceedings, all of those decisions,

including the Fourth Circuit’s own Daly decision, are wrong.

      The Tenth Circuit opinion containing language that the Amlongs rely on is

Glass v. Pfeffer, 

(10th Cir. 1988), but that language is only dicta.

The actual decision in the Glass case upheld the inclusion in a sanctions award of

attorney’s fees incurred in obtaining that award, because the sanctioned lawyers

had “engage[d] in scorched earth tactics to challenge such a fee award.” 

The court speculated in dicta that “a party . . . should not always be entitled

to additional attorney’s fees for defending, at a due process hearing, an earlier fee

award.” 

behind the dicta was that the attorney threatened with

sanctions has “a due process right to notice and hearing to contest” sanctions,

which would “be of little value if its exercise automatically results in a still larger

fee award.” 

about those statements in the Glass opinion. First, they are pure

dicta because the award in that case was upheld. Second, they were not even dicta

about § 1927 or any other statute authorizing the award of sanctions, because the

award in Glass was made under the district court’s inherent authority. See 

1263 (noting that § 1927 was not involved in the case because the version of the

statute in effect at that time did not allow the award of attorney’s fees for any

reason); 

(“The award of attorney’s fees in favor of [the defendant]

was justified under the district court’s inherent power.”). Because Glass is not a §

1927 case, at least the statements of the court in that case did not go against the

plain language of the statute. Third, even freed from the constraints of the

language in § 1927, the reason given for the conclusion stated in Glass is not

persuasive. To say that the right of an attorney to contest sanctions would “be of

little value if its exercise automatically results in a still larger fee award,” 

rests on a patently false premise: that the attorney’s contest will always be

unsuccessful. The result of the sanctions proceeding is not automatic. If the

attorney is successful in contesting a motion to award sanctions against him there

will be no award against the attorney at all, much less a larger one. Fourth and

finally, the Glass court’s statement—in dicta and not about § 1927—is simply that

fees should not always be awarded to the moving party for defending its right to

attorney’s fees. We do not have that question before us. The only question before

us is whether a district court “may”—and that is the operative word in § 1927, not

“must”—award the moving party costs, expenses, and fees for successfully

litigating the sanctions proceeding. We answer only that question. And our



                                             73
answer is yes.

                                          V.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion by finding that the Amlongs’

creation and submission of the errata document and their continued pursuit of

Norelus’ claims amounted to “objectively reckless conduct” that multiplied the

proceedings in this case “unreasonably and vexatiously,” 28 U.S.C. § 1927. The

district court also acted within the scope of its discretion by including in the

sanctions award the costs, expenses, and attorney’s fees incurred by the defendants

in obtaining the award.

      AFFIRMED.




                                           74
BOWEN, District Judge, concurring in part:

      I decline to join in Section III.C. of the opinion. I concur in the remainder

thereof and in the result of affirmance.




                                           75
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

      The court states that “[t]he issue [in this appeal] is whether creating and

submitting the sixty-three page errata document and then continuing to press

forward with Norelus’ claims, which had been left completely unsupported once

the errata document rendered her testimony useless, constituted conduct

sanctionable under [28 U.S.C.] § 1927.” Ante at 485. The Amlongs1 did prepare

the sixty-three page document, which they labeled “errata sheet” (“‘errata sheet’”

or “errata document”), but they did not present it to the court reporter, as Rule

30(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires, so it could be attached to

the certificate the reporter affixed to Norelus’s deposition in accordance with Rule

30(f). In short, the sixty-three page errata document was not an errata sheet as

contemplated by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rather, it constituted

nothing but a written communication, a letter, from Karen Amlong to defense

counsel, in which Karen Amlong informed defense counsel—in keeping with her

obligations under the Florida Rules of Professional Responsibility—that her client

had testified falsely on deposition and provided the statements she believed her

client should have made when deposed. As a consequence, the communication,

instead of multiplying the proceedings, informed defense counsel that Norelus had


      1
          I refer to the Amlong & Amlong law firm as “Amlong & Amlong” or the “Amlongs.”


                                            76
made statements to her attorneys which, when compared to what she had said on

deposition, cast substantial doubt on her credibility.

      Had defense counsel explained all of this to the district court, the court

would have disregarded the “errata sheet” and declared that the Norelus deposition

transcript certified by the court reporter constituted Norelus’s deposition; Denny’s,

Meos, and Jawaid would not have incurred $387,738 in subsequent attorneys’ fees

and costs; and the court would not have sanctioned the Amlongs under 28 U.S.C. §

1927 in that amount. In essence, the Amlongs did nothing that a reasonable

attorney would not have done under the circumstances. They plainly should not be

held responsible for defense counsel’s errors that ultimately prolonged this

litigation unnecessarily.

      This dissent is organized as follows. Part I sets out Rule 30, explains the

purpose of an errata sheet, and addresses how courts enforce Rule 30’s

requirements pertaining to errata sheets. Part II initially establishes that Karen

Amlong fully understood how, under Rule 30, an errata sheet becomes part of a

deponent’s deposition and then explains that she did not intend the “errata sheet”

she sent defense counsel to comply with Rule 30 and become part of Norelus’s

deposition. Part III establishes that defense counsel failed to comprehend this and,

thus, erroneously concluded and represented to the court that the “errata sheet” was



                                           77
part of Norelus’s deposition. In turn, part IV shows how defense counsel’s error

led to the § 1927 sanctions at issue in this appeal. Finally, part V explains why, in

light of the foregoing, levying these sanctions was improper.

                                              I.

                                              A.

       Rule 30 governs “Depositions by Oral Examination.” Subdivisions (e) and

(f), in relevant part, state the following:

       (e) Review by the Witness; Changes.
         (1) Review; Statement of Changes. On request by the deponent or a
              party before the deposition is completed, the deponent must be
             allowed 30 days after being notified by the officer [(i.e, court
            reporter)] that the transcript or recording is available in which:

              (A) to review the transcript or recording; and
              (B) if there are changes in form or substance, to sign a statement
                 listing the changes and the reasons for making them.

           (2) Changes Indicated in the [Court Reporter’s] Certificate. The [court
              reporter] must note in the certificate prescribed by Rule 30(f)(1)
              whether a review was requested and, if so, must attach any changes
              the deponent makes during the 30-day period.

       (f) Certification and Delivery; Exhibits; Copies of the Transcript or
           Recoding; Filing.

           (1) Certification and Delivery. The [court reporter] must certify in
             writing that the witness was duly sworn and that the deposition
             accurately records the witness’s testimony. The certificate must
             accompany the record of the deposition. Unless the court orders
             otherwise, the [court reporter] must seal the deposition in an envelope


                                              78
               . . . and must promptly send it to the attorney who arranged for the
               transcript or recording. The attorney must store it under conditions
               that will protect it against loss, destruction, tampering, or
               deterioration.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(e), (f) (emphasis added).

       An obvious policy underlies these provisions. They aim to ensure that a

deposition transcript accurately reflects the questions put to and the answers given

by the deponent because the outcome of the litigation may turn on what the

deponent said. Thus, a deponent who elects to review the deposition’s transcript

must submit to the court reporter, by way of an errata sheet, changes in the

transcript that the deponent wishes to make and the reasons for the changes. This

procedure allows the reporter to compare her shorthand notes with what she

transcribed to determine whether she erred in transposing her notes.2 The court

reporter also can compare the deponent’s proposed changes with a tape recording

of the deposition if, as in this case, a recording was made.3



       2
         The court reporter, Jody L. Warren, took Norelus’s deposition by shorthand. I cannot
determine from the record on appeal whether Warren typed the deposition transcript straight
from her notes or dictated the words (disclosed by her notes) to a recording machine from which
she or someone else then typed the transcript.
       3
          It is in the court reporter’s self interest to resolve the differences between the witness’s
proposed changes and the deposition transcript. Not only is the accuracy of the deposition
transcript and, perhaps, the litigation’s outcome at stake, but so is the professional reputation of
the court reporter. A reporter flooded with lengthy errata sheets is one looking for some other
job.


                                                  79
      Thus, implicit in subdivisions (e) and (f)’s operation is this: the court

reporter considers the changes indicated in the deponent’s errata sheet; if she

agrees with a posited change, she will make it on the deposition transcript; or, if

she does not agree with the change, the errata sheet will indicate her disagreement.



                                          B.
      The courts, too, seek to implement Rule 30’s policy of accuracy by requiring

strict compliance with the Rule’s procedural requirements. See, e.g., EBC, Inc. v.

Clark Bldg. Sys., Inc., 

, 265 (3d Cir. 2010) (declaring that “[t]he

procedural requirements of Rule 30(e) are clear and mandatory”); Agrizap, Inc. v.

Woodstream Corp., 

, 493 (E.D. Pa. 2006) (“[T]here is no debate

that the procedural requirements of Rule 30(e) must be adhered to.”); Holland v.

Cedar Creek Mining, Inc., 

, 653 (S.D.W. Va. 2001) (“This court,

like most courts, will insist on strict adherence to the technical requirements of

Rule 30(e).”).

      The first obligation is that the errata sheet be submitted to the court reporter

within Rule 30(e)’s thirty-day window absent a court-approved extension. Courts

uniformly disregard untimely errata sheets, treating them as a nullity; in other

words, they treat the deponent as having waived her opportunity to make changes



                                          80
to her testimony. E.g., Welch v. Mercer Univ., 304 Fed. Appx. 834, 838 (11th Cir.

2008) (affirming the district court’s decision that denied as untimely an errata sheet

not submitted to the court reporter within Rule 30(e)’s thirty-day time frame);

Hambleton Bros. Lumber Co. v. Balkin Enters., Inc., 

, 1225–26 (9th

Cir. 2005) (excluding corrections in part because the record did not show the

plaintiff’s corrections were submitted within the thirty-day deadline).

      From this stricture, it follows that an errata sheet that never was submitted to

the court reporter—as was the case here—likewise is a nullity. See e.g., Reed v.

Hernandez, 114 Fed. Appx. 609, 611 (5th Cir. 2004) (affirming exclusion of errata

sheet that had been filed outside Rule 30(e)’s thirty-day window and never

submitted to the court reporter, but rather had been attached to a response to a

motion for summary judgment, because “Rule 30(e) does not provide any

exceptions to its requirements”); Fogal v. Coastal Rest. Mgmt., Inc., 

. 1286, 1298 (S.D. Ga. 2004) (rejecting deposition errata sheet because it failed

to comply with Rule 30(e), as it was not appended to the deposition by a certifying

court reporter). In such cases, once the court has excluded the putative errata

document, the deponent’s original, unamended transcript certified by the court

reporter serves as the deponent’s deposition testimony.

      A second procedural requirement provides that if the errata sheet makes



                                          81
“changes in form or substance,” the witness must “sign a statement listing the

changes and the reasons for making them.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 30(e)(1)(B). “It is not

enough for the witness to give general conclusory reasons for all the changes at the

end of the transcript.” Sanford v. CBS, Inc., 

, 715 (N.D. Ill.

1984). Nor is it sufficient for “the witness to record no reasons at all upon the

deposition but merely to claim that the reasons are ‘either explicit or reasonably

implied from the circumstances.’” 

v. Thomas, 

,

641 (N.D. Ill. 1981)). Rather, “the witness must state the specific reason for the

particular change after each modification.” 

either strike errata

sheets failing to include a statement of reasons explaining corrections, or order the

witness to state the reasons with the requisite specificity. See, e.g., EBC, 

(“Courts have found that the failure to provide a statement of reasons

alone suffices to strike a proposed change.” (citing 

;

Duff v. Lobdell-Emery Mfg. Co., 

, 804 (N.D. Ind. 1996))).

      Finally, if the deponent submits her errata sheet to the court reporter within

Rule 30’s thirty-day deadline and provides sufficient reasons for her changes, the

court may order the reopening of her deposition, subjecting her to further

questioning pertaining to her amended answers. Upon such an order, “‘[d]eposing

counsel can ask questions which were made necessary by the changed answers,



                                          82
questions about the reasons the changes were made, and questions about where the

changes originated, whether with the deponent or with his attorney.’” 

(quoting 

). That said, the answers the

witness originally gave to deposing counsel’s questions will remain part of the

record and can be read at the trial. The Lugtig court explained this well:

      Nothing in the language of Rule 30(e) requires or implies that the
      original answers are to be stricken when changes are made. In fact,
      the Rule’s instruction that the changes be made “upon the deposition”
      implies the original answers will remain. Policy also supports that
      conclusion.

      The witness who changes his testimony on a material matter between
      the giving of his deposition and his appearance at trial may be
      impeached by his former answers, and the cross-examiner and the jury
      are likely to be keenly interested in the reasons he changed his
      testimony. There is no apparent reason why the witness who changes
      his mind between the giving of the deposition and its transcription
      should stand in any better case.

      The Rule is less likely to be abused if the deponent knows that all the
      circumstances—the original answers as well as the changes and the
      reasons—will be subject to examination by the trier of 

–42 (citations omitted).

                                           II.

                                           A.

      Karen Amlong knew well the purpose behind a Rule 30(e) errata sheet. She

knew that an errata sheet is meant to alert the court reporter to possible errors in



                                           83
her notes or transcription of her notes, not to materially change sworn deposition

testimony or to add responses that deposing counsel’s questions did not elicit.

       Karen Amlong exhibited her knowledge of these errata sheet objectives

when she represented Norelus at Norelus’s first deposition, taken on August 3,

1995. That earlier deposition was taken by Denny’s attorney, Jon Stage of Holland

& Knight, before court reporter Mark Silverman.4 At the deposition’s conclusion,5

Karen Amlong invoked Norelus’s Rule 30(e) right to review the testimony

transcript. Subsequently, on September 27, 1995, after obtaining an extension of

the Rule’s thirty-day review period, Karen Amlong submitted a Rule 30 errata

sheet to the court reporter, Silverman. That errata sheet was prepared after one of

the Amlongs’ associates,6 accompanied by Norelus and her brother, Anthony, who

acted as Norelus’s interpreter,7 visited Silverman’s office and reviewed the

deposition transcript.


       4
          Averil Marcus appeared at the deposition for Meos Corp., Inc. Asif Jawaid and Raheel
Hameed had been added to the case as defendants on July 27, 1995, when Norelus filed her first
amended complaint. They were not served with process, however, until sometime after August
3, and therefore neither of them appeared nor was represented at the August 3 proceeding.
Norelus’s brother, Anthony Norelus, attended the proceeding as a spectator. A Creole language
interpreter translated Stage’s questions into Creole for Norelus and Norelus's answers into
English.
       5
           The deposition began at 11:29 a.m. and ended at 5:10 p.m. the same day.
       6
           The record does not contain the associate’s identity.
       7
           Norelus lacked the funds to pay for a licensed Creole interpreter.


                                                 84
       The transcript consisted of 153 pages. The errata sheet, however, posited

corrections to only four of those pages and, itself, was less than one page in length.

Further, only one of the corrections added words to an answer Norelus had given in

response to a question posed by Stage.8 Silverman, having received the errata

sheet in compliance with Rule 30(e), attached it to the deposition and sent the

deposition to Holland & Knight with his Rule 30(f) certificate.

       As the next subpart makes clear, it appears obvious that when we take into

account Karen Amlong’s behavior following Norelus’s first deposition, which

indicated that she fully understood the operation of Rule 30, we must reach the

conclusion that she did not intend Norelus’s later “errata sheet”—the one at issue

here—to function as a formal Rule 30 errata sheet with legal effect.

                                                B.

       Norelus’s second deposition commenced on January 9, 1996.9 Karen

Amlong assigned Lisa Stern, a new associate at Amlong & Amlong, the task of

representing Norelus during the proceeding, and the deposition took all or part of


       8
           As transcribed, line 21 on page 53 of the deposition reported Norelus’s answer as
“No” to the question: “He made an unwelcomed sexual advance toward you on the third time;
you didn’t welcome it, you didn’t invite it, it wasn’t voluntary?” On the errata sheet, Norelus
gave this answer: “It was not voluntary. It was unwelcomed. I did not invite it.”
       9
         The deposition was taken pursuant to the notice of taking deposition that Jawaid’s
counsel, Conroy, Simberg & Lewis, filed on November 27, 1995. Jody L. Warren served as
court reporter; Gerald Brossard functioned as Norelus’s Creole language interpreter.


                                                85
eight days and ended on February 14, 1996. Upon the deposition’s conclusion,

Stern invoked Norelus’s Rule 30(e) right to review her deposition’s transcripts.

Stern needed more than thirty days to review the transcripts, and the district court

granted her an extension, until June 20, 1996, to complete her review. Stern did

so—under Karen Amlong’s supervision.

      When finished, Stern’s review yielded the sixty-three page errata document

consisting of 868 changes. Karen Amlong, however, never submitted this “errata

sheet”—in the form of a signed “statement listing the changes and the reasons for

making them”—to the court reporter in accordance with Rule 30(e). The errata

document, as a consequence, never became part of Norelus’s deposition via the

reporter’s Rule 30(f) certification. Instead, as defense counsel has declared, Karen

Amlong presented the document to them alone.

      It is obvious why Karen Amlong opted not to submit to the court reporter the

errata document given to her by Stern: she knew that the court reporter could not

possibly have made 868 transcription errors. Moreover, most of the errata

document’s changes consisted of new “testimony,” that is, the document (1)

materially changed answers Norelus had given to questions posed to her, and (2)

contained statements unresponsive to any of the questions put to her. Amlong

knew that such testimony would not qualify as “changes” under Rule 30(e).



                                          86
       In light of Norelus’s multitude of amendments, however, Karen Amlong

faced a serious dilemma—and she knew it. Stern, in reviewing the deposition

transcripts with Norelus and her Creole interpreters, Norelus’s brothers Anthony

and Luke and her friend Immaculata Charles,10 discovered that much of what

Norelus was telling her (through these interpreters) proved starkly inconsistent

with her original deposition statements. In other words, Stern learned that Norelus

potentially had lied, and Karen Amlong realized this. In light of this discovery,

Karen Amlong felt ethically obligated to reveal Norelus’s inconsistencies to

defense counsel, and she used Stern’s “errata sheet” as the vehicle to make this

disclosure.11

       Karen Amlong’s sense of obligation derived from the Florida Rules of

Professional Conduct. Those rules required her to inform opposing counsel of

Norelus’s inconsistent statements. For instance, Florida Rule of Professional

Conduct 4-3.3(a)(4), which governs an attorney’s duty of candor to a tribunal,

declares: “A lawyer shall not knowingly . . . permit any witness . . . to offer


       10
           Norelus lacked funds to hire a Creole interpreter. The record suggests that all three
interpreters, her brothers and Charles, were not present each time Stern and Norelus went to the
court reporter’s office to review the deposition transcript.
       11
          As the court has observed, “Karen Amlong testified that the Amlongs’ purpose in
submitting the novella-length errata sheet was ‘not to hide things from people, but to make full
disclosure’ in order to ‘do the best job [they] could to present as honestly as [they] could what
the truth was.’” Ante at 34.


                                                87
testimony or other evidence that the lawyer knows to be false. . . . If a lawyer has

offered material evidence and thereafter comes to know of its falsity, the lawyer

shall take reasonable remedial measures.” Fla. Bar Reg. R. 4-3.3(a)(4) (emphasis

added). This rule equally “applies when the lawyer is representing a client in an

ancillary proceeding conducted pursuant to the tribunal’s adjudicative authority,

such as a deposition.” Fla. Bar Reg. R. 4-3.3 cmt. 1.

       Additionally, Florida Rule of Professional Conduct 4-3.4(b), which governs

a lawyer’s obligation of candor to her opponent, works in combination with Rule

4-3.3. Rule 4-3.3 embodies the ideal that every lawyer serves, not only as an

advocate, but as an officer of the court. Thus, each lawyer owes basic duties of

fairness to opposing counsel. To encourage fairness to opponents, Rule 4-3.4(b)

declares that “[a] lawyer shall not . . . counsel or assist a witness to testify falsely.”

Fla. Bar Reg. R. 4-3.4(b) (emphasis added). If a client testifies falsely, and the

attorney knows this, the attorney’s professional obligation is to take reasonable

steps to remedy the error. In other words, the lawyer owes her opponent a duty to

disclose her client’s truthful testimony; otherwise, the attorney wrongfully

“assists” his client in testifying falsely. See, e.g., Harrison v. Miss. Bar, 

, 225 (Miss. 1994) (finding that attorney violated Mississippi’s professional

responsibility rule 3.4(b), the language of which mirrors Florida’s rule, because he



                                            88
failed to disclose the falsity of his client’s testimony).

       Karen Amlong used the Stern-created “errata sheet” as a means to comply

with these professional responsibility rules, notwithstanding the fact that it could

prove detrimental to her client’s case. The document—which amounted to nothing

more than a letter between opposing counsel—armed defense counsel with

advance notice of what Norelus would say when called to the witness stand and

thus created a significant hurdle for Amlong to overcome at trial.12 It proves

extremely difficult to envision any strategic advantage Karen Amlong gained for

Norelus by way of her disclosures.


                                                III.

        On August 1, 1996, after Karen Amlong presented the errata document to



       12
           The errata document, however, had dubious evidentiary value. As highlighted above,
it constituted nothing more than a written communication—a letter—from Karen Amlong to
defense counsel that informed them that her client had testified falsely on deposition and posited
statements she thought her client should have made initially. True, Norelus signed her errata
document, certifying under oath that she had “read” the deposition transcript and “that said
transcript is a true and accurate recording of the proceedings had at the time and place
designated, with the exceptions, if any, on the ERRATA sheet.” But Norelus could not
adequately read English, which is why she needed an interpreter to tell her in Creole what the
transcript revealed. Nor, for that same reason, could she effectively read the “errata sheet.”
Stern prepared the errata document, and nothing in the record indicates that an interpreter read it
to Norelus after Stern prepared it. It appears that the “errata sheet” reflects what one or more of
the interpreters told Stern that Norelus had expressed in Creole. The interpreters were potential
witnesses. They could relate, as party admissions, what Norelus told them, but neither Stern nor
Karen Amlong could do so. All Stern could relate is what the interpreters told her; all Amlong
could relate is what Stern told her.


                                                89
counsel for defendants Denny’s, Meos, and Jawaid, those defendants jointly moved

the district court to dismiss Norelus’s case on the ground that the scope and

breadth of the “errata sheet” changes demonstrated that Norelus had perjured

herself on deposition. Alternatively, the motion indicated that “[i]f . . . th[e] Court

decides not to dismiss Plaintiff’s case, Defendant’s [sic] reluctantly request that

this Court strike Plaintiff’s errata sheet and treat Plaintiff’s deposition as if she

refused to sign the deposition or waived signing it.” (emphasis in original). As a

final alternative, the motion requested that the court reopen Norelus’s deposition.

       The substantive basis for defense counsel’s motion to strike the “errata

sheet” was, in essence, that the framers of Rule 30(e)(1)(B) did not contemplate

that “changes in form or substance” included statements that directly contradict

those made by the witness during her deposition or those not responsive to the

questions put to the witness during her deposition. As authority for this

proposition, defense counsel cited Greenway v. International Paper Co., which

declared that Rule 30(e) “cannot be interpreted to allow one to alter what was said

under oath” through substantive amendments in an errata sheet. 

,

325 (W.D. La. 1992). According to the Greenway court, the rationale for this

interpretation is that if a deponent could substantively amend her deposition

testimony through an errata sheet, she “could merely answer the questions with no



                                            90
thought at all then return home and plan artful responses. Depositions differ from

interrogatories in that regard. A deposition is not a take home examination.” 

on deposing counsel’s motion, the district court struck the errata sheet,

which had been properly submitted to the court reporter under Rule 30(e), for

attempting to substantively amend the deposition testimony; ordered that “the

deposition . . . be treated as if the plaintiff refused to sign the deposition or ha[d]

waived the signing of the deposition”; and directed the court reporter to certify the

deposition in accordance with its order. 

present case, defense counsel knew that the “errata sheet” had been

presented only to them by Karen Amlong and not submitted to the court reporter

and thereafter made part of Norelus’s deposition via the reporter’s certification

under Rule 30. Defense counsel, however, failed to inform the district court of this

fact—in both their motion to strike or their supporting memorandum.13 To the

contrary, they implied that the “errata sheet” had been made part of Norelus’s



       13
          In support of their motion to strike and to show Norelus had violated the Greenway
principle, defense counsel provided the court with a copy of the “errata sheet” and merely
“highlighted select excerpts of [Norelus’s] changes which [were] directly relevant to her
allegations to illustrate the length and breadth of [her] misrepresentations.” They did so, they
claimed, because “detailing every change in [Norelus’s] deposition would require volumes,
rather than a memorandum of law.” As a result of this tactic, however, the court had no way in
which to determine whether Norelus’s errata document had been attached to the court reporter’s
Rule 30(f) certificate.



                                               91
deposition under the court reporter’s certification. Their citation to Greenway

highlights this. The Greenway errata sheet was struck for making substantive

changes. Importantly, however, that errata sheet had been properly submitted to

the court reporter under Rule 30(e). Logically this makes sense: in order for a

court to strike a Rule 30(e) errata sheet for making substantive amendments to

deposition testimony, there first must be a Rule 30(e) errata sheet—that is, one in

compliance with the Rule’s procedural mandates. In the present case, however,

none existed; yet, the district court was led to believe otherwise.

      Additionally, assuming that the district court might not strike the “errata

sheet,” defense counsel, citing Lugtig v. Thomas, 

(N.D. Ill. 1981),

alternatively moved the court to reopen Norelus’s deposition. Lugtig, like

Greenway, involved an errata sheet that contained numerous substantive changes.

But, as in Greenway, the Lugtig errata sheet had properly been submitted to the

court reporter under Rule 30(e). The deposed witness was the defendant, who, in

submitting his changes to the reporter, failed to state the reasons for them, as

required by Rule 30(e)(1)(B). The district court ordered the defendant “to have the

changes he wishe[d] to make in his deposition testimony and the reasons for the

changes written in the deposition at the point of change and after the original

answers by the 

. Depending on the extent of the



                                          92
changes, the court indicated that the witness may be required to submit to further

questioning (on deposition). 

however, a proper Rule 30 errata

sheet remained a prerequisite to the deposition’s reopening based upon the

amended answers. And, yet again, because defense counsel, here, cited this

authority, the district court was led to believe that a legally effective document

existed when one, in fact, did not.

                                              IV.

       The district court entertained defense counsel’s motion on paper—that is,

without a face-to-face meeting with the parties’ attorneys. As a consequence, and

because the motion suggested that Norelus’s errata document complied with Rule

30,14 the district court, in an August 26, 1996 order, citing Lugtig v. Thomas,

declared that “[a]fter a deponent changes a deposition in accordance with Fed. R.

Civ. P. 30(e), the deposition will be reopened if the deponent’s changes make the

deposition incomplete or useless without further testimony.” 

(emphasis added). The court has fully relayed the facts that occurred

thereafter that ultimately resulted in the district court’s levying over $387,000 in


       14
          As highlighted in part III, by citing Greenway v. International Paper Co., 

(W.D. La. 1992), and Lugtig v. Thomas, 

(N.D. Ill. 1981), cases in which the
errata sheet had been submitted to the court reporter under Rule 30(e) and made part of the
deposition under Rule 30(f), defense counsel effectively represented that the “errata sheet” at
issue had likewise been submitted to the court reporter and made part of the deposition.


                                               93
sanctions against the Amlongs. Ante at 17–21.

      Had defense counsel informed the district court that Norelus’s errata

document had not been submitted to the court reporter in accordance with Rule

30(e)(1)(B) and thus had not been made part of Norelus’s deposition via the

reporter’s Rule 30(f) certification, the district court would have (1) concluded that

the “errata sheet” amounted to nothing more than a letter from Karen Amlong to

opposing counsel; (2) treated the “errata sheet” as a nullity, having no legal effect;

(3) held that Norelus waived her right to read and sign her deposition; and (4)

ordered that her deposition on record would consist of the original transcript as

certified by the court reporter. Because of defense counsel’s failure to inform the

district court of the “errata sheet’s” non-existent legal status, however, the district

court never could reach the proper disposition of the defendants’ August 1, 1996

motion and the litigation continued. As the next part suggests, this is no basis on

which to impose sanctions.

                                           V.

                                           A.

      In Amlong & Amlong v. Denny’s, Inc. (“Amlong I”), this court said that

“the plain language of [28 U.S.C. § 1927] imposes three requirements for an award

of sanctions” under the statute:



                                           94
      First, the attorney must engage in “unreasonable and vexatious”
      conduct. Second, that “unreasonable and vexatious” conduct must be
      conduct that “multiplies the proceedings.” Finally, the dollar amount
      of the sanction must bear a financial nexus to the excess proceedings,
      i.e., the sanction may not exceed the “costs, expenses, and attorneys’
      fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.”

, 1239 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Peterson v. BAI Refractories, 

, 1396 (11th Cir. 1997)).
      “[A]n attorney multiplies proceedings ‘unreasonably and vexatiously’ within

the meaning of the statute only when the attorney’s conduct is so egregious that it

is ‘tantamount to bad faith.’” 

v. Hull, 

, 1582

(11th Cir. 1991)).

      [F]or purposes of § 1927, bad faith turns not on the attorney’s
      subjective intent, but on the attorney’s objective conduct.
      The term “unreasonably” necessarily connotes that the district court
      must compare the attorney’s conduct against the conduct of a
      “reasonable” attorney and make a judgment about whether the
      conduct was acceptable according to some objective standard. The
      term “vexatiously” similarly requires an evaluation of the attorney’s
      objective conduct.

(citations omitted).

                                         B.

      With this objective standard in mind, I consider what a reasonable attorney

in Karen Amlong’s position would have done when faced with the sixty-three page




                                         95
errata sheet Stern prepared.15 As highlighted, the reasonable attorney would not

have sent it to the court reporter because it did not propose the sort of “changes”

the framers of Rule 30(e) contemplated. To the contrary, Karen Amlong did

exactly what a reasonable—and ethical—lawyer would have done.

       Karen Amlong did not take the Rule 30(e)(1)(B) step and send the court

reporter a signed statement of changes. She, instead, provided defense counsel

with the statements Norelus had made to her interpreters and, via the interpreters,

to Stern. She disclosed the statements in a document that, although entitled “errata

sheet,” had no more legal efficacy than a letter. In the district court’s view, and the

court’s today, sending the document to defense counsel multiplied the proceedings

unreasonably and vexatiously and rendered the Amlongs amenable to § 1927

sanctions.

       I cannot agree. If anything, providing defense counsel with the statements

was professionally appropriate—if not required. Moreover, defense counsel’s

own mistakes contributed equally to multiplying the proceedings that occurred



       15
          One might be tempted to fault Karen Amlong for having Stern represent Norelus
during the deposition at issue—including the litigation of motions relating to the taking of the
deposition. Stern was a recent law school graduate and had not been a member of The Florida
Bar for more than a couple of months when Amlong assigned her to Norelus’s case. Assuming
that Karen Amlong’s judgment in doing this demonstrated a profound lack of professional
judgment, I come to the conclusion that it is irrelevant to the resolution of the issue before the
court today, the issue I laid quoted at the outset.


                                                96
after their receipt of Norelus’s errata document. Defense counsel indicated to the

district court that the errata document had, in fact, been properly submitted to the

court reporter in compliance with Rule 30(e). This error prolonged the litigation

that led to the defendants’ additional expenditure of over $387,738 in attorneys’

fees and costs and, ultimately, caused the district court to impose § 1927 sanctions

against the Amlongs in that amount. Today, the court affirms the district court’s

sanctions award and, in effect, requires the Amlongs, notwithstanding Karen

Amlong’s objectively reasonable act in delivering the errata document to opposing

counsel, to shoulder the costs that defense counsel’s own failings equally caused.

This is improper.

                                                VI.

       For the foregoing reasons, I dissent.16


       16
            The court correctly states that no one—not the attorneys for the parties, the magistrate
judge, the district court judge, or the Amlong I panel—has explicitly acknowledged that the
“errata sheet” did not become part of Norelus’s deposition in accordance with Rule 30(e) and (f).
The failure to point this out by the lawyers and the judges who have handled this case does not
alter the facts, (1) that the court reporter never had the opportunity to consider the transcription
errors she, the reporter, made according to the errata sheet, since the Amlongs did not present the
document to her in conformance with Rule 30(e)(2); and (2) that the court reporter, did not
certify the deposition and the errata sheet in conformance with Rule 30(f). The issue thus
becomes whether this panel is foreclosed from considering those facts.
         The court holds that we are precluded from considering the issue and these Rule 30
compliance facts because the Amlongs did not point them out to the district court or cite them in
their brief on appeal to this court. Ante at 487-88. (The law-of-the-case doctrine does not
preclude such consideration because Amlong I did not address either expressly or by necessary
implication the question of whether the errata sheet became part of Norelus’s deposition in
accordance with Rule 30. See e.g., Terrell v. Household Goods Carriers’ Bureau, 

,


                                                 97
19 (5th Cir. 1974) (discussing how the law of the case demands the lower court follow what has
been decided at an earlier stage of the case either explicitly or by necessary implication).)
        As stated in part V.A, and acknowledged by the court, ante at 28, sanctions cannot be
imposed under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 absent a finding of bad faith. Simple inadvertence or attorney
negligence does not suffice. Salkil v. Mount Sterling Twp. Police Dep’t., 

, 532 (6th
Cir. 2006). In my view, the Amlongs were guilty of mere negligence—not bad faith—in failing
to point out to the district court, and to this court on appeal, that the “errata sheet” at issue was
not an errata sheet within the purview of Rule 30, but, instead, was an attempt—albeit, a highly
unorthodox attempt—to inform opposing counsel of their client’s altered factual position.
Defense counsel, as stressed, proved just as negligent in this regard. Had either side informed
the court that the errata sheet had not been made part of Norelus’s deposition in conformance
with Rule 30, § 1927 sanctions never would have been imposed.



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