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                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________

                              No. 13-12372
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                        ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cv-23696-CMA

E-YAGE BOWENS,

                                                        Plaintiff - Appellant,

                                   versus

SUPERINTENDANT OF MIAMI SOUTH
BEACH POLICE DEPARTMENT,
ARRESTING OFFICERS OF MIAMI SOUTH
BEACH POLICE DEPARTMENT,
CITY OF MIAMI,
CERTAIN OFFICERS OF MIAMI SOUTH BEACH
POLICE DEPARTMENT,
whose true identities are unknown to plaintiff,
all in their official and individual capacities,

                                                       Defendants - Appellees.

                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Florida
                       ________________________

                             (February 19, 2014)
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Before WILSON, KRAVITCH and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      E-Yage Bowens, pursuing this appeal pro se, contends the district court

erred in dismissing his civil rights complaint sua sponte for failure to state a claim.

After careful review, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand.

                                           I.

      On October, 11, 2012, Bowens filed a sworn complaint under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis. Earlier in the month, Bowens

alleged, he was covering mistreatment of citizens by Miami South Beach Police

Department officers as a freelance photojournalist for an independent media outlet.

He alleged that he photographed an arrest from two blocks away while “on a

public street.” “[T]o observe the remaining elements of [the] scene,” Bowens

moved to a “sidewalk adjacent to the activity as [a] suspect was placed in a” police

vehicle. When officers at the scene observed him, Bowens alleged, they

approached him “covering their badges [and] demanded to see [his] camera.”

Bowens refused to turn the camera over “without a warrant.” In response, officers

tried forcibly to seize the camera, damaging it, then drew their weapons, cuffed

Bowens, and transported him to a police station against his will. Police left several

thousands of dollars of Bowens’s photographic equipment at the scene, which he

claims he never recovered. At the station, Bowens alleged, officers erased the


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images he had taken. Bowens named as defendants the Miami South Beach Police

Department’s Superintendent, the City of Miami, “The Arresting Officer(s),” and

“Certain [other] Officers . . . whose true identities are unknown . . . .” He did not

specifically mention which federal rights he claimed these defendants’ actions

violated.

      A magistrate judge recommended, for several reasons, that Bowens’s claim

be dismissed as frivolous and for failure to state a cognizable constitutional claim.

Bowens objected, stating he was raising Fourth Amendment excessive force and

false arrest claims along with a claim that the arresting officers violated his First

Amendment rights as a member of the press. The district court dismissed

Bowens’s complaint despite his objections because “his requests for relief [did] not

appear to refer to [these] rights” specifically. But the court gave Bowens leave to

amend to “clarify the dates of the alleged wrongful acts” and “also expressly state

the constitutional rights he asserts [were] violated.”

      Bowens timely filed a document entitled “amended complaint” stating that

he was arrested without probable cause, that police used excessive force, that

police unlawfully seized his camera and the pictures on it, that the resisting arrest

ordinance his arrest was based upon was unconstitutionally overbroad, and that his

First Amendment rights were violated when police “illicitly interfer[ed] with [his]

constitutional right to gather, report, and photograph news events.” The magistrate


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judge once again recommended dismissal, concluding Bowens’s excessive force

claim failed because he listed no injury, 1 his claims against the City failed because

he alleged no unconstitutional pattern or practice, and his false arrest and First

Amendment claims failed because he did not provide the names of the officers

involved. Bowens objected, arguing that he could not obtain the names of the

arresting officers because he was incarcerated on an unrelated offense and that he

pleaded sufficient facts to state excessive force, false arrest, and First Amendment

claims. 2 He certified that he gave his objections to prison mail staff on March 29,

prior to the April 4 deadline for them, but they did not reach the district court until

April 11. Before receiving the objections, however, the district court adopted the

magistrate judge’s recommendation and dismissed Bowens’s complaint. Upon

belatedly receiving the objections, the court construed them as a motion for

reconsideration and concluded they did “not demonstrate any manifest error of law

requiring reconsideration” of the dismissal. This is Bowens’s appeal.

                                               II.

       We review the dismissal of a complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)

for failure to state a claim using the same standards we apply under Federal Rule of

1
  Because Bowens alleged excessive force in his arrest for a charge that was dropped, the
magistrate judge’s partial reliance for this conclusion on 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) was patently
erroneous. That section relates only to civil actions “brought by a prisoner . . . for mental or
emotional injury suffered while in custody,” and thus is entirely inapposite to the claims of
excessive force in the arrest of a free citizen that Bowens alleged in his complaint.
2
  The magistrate judge did not specifically address Bowens’s overbreadth or warrantless seizure
of property claims.
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Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Douglas v. Yates, 

, 1319-20 (11th Cir.

2008). That is to say, we conduct a de novo review of such a dismissal, accepting

all factual allegations in a complaint as true and construing them in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff. 

need only plead enough facts to show his

entitlement to relief is not merely speculative. Butler v. Sheriff of Palm Beach

Cnty., 

, 1265 (11th Cir. 2012). Complaints filed by pro se litigants

like Bowens are held to an even less stringent standard and construed even more

liberally. Bingham v. Thomas, 

, 1175 (11th Cir. 2011). “[A] well-

pleaded complaint may proceed even if it strikes a savvy judge that actual proof of

those facts is improbable, and that a recovery is very remote and unlikely.” Bell

Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 556 (2007) (internal quotation marks

omitted). We may affirm on any basis that appears in the record, regardless of

whether the district court relied upon it. Lanfear v. Home Depot, Inc., 

, 1275 (11th Cir. 2012).

                                         III.

      After carefully examining Bowens’s allegations, we conclude the district

court made several errors in dismissing Bowens’s complaint. Nonetheless, we

conclude there are bases upon which to affirm the dismissal of Bowens’s claims

against several of the defendants he named. With respect to the remaining

defendants, however, we vacate the dismissal, except as to Bowens’s claim that the


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police used excessive force. We first address those portions of the court’s

dismissal that we affirm and then turn to the parts we cannot.

                                           A.

      The district court was correct to dismiss Bowens’s claims as to the City of

Miami. A municipality is liable under § 1983 only where it causes the

constitutional violation at issue, which means Bowens was required to plead a

policy, practice, or custom that caused the violations he alleged. Doe v. Sch. Bd. of

Broward Cnty., Fla., 

, 1263-64 (11th Cir. 2010). After carefully

reviewing Bowens’s initial and amended complaints, we cannot find any allegation

that would satisfy that requirement.

      Bowens’s claims against the Superintendent of the Miami South Beach

Police Department are also unsustainable. Supervisors are liable under § 1983

only if they personally participate in the constitutional violation, direct their

subordinates to act unlawfully, or know their subordinates will act unlawfully but

fail to stop them. See Keating v. City of Miami, 

, 762 (11th Cir.

2010). Bowens did not allege the Superintendent was present and has argued in

his briefing only that the Superintendent should be liable because of his

supervisory position. That is not adequate. Nowhere in Bowens’s complaints can

we find any allegation that would plausibly support an inference the




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Superintendent was involved in the alleged violation of Bowens’s constitutional

rights in a manner that would render him liable under § 1983.

      Finally, the district court was also correct to dismiss Bowens’s claims as to

“Certain Officers . . . whose true identities are unknown to plaintiff[].” Unlike the

“Arresting Officers” Bowens also named, no allegations in his complaint describe

what actions against Bowens these unknown officers took. Nor is there any

indication who these officers are that would permit us to conclude they could be

served or that Bowens could learn the names of these officers during discovery.

See Dean v. Barber, 

, 1215-16 (11th Cir. 1992). Moreover, in his

second set of objections, Bowens described that class of officers as “all current

officers on active duty,” as distinguished from the arresting officers “who deprived

plaintiff of his federally protected rights.” His filings, therefore, indicated that he

was not alleging any officer in that “Certain Officers” category violated his rights

or even interacted with him in anyway. Bowens has no legal claim against an

officer who has not harmed him in any fashion. Any error in the district court’s

dismissal of his claims against those officers was invited. See F.T.C. v. AbbVie

Prods. LLC, 

, 65 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[I]t is waiver in the truest sense

when a party goes beyond failing to raise a relevant argument and in fact

affirmatively relies on a standard that they now argue is erroneous.” (alteration and

internal quotation marks omitted). He therefore has not stated a claim against the


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“Certain Officers,” and the district court correctly dismissed his claims against

them.

                                           B.

        Although the district court was correct to dismiss Bowens’s claims against

those defendants, the court wrongly dismissed Bowens’s First and Fourth

Amendment claims against the officers who arrested him. First, the district court

erred in construing Bowens’s objections to the magistrate judge’s second

recommendation as a motion for reconsideration. Bowens certified he delivered it

to prison authorities several days before the deadline, and “[u]nder the ‘prison

mailbox rule,’ a pro se prisoner’s court filing is deemed filed on the date it is

delivered to prison authorities for mailing.” Williams v. McNeil, 

,

1290 n.2 (11th Cir. 2009). Because his objections were timely, the court should

have conducted a de novo review of the magistrate judge’s recommendation, rather

than looking only for a “clear error . . . on the face of the record.”

        The district court also erred in concluding that the “Arresting Officers” were

not proper defendants. “It is important to distinguish suing fictitious parties from

real parties sued under a fictitious name. There may be times when, for one reason

or another, the plaintiff is unwilling or unable to use a party’s real name.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Particularly when a plaintiff

proceeds pro se and is encumbered by incarceration, we have explained that a


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claim may be maintained against unnamed defendants where allegations in the

complaint make clear the plaintiff could uncover the names through discovery. 

Bowens’s identification of “[t]he Arresting Officer(s) of Miami South

Beach Police Department,” when liberally construed along with the rest of his

allegations, is one of those instances.

       Third, neither the district court nor the magistrate judge addressed Bowens’s

warrantless unreasonable seizure of property or overbreadth claims, beyond simply

labeling the former as a tort claim Bowens could only bring in state court.

Although we may affirm the dismissal on any basis in the record, we do not find

that these claims are facially either frivolous or so improbable as to warrant

dismissal. See City of Houston, Tex. v. Hill, 

, 453 (1987)

(invalidating as substantially overbroad ordinance that made it unlawful merely to

interrupt a police officer); Case v. Eslinger, 

, 1326-28 (11th Cir.

2009) (entertaining Fourth Amendment claim for illegal seizure of property,

although affirming summary judgment as to it because probable cause existed).

       Finally, the district court erred in concluding insufficient factual allegations

supported Bowens’s unlawful arrest and First Amendment claims. 3 Bowens


3
  To the extent the district court relied in its erroneous rejection of Bowens’s “motion for
reconsideration” on the fact that Bowens’s amended complaint lacked the factual detail included
in his original complaint (which was sworn under penalty of perjury), we conclude that is
inconsistent with the generous reading pro se pleadings should be accorded. See 

. After dismissing his sworn complaint, the district court directed Bowens to file an
amended complaint that specifically identified which of his rights he claimed were violated and
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alleged that he was arrested at gunpoint by several officers merely for being at the

scene of the arrest of another individual and refusing to turn over his camera and

that officers deleted photographs he took as a photojournalist on a public street of

alleged police misbehavior. “A warrantless arrest without probable cause violates

the Constitution and provides a basis for a section 1983 claim.” Kingsland v. City

of Miami, 

, 1226 (11th Cir. 2004). An arrest on a public street

simply for refusal to turn over personal property on demand is a plausible basis for

such a claim. Nor do we doubt that a member of the press plausibly states a First

Amendment violation by alleging he was arrested for taking photographs of

alleged police misconduct and police then deleted the photographs he took.

Citizens have “a First Amendment right, subject to reasonable time, manner and

place restrictions, to photograph or videotape police conduct.” Smith v. City of

Cumming, 

, 1333 (11th Cir. 2000). “The First Amendment protects

the right to gather information about what public officials do on public property,

and specifically, a right to record matters of public interest.” 

the


on what dates. Bowens complied in full. In doing so, he listed no prayer for relief, no jury
demand, and no parties. Clearly, Bowens considered this document to be an “amendment” to his
original, sworn complaint, but mislabeled it an “amended complaint.” Indeed, in the penultimate
paragraph Bowens called the document his “motion” that he “move[d] th[e] court to grant . . . .”
Due to his lack of familiarity with the niceties of civil procedure, Bowens failed specifically to
incorporate his first complaint by reference or clarify expressly his intent that the document was
intended only as an amendment. Reading his pleadings liberally, we do not believe it
appropriate to penalize him for this oversight. See Haines v. Kerner, 

, 520-21
(1972); Day v. Hall, 

, 1317 (11th Cir. 2008) (construing a pro se filing mislabeled
“petition for judicial review” as a petition for mandamus “pursuant to our court precedent of
liberally construing pro se pleadings”).
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plaintiffs in Smith had a right to film Cumming police in a public place, so too

Bowens had a right to photograph Miami South Beach police that, accepting his

allegations as true, the arresting officers violated.

      Bowens’s excessive force claim is another matter. He does not contend that

the amount of force police used in effectuating his arrest would be unlawful even if

the arrest itself was valid. “[A]ny force used in an illegal arrest is necessarily

excessive,” but “a claim that any force in an illegal . . . arrest is excessive is

subsumed in the illegal . . . arrest claim and is not a discrete excessive force claim”

Bashir v. Rockdale Cnty., Ga., 

, 1331-32 (11th Cir. 2006) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Each of Bowens’s allegations suggesting that officers

used force, that they drew weapons and attempted to take his camera, relate

expressly to his claims that both the seizure of his camera and his arrest were

unlawful. Any injury from the force used in seizing Bowens’s camera and

arresting him would simply be included as damages arising from his other Fourth

Amendment claims. See Jackson v. Sauls, 

, 1170-71 & n.19 (11th

Cir. 2000). We therefore affirm the dismissal of Bowens’s excessive force claim

because it is subsumed in his illegal seizure and false arrest claims.

                                           IV.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of

Bowens’s claims against the City of Miami, the Superintendent of the Miami South


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Beach Police Department, and “Certain Officers of Miami South Beach Police

Department whose true identities [were] unknown” to him. We also affirm the

dismissal of Bowens’s excessive force claim, to the extent he pleaded it as distinct

from his other Fourth Amendment claims. With respect to the remainder of

Bowens’s claims against the “Arresting Officer(s) of Miami South Beach Police

Department,” we vacate the dismissal and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

      AFFIRMED in part, VACATED in part, and REMANDED.




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