Case: 13-14794   Date Filed: 09/04/2014   Page: 1 of 18


                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 13-14794
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 8:10-cv-00977-JSM-AEP

MICHAEL KING,

                                                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

PHYLLIS KING,

                                                                      Plaintiff,

                                  versus

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES INSURANCE COMPANY,

                                                           Defendant-Appellee.
                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                            (September 4, 2014)

Before JORDAN, ROSENBAUM, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Michael King appeals the judgment in favor of the Government Employees

Insurance Company (“GEICO”) on King’s claim against GEICO for bad-faith

failure to settle a claim, brought pursuant to Fla. Stat. § 624.155. A federal jury

returned a verdict finding that GEICO had not acted in bad faith. Upon entry of

judgment on the verdict, this appeal followed. After a careful review of the record

and the briefs of the parties, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                          I.

      Michael King was injured in a three-car accident on August 11, 2004. King

was driving a vehicle owned by Donna Buttermore, a passenger in the vehicle at

the time of the accident who was insured by GEICO, when he was rear-ended by a

car driven by Holly Hahto, who was insured by Liberty Mutual. At some point,

Hahto was rear-ended by a car driven by Kristin Livingston, who was insured by

USAA. The precise causal chain of events was disputed, but it is immaterial to our

resolution of this appeal.     Hahto and Livingston were both cited for careless

driving; King was not. Buttermore reported the accident to GEICO the same day.

      Immediately after the accident, King sought treatment and was diagnosed

with lumbar strain, contusion to the right knee and left elbow, and wrist strains.

Between the time of the accident and April 2006, King continued to receive

medical treatment, described by the district court as follows:

      Over the next eighteen months, King presented to multiple physicians.
      Dr. Rog, King’s primary physician[,] referred him to Dr. Fiore, an
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      orthopedic specialist, who recommended physical therapy and
      chiropractic care after reviewing a whole body bone scan and MRI
      which indicated degeneration in the lumbar spine. King then treated
      with Dr. Valdes, a chiropractor, and Dr. Garner, a neurologist. Dr.
      Garner identified a herniated nucleus polposus at L4-5 that made him
      a surgical candidate, as well as ascribing him with a 25% permanent
      impairment rating. She referred him to the Laser Spine Institute
      where he was recommended for a nerve root decompression surgery.
      King returned to Dr. Fiore who disagreed with immediate surgical
      intervention, rather suggesting that conservative care first be
      exhausted, although recognizing the probable necessity of surgery in
      the future.     Finally, Dr. Turner, another orthopedic surgeon,
      recommended a lumbar percutaneous discectomy.

      On April 13, 2006, King’s attorney, Joseph R. Bryant, submitted offers of

settlement to each of the three insurance carriers implicated in the accident. The

offers recounted the medical treatment that King had received, resulting in

$19,515.15 in medical bills, and that he was likely to require in the future, and

advised that King had exhausted his Personal Injury Protection benefits with

GEICO. 1 King demanded the $100,000 liability policy limits from Liberty Mutual,

$50,000 of the $100,000 liability policy limits from USAA, and the full $25,000

underinsured/uninsured motorist (“UM”) policy limits from GEICO. King then

settled with USAA.

      Walter Dunn, a GEICO claims examiner, reviewed King’s UM policy limits

demand and evaluated his claim. Dunn determined that the value of King’s claim

was within one of the tortfeasor’s $100,000 policy limits. After consulting with his


      1
          King was covered under Buttermore’s GEICO policy as a Class II insured.
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claims manager, Dunn advised King in a letter dated May 8, 2006, that GEICO

would not make an offer under the UM policy because the value of King’s claim

was within the “within the available tort limits.”

       Approximately one month later, in June 2006, King filed his initial

complaint in the underlying litigation in Florida state court against GEICO and

Hahto. 2 At the same time, he filed a Civil Remedy Notice (“CRN”) with the

Department of Insurance asserting that GEICO had not attempted to settle his

claim in good faith. In response to the CRN, GEICO again denied King’s demand

for UM benefits. Later, in 2007, GEICO attempted to tender the full $25,000 UM

policy limits to King after receiving his medical records, which showed that King

had undergone a more serious surgery, but King did not accept the tender on the

basis that it was untimely. At some point in 2008, Liberty Mutual settled King’s

claim against Hahto for payment of its $100,000 policy limits and also paid an

undisclosed sum to settle a potential bad-faith claim against Liberty Mutual.

       In July 2009, the UM claim was tried before a jury, which returned a verdict

in favor of King. The jury found that King had sustained damages in the amount

of $1,638,171.00,3 and determined that Hahto was fully at fault. The state court

then entered a partial final judgment against GEICO on July 28, 2009, reducing the

       2
         Michael King’s wife was a plaintiff throughout most of the proceedings but was
dismissed in the subsequent bad-faith action in September 2013. King is the only appellant.
       3
         This amount includes recovery on Mrs. King’s claim for loss of consortium. The
amount in favor of Michael King alone was $1,588,171.00.
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judgment amount to GEICO’s $25,000 UM policy limits, and reserved jurisdiction

over bad-faith claims. GEICO appealed, and the Florida Second District Court of

Appeal issued a per curiam affirmance without a written opinion.

       In April 2010, King amended his complaint to add a claim for statutory bad

faith against GEICO under Fla. Stat. § 624.155.              Later that month, GEICO

removed King’s bad-faith claim from state court to federal district court in the

Middle District of Florida. The district court then denied King’s motion to remand

the claim. The case proceeded to trial before a federal jury, which found that

GEICO had not acted in bad faith. King timely brings this appeal.

       King raises four main contentions on appeal, arguing that the district court

erred by (1) failing to remand the bad-faith claim to state court because GEICO’s

notice of removal was not timely filed within one year of the commencement of

the UM action under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (2010) (amended 2011) 4; (2) failing to

give preclusive effect, for purposes of determining damages for the bad-faith

claim, to the state-court jury verdict in excess of the policy limits; (3) failing to

give certain requested jury instructions; and (4) admitting evidence of Liberty

Mutual’s evaluation of King’s claim but refusing to admit evidence of King’s

settlement with Liberty Mutual.

       4
          Section 1446 was amended in 2011. See Pub. L. No. 112-63, 125 Stat. 758, § 103
(2011). The one-year limit is now codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(1). Because this action was
commenced before the effective date of the amendments, we apply the older version of
§ 1446(b). See 

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                                         II.

        We review de novo the denial of a motion to remand to state court. Moore v.

N. Am. Sports, Inc., 

, 1328 (11th Cir. 2010). The question whether

to give preclusive effect to a state court’s judgment is a question of law reviewed

de novo. Aldana v. Del Monte Fresh Produce N.A., Inc., 

, 1288

(11th Cir. 2009). A district court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Burchfield v. CSX Transp., Inc., 

, 1333 (11th Cir. 2011). A court abuses its discretion if “(1) the requested

instruction correctly stated the law, (2) the instruction dealt with an issue properly

before the jury, and (3) the failure to give the instruction resulted in prejudicial

harm to the requesting party.” 

(quotation marks omitted). We

review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. 

                                         III.

A.      Timeliness of Removal

        Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. A defendant’s right to

remove an action against it from state to federal court is created and defined by

statute, and removal statutes are strictly construed. Global Satellite Commc’n Co.

v. Starmill U.K. Ltd., 

, 1271 (11th Cir. 2004); Univ. of S. Ala. v. Am.

Tobacco Co., 

, 411 (11th Cir. 1999). Consequently, all doubts about


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the propriety of removal should be resolved in favor of remand. See Miedema v.

Maytag Corp., 

, 1328-29 (11th Cir. 2006).

      Section 1446 contains two time restrictions on removing cases from state

court. See 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (2010) (amended 2011). First, the notice of

removal must be filed within thirty days of the initial pleading showing that the

action is removable. Second, a case may not be removed on the basis of diversity

jurisdiction more than one year after “commencement of the action.” 

removed the bad-faith claim to federal court in April 2010,

well over three years after King filed the initial complaint in state court in June

2006. As a result, King asserts, GEICO’s notice of removal was untimely, the

judgment should be vacated, and this action should be remanded to state court.

GEICO responds that its notice of removal was timely because the bad-faith claim

is a “separate and independent” cause of action under Florida law that was

separately removable from the underlying action for purposes of § 1446(b).

      The federal district courts of Florida are divided on this question. In line

with King’s position on appeal, some courts have concluded that the action is

“commenced” when the initial complaint is filed because, even if the bad-faith

claim is a separate and independent claim, amending the complaint to add such a

claim does not start the action anew. See, e.g., Barroso v. Allstate Prop. & Cas.

Ins. Co., 

(M.D. Fla. 2013); van Niekerk v. Allstate Ins. Co.,


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No. 12-62368, 

(S.D. Fla. Jan. 23, 2013). On the other hand,

other courts have concluded, as the district court did in this case, that the action is

“commenced” for purposes of § 1446(b) once the bad-faith claim accrues and has

been filed, because a bad-faith claim is a “separate and independent” cause of

action under Florida law. See, e.g., Love v. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. of Hartford, No.

8:10-649, 

(M.D. Fla. July 16, 2010); Lahey v. State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co., No. 8:06-1949, 

(M.D. Fla. July 11, 2007).

Ultimately, however, we do not resolve this dispute, for reasons we explain below.

      This Court previously has held that the timeliness of removal is a procedural

defect, not a jurisdictional one. See 

; Pretka v. Kolter City

Plaza II, Inc., 

, 751-52 (11th Cir. 2010); In re Uniroyal Goodrich Tire

Co., 

, 324 (11th Cir. 1997) (referring to the one-year limit as

procedural, not jurisdictional). The Supreme Court and the other circuits to have

addressed the issue are in accord that the one-year limit on removal of diversity

cases is non-jurisdictional. See, e.g., Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 

, 75

n.13, 

(1996) (referring to a contention regarding the one-year limit

in § 1446(b) as a “nonjurisdictional argument”); Music v. Arrowood Indem. Co.,

, 287-88 (6th Cir. 2011) (holding one-year limit non-jurisdictional);

Ariel Land Owners, Inc. v. Dring, 

, 614-15 (3d Cir. 2003) (same);

Barnes v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 

, 516 (5th Cir. 1992) (same).


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Accordingly, removal outside the one-year limit in § 1446(b) is a non-

jurisdictional defect.

       Because it does not affect the district court’s subject-matter jurisdiction,

“[a]ny untimeliness in the filing of the notice of removal in this case would be an

insufficient basis to vacate the judgment and remand for a new trial in state court.”

. Relying on Caterpillar, Moore indicated that the critical

question on appeal, even if the district court erred in failing to remand based on the

untimeliness of removal, is whether the “the requirements for diversity jurisdiction

were met by the time the district court entered judgment.” 

district court

had subject-matter jurisdiction upon entry of judgment, the untimeliness of

removal is not “fatal to the ensuing litigation,” and we may review the merits of

the case on appeal. See 

       In this case, there is no dispute that the district court had diversity

jurisdiction both at the time of removal and when the court entered judgment. 5 See

28 U.S.C. § 1332. Because the court had subject-matter jurisdiction and the bad-

faith claim was fully tried in federal court, “considerations of finality, efficiency,

and economy become overwhelming.” 

, 

.

Accordingly, we do not decide the question of whether the district court erred in

failing to remand the case, even though King timely objected to removal, because

       5
         GEICO’s notice of removal alleged that King was a citizen of Florida and GEICO was
a Maryland corporation with its principal place of business in Maryland.
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even if it did, any untimeliness is an insufficient basis to vacate the judgment and

remand for a new trial. 

.

B.    Effect of the State-Court Excess Jury Verdict

      King next contends that the district court erred by failing to give preclusive

effect to the state-court jury verdict in his favor on the underlying UM claim. For

purposes of determining damages on his bad-faith claim, he asserts, the district

court was bound by the state-court jury verdict through collateral estoppel.

Therefore, the district court erred by requiring King to litigate the issue of the

“total amount of damages” during the bad-faith trial because, King argues, that

issue had already been “fully litigated and determined” in the underlying action.

      Florida law recognizes a statutory cause of action for a “first-party” bad-

faith claim, independent of any contractual obligation, by an insured against the

insured’s own insurer for not attempting to settle claims in good faith. Fla. Stat.

§ 624.155; see State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Laforet, 

, 58-59

(Fla. 1995). To state a claim for bad faith, an insured must allege that there has

been a determination of the existence of liability on the part of the uninsured or

underinsured tortfeasor and of the extent of the plaintiff’s damages. See Imhof v.

Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 618-19 (Fla. 1994); Blanchard v. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 

, 1291 (Fla. 1991).




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       Under Fla. Stat. § 627.727(10), “damages in first-party bad faith actions are

to include the total amount of a claimant’s damages, including any amount in

excess of the claimant’s policy limits without regard to whether the damages were

caused by the insurance company.” 

. 6 As described by

the Florida Supreme Court in Laforet, the purpose of § 627.727(10), which was

enacted in 1992, was to make insurers found to have acted in bad faith liable not

only for “damages proximately caused by the bad faith,” but also for “a penalty

consisting of the entire amount of the excess judgment without regard to proximate

causation.” 

Thus, an insured prevailing in a bad-faith action may

recover “any amount in excess of the claimant’s policy limits awarded by a judge

or jury in the underlying claim.” 

       King contends that the legislative purpose in enacting § 627.727(10) was to

make the excess verdict in an underlying UM action binding as to damages in a

subsequent bad-faith action. GEICO disagrees, arguing that the excess verdict is

not a “judgment” that could be binding through collateral estoppel, because

judgment in a UM action cannot exceed the policy limits, which, in this case, was

$25,000. The district court found that giving preclusive effect to the underlying



       6
           Section 624.155 also has a damages provision: “The damages recoverable pursuant to
this section shall include those damages which are a reasonably foreseeable result of a specified
violation of this section by the authorized insurer and may include an award or judgment in an
amount that exceeds the policy limits.” Fla. Stat. § 624.155(8).
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excess verdict would deprive GEICO of due process because, under Florida law,

GEICO could not have appealed the excess verdict.

      The parties have not identified any controlling authority providing an answer

to the question King poses, and our independent review of Florida law is similarly

inconclusive. Although an excess jury verdict in an underlying UM action appears

to be recoverable in a subsequent first-party bad-faith action, Florida courts have

not clarified how those damages are to be found or awarded. See Laforet, 

at 61; Fla. Stat. § 627.727(10).

      Nevertheless, we need not resolve the ambiguity with respect to damages

because Florida law is clear that the insurance company must be “found to have

acted in bad faith” for damages to be awarded. See Laforet, 

at 61;

Boston Old Colony Ins. Co. v. Gutierrez, 

, 785 (Fla. 1980) (to

recover damages, an insured “must first establish by legally sufficient evidence

that the insurance company acted in bad faith”). Here, the jury found that GEICO

did not act in bad faith in failing to settle King’s claim. Therefore, no damages

could have been awarded to King for GEICO’s alleged bad-faith failure to settle.

      We are not persuaded by King’s speculative assertion that he was prejudiced

on the merits of the action because, by being required to litigate the issue of

damages, the federal jury might have based its verdict on facts inconsistent with

the state-court jury. The matter in issue in the district court—whether GEICO’s


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failure to settle was in bad faith—was not at issue in the state-court trial. Nor

could it have been under Florida law since a bad-faith claim is a separate cause of

action brought under § 624.155, which cannot be brought until after the conclusion

of the underlying UM action on liability, which, in turn, is based on the insurance

contract.   

.           Florida law therefore specifically

contemplates separate and successive jury trials in contested cases such as this one.

See 

(“The question of failure to act in good faith with

due regard for the interests of the insured is for the jury.”). In view of the related

and intertwined nature of the two causes of action required to be tried separately, it

is inescapable that some repetition of evidence must necessarily occur. But the

fact that the evidence offered at both trials substantially overlapped does not mean

that the relevant issues were the same or that the jury in the second trial was asked

to find facts established by the first jury.

       Moreover, even if the district court erred in allowing evidence relating to the

amount of damages, any such error was harmless. The district court instructed the

jury that the first issue for its determination was “whether GEICO acted in bad

faith in handling the claim of Michael King for uninsured motorist benefits,” and,

if its verdict was for GEICO, the jury “will not consider the matter of damages.”7


       7
         The court also instructed the jury, with respect to damages, that “the August 11th,
2004, motor vehicle accident was the legal cause of loss, injury, or damage to Michael King,”
“Holly Hahto was 100 percent liability for the damage, loss, or injuries sustained by Michael
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See Laforet, 

at 63. “We presume a jury follows its instructions.”

Gowski v. Peake, 

, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012).                The jury’s verdict

answered that first question, and only that first question, in the negative: King did

not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that GEICO acted in bad faith in

failing to settle King’s claim. Consequently, any error committed by the district

court in requiring King to litigate damages was harmless under the circumstances

because there is no indication that it had any effect on the outcome of the case.

The jury found that GEICO had not acted in bad faith, so no damages could have

been awarded. We therefore affirm on this issue.

C.     Requested Jury Instructions

       King next contends that the district court erred in failing to give two

requested jury instructions. The first requested instruction concerned recoverable

damages under § 627.727(10). As explained above, we find any error with respect

to this issue to be harmless because the jury did not reach the issue of damages.

The second requested instruction sought to instruct the jury on negligence as it

related to the insurer’s duty of care in these circumstances:

       Because the duty of good faith involves diligence and care in the
       investigation and evaluation of the claim against the insured,
       negligence is relevant to the question of good faith.



King in the August 11th, 2004, motor vehicle accident,” and “Michael King sustained a
permanent injury within a reasonable degree of medical probability as a result of the August
11th, 2004, motor vehicle accident.”
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The instruction went on to define negligence. The district court gave the following

instruction on bad faith:

      Bad faith on the part of an insurance company is failing to settle a
      claim when, under all the circumstances, it could and should have
      done so, had it acted fairly and honestly toward its insureds and with
      due regard for their interests.

This is the standard instruction in Florida for a claim based on an insurer’s bad-

faith failure to settle. See Florida Standard Jury Instruction 404.4.

      In support of his requested instruction, King cites to 

, and Berges v. Infinity Ins. Co., 

(Fla. 2004). In relevant part,

Berges explained an insurer’s duty to its insured, with respect to third-party claims,

as follows:

      An insurer, in handling the defense of claims against its insured, has a
      duty to use the same degree of care and diligence as a person of
      ordinary care and prudence should exercise in the management of his
      own business. . . . The insurer must investigate the facts, give fair
      consideration to a settlement offer that is not unreasonable under the
      facts, and settle, if possible, where a reasonably prudent person, faced
      with the prospect of paying the total recovery, would do so. Because
      the duty of good faith involves diligence and care in the investigation
      and evaluation of the claim against the insured, negligence is relevant
      to the question of good faith.

(quoting 

(citations

omitted)). Without the negligence instruction, King contends, “the jury was not

provided an integral piece of the matrix to analyze GEICO’s conduct.”



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      The standard for determining insurer liability in this case is bad faith, rather

than negligence, but “consideration may be given to the negligence of the insurer

in determining whether it has breached its duty to negotiate in good faith.”

Thomas v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 

, 38 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

1982); see also Dadeland Depot, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 

, 1276 (11th Cir. 2007). Therefore, at least the first part of King’s requested

instruction correctly stated the law regarding an issue properly before the jury.

      Nevertheless, we cannot say, considering the totality of the circumstances,

that the failure to give the requested negligence instruction resulted in prejudicial

harm to King. See 

. The jury was properly instructed

on the standard for bad faith, which King does not contest.            While King’s

proposed instruction may have assisted the jury in deciding the question of bad

faith, it also may have had the opposite effect of confusing the jury by implying

that the jury could find GEICO liable even if it found GEICO only negligent in

failing to settle.

      King’s reliance on Tran v. Toyota Motor Corp., 

(11th Cir.

2005), and Palm Beach Atlantic College, Inc. v. First United Fund, Ltd., 

(11th Cir. 1991), to suggest that reversal is required because the jury

instruction did not discuss negligence is likewise misplaced. Unlike in Tran and

Palm Beach Atlantic College, Inc., the district court here did not fail to give an


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instruction on an independent basis for liability. Nor did the court misstate the

applicable burden of proof. The court’s instruction on bad faith also did not

preclude King from making relevant arguments regarding GEICO’s duty to

investigate and evaluate King’s claim. Accordingly, the district court did not

abuse its discretion in refusing to give the negligence instruction.

D.    Admission of Evidence

      Finally, King argues that the court erred in selectively admitting evidence

about the handling of King’s claim by Liberty Mutual. During the trial, the district

court allowed GEICO’s counsel to elicit testimony from its employees that Liberty

Mutual’s evaluation and adjustment of King’s claim were consistent with

GEICO’s. But the court did not allow King’s counsel to elicit testimony that

Liberty Mutual settled King’s claim by paying its policy limits as well as bad-faith

damages. A district court’s evidentiary ruling will not be overturned “unless the

moving party establishes a substantial prejudicial effect.” 

(quotation marks omitted). We afford broad discretion to the district court’s

assessment of the probative value of the proffered evidence weighed against other

factors counseling against admissibility. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co. v. Mendelsohn,

, 384, 

(2008).

      The testimony regarding Liberty Mutual’s evaluation and adjustment of

King’s claim was probative of GEICO’s assessment of the claim and its stated


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reason for denying King’s initial settlement offer: that the value of King’s claim

was within the available policy limits of the tortfeasor’s insurance company. See

USAA Cas. Ins. Co. v. Shelton, 

, 608 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2006)

(“The purpose of [UM coverage] is to provide a source of recovery when the

insured has been injured by a tortfeasor with insufficient or no insurance.”). By

contrast, testimony to the effect that Liberty Mutual settled King’s potential bad-

faith claims had little if any relevance to the question of whether GEICO acted in

bad faith, and it also had the potential to mislead the jury and unfairly prejudice

GEICO.     King has not shown that either evidentiary ruling had a substantial

prejudicial effect, so we defer to the district court’s evidentiary rulings.

                                          VI.

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

      AFFIRMED.




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