Case: 16-10582   Date Filed: 05/19/2017   Page: 1 of 7


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 16-10582
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

               D.C. Docket No. 8:15-cr-00214-JDW-TBM-2



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                            Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                versus

GLENN JASEN
KATHRYN JASEN,

                                                       Defendants-Appellants.

                      ________________________

               Appeals from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (May 19, 2017)

Before MARCUS, JULIE CARNES and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
                Case: 16-10582        Date Filed: 05/19/2017       Page: 2 of 7


       Glenn and Kathryn Jasen appeal their convictions of wire fraud, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. They contend the district court erred by denying their motion

to dismiss the indictment because the application of the wire fraud statute in this

case violates the principles of fair warning and federalism. They also argue the

district court erred by denying their motion for judgments of acquittal because the

evidence is insufficient to convict them of wire fraud. After review, 1 we affirm.

                                       I. DISCUSSION

       The Jasens contend § 1343 fails to give fair warning that it covers their

conduct. Specifically, they assert the statute is unconstitutionally vague as applied

to them, that the rule of lenity exempts them from the statute, and that applying the

statute to their circumstances violates due process because it would constitute a

novel construction. Each of these arguments fails.

       Section 1343 embraces their conduct as it applies to “any” scheme or artifice

to defraud, regardless of the type of scheme. See 18 U.S.C. § 1343; United States

v. Svete, 

, 1162 (11th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (stating that the word

“any” is read naturally to have an expansive meaning). The fact that it does not

specifically mention real estate transactions does not warrant the conclusion that it

       1
         We review de novo a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute, applying a strong
presumption that the statute is valid. United States v. Ruggiero, 

, 1284 (11th Cir.),
cert. denied, 

(2015). We also review de novo questions of statutory interpretation.
United States v. Taylor, 

, 674 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2016). We
review de novo the denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal. United States v. Green, 

, 1305 (11th Cir. 2016). In doing so, we view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the government and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict. 

16-10582     Date Filed: 05/19/2017    Page: 3 of 7


is vague as applied to the Jensens. United States v. Nelson, 

, 508

(11th Cir. 2013) (stating that the vagueness doctrine does not require a statute to

define every factual situation that may arise). Nor is the causation element vague;

we have referred to the meaning of the word “causes” in the wire fraud statute as

“self-explanatory.” United States v. Bradley, 

, 1238–39 (11th Cir.

2011) (noting that mail fraud and wire fraud “are analytically identical save for the

method of execution”); see also United States v. Kenofskey, 

, 443

(1917) (stating, in the context of mail fraud, that “‘[c]ause’ is a word of very broad

import and its meaning is generally known”). Finally, the statute’s scienter

requirement alleviates the Jasens’ concern about vagueness and limits the potential

for arbitrary enforcement. See McFadden v. United States, 

, 2307

(2015); 

.

      Nor does the rule of lenity apply here—the statute is clear. United States v.

Hastie, No. 15-14481, 

, at *5 (11th Cir. Apr. 25, 2017) (“[T]he

rule of lenity has no application when the statute is clear.” (quotation omitted)).

The rule of lenity applies “if at the end of the process of construing what Congress

has expressed, there is a grievous ambiguity or uncertainty in the statute.” Shaw v.

United States, 

, 469, 

(2016) (quotations omitted).

The Jasens do not convincingly point to any such ambiguity.




                                           3
              Case: 16-10582     Date Filed: 05/19/2017    Page: 4 of 7


      In addition, the Jasens’ assertion that the application of the wire fraud statute

in this case violates their rights to due process is meritless. Although the Jasens

argue to the contrary, caselaw gives reasonable warning that the statute

criminalizes a fraud in connection with a real estate transaction. See, e.g., Robers

v. United States, 

, 1856 (2014) (addressing a conviction of

conspiracy to commit wire fraud where the defendant submitted fraudulent

mortgage loan applications to purchase two houses); United States v. Martin, 

, 588–90 (11th Cir. 2015) (determining that the evidence was sufficient to

convict the defendant of wire fraud where she sold an apartment to her father in a

“sham sale,” assisted him in completing a fraudulent mortgage loan application,

and lied in her own mortgage loan application to purchase a house); United States

v. Brester, 

, 1337 (11th Cir. 2015) (addressing convictions of wire

fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud where the defendant sold apartments

and made misrepresentations to the banks to which the buyer had applied for

mortgage loans). In sum, the district court did not err by denying the Jasens’

motion to dismiss based on their fair warning claim.

      The Jasens’ federalism argument is also without merit. Despite the Jasens’

assertion that their conduct occurred locally, the Commerce Clause permits

Congress to criminalize a local, intrastate act if a channel of interstate commerce




                                          4
              Case: 16-10582      Date Filed: 05/19/2017   Page: 5 of 7


(here, the telecommunications network) is used to facilitate the commission of the

act. United States v. Ballinger, 

, 1225 (11th Cir. 2005) (en banc).

      Finally, the Jasens contend there was insufficient evidence to find them

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, but this argument fails as well. Wire fraud

requires that a person (1) intentionally participate in a scheme or artifice to defraud

another of money or property and (2) use or cause the use of wires for the purpose

of executing the scheme or artifice. 

. The phrase

“scheme or artifice to defraud . . . requires proof of a material misrepresentation, or

the omission or concealment of a material fact calculated to deceive another out of

money or property.” 

A person causes wires to be used if

he acts with knowledge that the use of wires “will follow in the ordinary course of

business, or where such use can reasonably be foreseen, even though not actually

intended.” 

(quotation omitted); see also United States v. Hasson, 

, 1273 (11th Cir. 2003) (stating that the “transmission itself need not be

essential to the success of the scheme to defraud”).

      It is undisputed the Jasens knew their property had a sinkhole on it when

they sold the property —they had already collected over one hundred fifty

thousand dollars in insurance proceeds because of it. Nevertheless, they indicated

on their disclosure statement that they knew of no sinkhole on the property. They

reiterated this misrepresentation in multiple transaction documents and the


                                           5
              Case: 16-10582     Date Filed: 05/19/2017   Page: 6 of 7


purchaser relied on these statements in acquiring the property, testifying he would

not have done so had he known of the sinkhole. This evidence, taken in the light

most favorable to the Government, demonstrates that the Jasens intentionally made

material misrepresentations concerning their property that were calculated to

deceive the buyer into purchasing the property. See 

(“All that is necessary is that the scheme be reasonably calculated to deceive; the

intent element of the crime is shown by the existence of the scheme.”).

      Similarly, there was sufficient evidence to show the wire transfer was used

for the purpose of executing the Jasens’ scheme or artifice to defraud. Selling the

property and receiving sale proceeds were essential elements of their scheme, and

the wire transfer was the means by which they were able to receive the “fruits of

the fraud.” United States v. Adkinson, 

, 1163 (11th Cir. 1998)

(relating to mail fraud statute). Although a wire transfer may not have been

essential to the success of the Jasens’ scheme, as the buyer could have paid for the

property by means other than an out-of-state loan, the wire transfer was incident to

an essential part of the scheme, namely the receipt of sale proceeds. See Schmuck

v. United States, 

, 710–11 (1989) (relating to mail fraud statute);

.




                                          6
       Case: 16-10582     Date Filed: 05/19/2017   Page: 7 of 7


                         II. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Jasens’ convictions are

AFFIRMED.




                                   7