08-4666-cv
Ragone v. Atlantic Video


                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                             __________

                                          August Term, 2008

Argued: August 5, 2009                                                Decided: February 17, 2010


                                        Docket No. 08-4666-cv

                                             __________




________________________________________________________

  RITA RAGONE,

                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                           -v-

  ATLANTIC VIDEO at the Manhattan Center, d/b/a/ MCP-AV,
  INC., ESPN, WOODY PAIGE, JAY CRAWFORD, LORI BERLIN,

                        Defendants-Appellees.
________________________________________________________

POOLER, HALL, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.

        Plaintiff-appellant Rita Ragone appeals from the opinion and order, dated August 27,
2008, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Koeltl, J.)
granting the motions of defendants-appellants Atlantic Video and ESPN to dismiss the complaint
and compel arbitration. Specifically, the district court: (1) upheld the enforceability of the
arbitration agreement at issue against Ragone’s claim that the agreement is both procedurally and
substantially unconscionable, and (2) held that Ragone can properly be compelled to arbitrate
with ESPN, in spite of the fact that it is not a signatory to the arbitration agreement. We AFFIRM
the district court.

                                             __________
                                         DAVID ZATUCHNI, Zatuchni & Associates, LLC New
                                         York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant.


                                         ALAN S. BLOCK (Scott H. Goldstein, Andrew Butz, and
                                         Lynda Liebhauser, on the brief), Bonner Kiernan Trebach
                                         & Crociata, LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant-Appellee
                                         Atlantic Video, Inc.


                                         KATHLEEN M. McKENNA, Proskauer Rose LLP, New
                                         York, NY, for Defendant-Appellee ESPN.


 POOLER, Circuit Judge:

       This case presents questions of law regarding the enforcement of arbitration agreements.

After the defendants announced their intention to waive enforcement of certain provisions of the

arbitration agreement at issue, the district court (Koeltl, J.) granted the defendants’ motion to

dismiss the complaint and compel arbitration. We affirm the district court because we believe

that the arbitration agreement, as modified by the defendants’ waivers, will allow the plaintiff to

“vindicate [her] statutory cause[s] of action in the arbitral forum.” Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v.

Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 

, 637 (1985). We emphasize, however, that it is not

at all clear that we would reach the same result had the defendants attempted to enforce the

arbitration agreement in its entirety.



                                               FACTS

        Plaintiff-appellant Rita Ragone brings this employment discrimination action under Title

 VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. She also asserts

 claims under the New York State Human Rights Law (“NYSHRL”), N.Y. Exec. Law § 290 et

 seq., and the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”), N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 8-101 et


                                                   2
seq. Specifically, Ragone contends that the defendants, for whom she worked, subjected her to

“continuous sexual harassment [which] made [her] work environment hostile, abusive and

intolerable . . . .” (¶ 21)1

        Ragone devotes a substantial portion of her brief on this appeal to setting forth the details

of her allegations of harassment. But while this recitation would certainly be relevant if the

instant appeal called for us to review the district court’s decision on a dispositive motion, such a

motion is not under consideration here. Rather, the instant appeal considers whether the district

court correctly held that Ragone’s claims should be heard in an arbitral forum. Properly

considered, this question takes no account of the merits of claims asserted in the complaint. See

JLM Indus., Inc. v. Stolt-Nielsen SA, 

, 171 (2d Cir. 2004) (“Determination of the

arbitrability of . . . claims . . . does not in any way rest upon the strength of those claims.”).

Accordingly, whether or not they amount to a meritorious claim, the allegations of sexual

harassment made by Ragone are not relevant here. The facts that are relevant to this appeal are

few and straightforward.

        A. The Arbitration Agreement. Ragone alleges that she “is a well-known and well-

respected makeup artist and hairstylist to television and movie stars, dignitaries, athletes and

houses of fashion.” (¶ 12) Atlantic Video (“AVI”), which apparently operates under the name

MCP-AV, Inc., is alleged to be “a digital broadcast and film production and post production

company” which maintains a large television studio in New York City. (¶ 2) ESPN, the well-

known cable television sports news service, “was a client of [AVI’s] and operated various shows,




        1
            The complaint, which was filed on June 27, 2007, will be cited by paragraph number.

                                                    3
including ‘Cold Pizza,’” a morning sports news show, “out of [AVI’s New York] studio.” (¶ 3)2

       Ragone was employed by AVI as a make-up artist from February 28, 2005 until April 11,

2006. (¶ 11) Ragone alleges that her termination by AVI on this latter date was an act of

retaliation taken in response to her numerous complaints regarding acts of sexual harassment.

(¶¶ 120)

       Ragone’s employment with AVI was made subject to her assent to an arbitration

agreement, which contains the following provision:

                       1. I shall submit to the American Arbitration Association
               (“AAA”) for final and binding arbitration by one arbitrator . . . any
               and all claims or controversies arising out of my employment or its
               termination including, but not limited to, claims concerning
               discipline and discharge; . . . claims for discrimination . . . ; claims
               of sexual harassment; . . . .

                       2. . . . I further understand, acknowledge, and agree that
               this Agreement shall be construed and enforced in accordance with
               the laws of the State of New York, without regard to principles of
               conflicts of law.

       The arbitration agreement also contains a number of provisions regarding not only the

conduct of arbitration proceedings, but also the conduct of any court proceeding that Ragone

might initiate. Ragone asserts that several of these provisions are unconscionable, and therefore

unenforceable. Specifically, as set forth by the district court, Ragone asserts that the arbitration

agreement:


       2
         Ragone also named four individual defendants in her complaint – her direct supervisor
at AVI and three employees of ESPN – but the district court, after having given Ragone an
opportunity to show cause to the contrary, dismissed these claims in a separate opinion and order,
dated September 20, 2008, for failure to effect proper service. See Ragone v. Atlantic Video,
No. 07-cv-6084, 

at *1 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 29, 2008). In her brief on this
appeal, Ragone makes no argument regarding the dismissal of her claims against the four
individual defendants. Accordingly, we deem Ragone to have waived any appeal of these
dismissals. See Norton v. Sam’s Club, 

, 117 (2d Cir. 1998) (“Issues not sufficiently
argued in the briefs are considered waived and normally will not be addressed on appeal.”).

                                                  4
               (a) impermissibly shortens the statute of limitations [for bringing
               any demand for arbitration] to ninety days, (b) it requires that
               attorney’s fees must be awarded to the prevailing party, (c) it
               prevents the plaintiff from appealing the arbitrator’s award in
               court, and (d) it denies the plaintiff some of her rights in court by
               limiting her discovery rights and eliminating her right to a jury
               trial.

Ragone, 

, at *4.

       Further, the arbitration agreement contains the following severability clause:

                       In the event that any provision of this Agreement, or the
               application of such provision shall be held by a court of competent
               jurisdiction to be contrary to law, the remaining provisions of the
               Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. If any provisions
               regarding discovery or the time to make a demand for arbitration of
               claims . . . is deemed unenforceable, then such provision shall be
               modified automatically such that it comports with the applicable
               federal and/or New York law.

       B. The Status of ESPN. It is undisputed that ESPN is not a signatory to the arbitration

agreement. ESPN is also not mentioned, expressly or by implication, in either the arbitration

agreement, or in any of the other documents relating to Ragone’s initial employment that are

contained in the record. Nevertheless, Ragone’s complaint contains numerous allegations which

support the district court’s conclusion that her “claims of unlawful harassment and retaliation

against AVI and ESPN rely on the concerted actions of both defendants and are therefore

substantially interdependent.” Ragone, 

, at *10.

       First, Ragone asserts that she “was hired by [AVI] as a make-up artist for one of [its]

significant clients, Defendant ESPN. Specifically, [she] was hired to provide make-up artistry

and other services to ESPN’s Cold-Pizza talent.” (¶ 13) Further, while “she reported to [AVI]

General Manager Ted Nelson, as well as to Ed Brancaccio and Douglas Sherman of [AVI],” she

“was also required to follow the instructions and directives of ESPN talent and ESPN supervisors

on the set . . . .” (¶ 17) In fact, Lori Berlin, who “has at all relevant time[s] been the Director of

                                                   5
Production for ESPN” was Ragone’s “on-site supervisor during her employment with [AVI]” and

two ESPN panelists are alleged to have “supervised [her] job duties . . . during her employment

with [AVI].” (¶¶ 4-5, 7)

       Further, the central allegation of the complaint is that “[a]lmost immediately after [she]

commenced her employment with [AVI] for ESPN Cold Pizza, she became the victim of severe,

pervasive and continuous sexual harassment by Cold Pizza talent Woody Paige and Jay

Crawford.” (¶ 18) In addition, it is alleged that “ESPN supervisors and other ESPN Cold Pizza

talent repeatedly witnessed the sexual harassment and condoned the repulsive behavior of

Defendants Paige and Crawford.” (¶ 19) This “cause[d her] to complain on numerous occasions

to both [AVI] and ESPN management employees about the behavior.” (¶ 21) That is, Ragone

“lodged numerous complaints to both [AVI] and ESPN management in an effort to put an end to

the sexual harassment.” (¶ 62) In sum, the complaint makes plain that both “[AVI] and ESPN

subjected [Ragone] to persistent and continuous sexual advancements and harassment by

Defendants Paige and Crawford.” (¶ 110)

       C. The District Court’s Opinion. Applying New York law, the district court held that

the arbitration agreement is not procedurally unconscionable, in spite of Ragone’s representation

of her lack of relevant education or sophistication. The district court found that she “has failed to

show that AVI engaged in high-pressure tactics or deception in procuring [her] signature on the

agreement.” Ragone, 

, at *7. Further, even assuming the truth of Ragone’s

representation that she did not understand the arbitration agreement at the time she signed it, the

district court found that this did not render the agreement unconscionable because Ragone “could

have asked questions about [the agreement] and could have taken the employment documents



                                                 6
home to study them and she could have consulted a lawyer if she chose.” 

to the question of the substantive unconscionability of the arbitration agreement, the

district court’s task was certainly made easier by the fact that the defendants explicitly waived

any attempt to enforce various provisions of the arbitration agreement. Specifically, the

defendants “agreed to waive the statutes of limitations and fee shifting provisions as set out in the

arbitration agreement” and therefore these provisions “do not render the [arbitration] [a]greement

substantively unconscionable.” 

Further, as to the provision of the arbitration award

which forbids any appeal of the arbitrator’s decision, the defendants represented to the district

court that this would “not prevent the plaintiff from moving to vacate an arbitration award in

federal court” pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act. 

district court held that Ragone’s objections to the provisions of the arbitration agreement limiting

discovery in any court proceeding and waiving any right to a jury trial “are moot. Th[ese]

provision[s are] directed at a situation where the parties proceed[] to litigation because the Court

invalidated the arbitration procedure. That is not [the] case [here].” 

       Finally, applying the doctrine of equitable estoppel, the district court held that ESPN’s

status as a non-signatory did not preclude Ragone’s being compelled to arbitrate her claims

against ESPN. This holding was based upon the fact that this Court has held that parties to an

arbitration agreement may be compelled to arbitrate their claims against a non-signatory if these

claims are sufficiently intertwined with her claims against a signatory. In this case, the district

court found that “it is clear that [Ragone’s] claims of unlawful harassment and retaliation against


       3
         The district court, after hearing testimony from a handwriting expert, also rejected her
claim that the signature on the arbitration agreement is not hers, but a forgery. Ragone, 

, at *4. Ragone has expressly elected not to appeal this finding.


                                                  7
AVI and ESPN rely on the concerted actions of both defendants and are therefore substantially

interdependent.” 

                                             ANALYSIS

        “We review the district court’s determination of the arbitrability of [Ragone’s] claim de

novo, while accepting the court’s factual determinations unless clearly erroneous.” Garten v.

Kurth, 

, 141-42 (2d Cir. 2001). Ragone asserts claims under employment

discrimination statutes and, as a general matter, “[c]ourts have consistently found that such

claims can be subject to mandatory arbitration.” Gold v. Deutsche Aktiengesellschaft, 

, 147 (2d Cir. 2004). Specifically, Ragone complains of acts of sexual harassment and, as

noted above, the arbitration agreement at issue in this case expressly states that “claims of sexual

harassment” are subject to arbitration. It is therefore self-evident here that “it may be said with

positive assurance that the arbitration clause is . . . susceptible of an interpretation that covers the

asserted dispute.” Roby v. Corp. of Lloyd’s, 

, 1361 (2d Cir. 1993) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

        The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., “creates a body of federal

substantive law of arbitrability applicable to arbitration agreements . . . affecting interstate

commerce.” Alliance Bernstein Inv. Research & Mgmt., Inc v. Schaffran, 

, 125 (2d

Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). The parties do not dispute that the agreement at

issue here affects interstate commerce and, accordingly, there is no question that the FAA

applies.

        The FAA is an expression of “a strong federal policy favoring arbitration as an alternative

means of dispute resolution.” Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v. Swiss Reinsurance Am. Corp.,

                                                   8


, 226 (2d Cir. 2001). In fact, this Court has said that “it is difficult to overstate the

strong federal policy in favor of arbitration, and it is a policy we have often and emphatically

applied.” Arciniaga v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 234 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation

marks omitted). But emphatic application does not amount to automatic application. The FAA

provides that an arbitration agreement “shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon

such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2.

Accordingly, “generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unsconscionabilty,

may be applied to invalidate arbitration agreements.” Doctor’s Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto, 

, 687 (1996).

       A. Unconscionability in General. Ragone asserts that she cannot be compelled to

submit her claims against either AVI or ESPN to arbitration because the arbitration agreement

which the district court found that she signed as a condition of her employment is unconscionable

and, therefore, unenforceable. As a general matter, even to the extent that the law recognizes that

employers and individual employees do not possess equal bargaining power, the FAA certainly

does not preclude the enforcement of employment contracts which make employment conditional

upon an employee’s acceptance of mandatory arbitration. See Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane

Corp., 

, 33 (1991) (“[m]ere inequality in bargaining power” is not a basis for

declining to enforce arbitration agreements contained in employment contracts). Still, it is

possible that an arbitration agreement may contain terms so onerous as to render it unenforceable

under Section 2 of the FAA. Further, “[i]t is clear that questions of contractual validity relating

to the unconscionability of [an] arbitration agreement must be resolved first, as a matter of state

law, before compelling arbitration pursuant to the FAA.” Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, U.S.,

L.L.C. v. Nackel, 

, 365 (2d Cir. 2003) (per curiam). As already noted, the

                                                  9
arbitration agreement at issue contains a choice of law clause which provides that New York law

will govern the agreement’s construction and enforcement.

       One of the district courts of our Circuit has recently set forth the outlines of the New

York law of unconscionability as follows:

                       Under New York law, a contract is unconscionable when it
               is “so grossly unreasonable or unconscionable in the light of the
               mores and business practices of the time and place as to be
               unenforcable [sic] according to its literal terms.” Gillman v.
               Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. 

[, 10] (1988). Generally,
               there must be a showing that such a contract is both procedurally
               and substantially unconscionable. See 

               element of unconscionability concerns the contract formation
               process and the alleged lack of meaningful choice; the substantive
               element looks to the content of the contract[, per se]. State v.
               Wolowitz, 

, 145 (1983); see also Desiderio v.
               National Ass’n of Sec. Dealers, Inc., 

, 207 (2d Cir.
               1999) (“A contract or clause is unconscionable when there is an
               absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties
               together with contract terms which are unreasonably favorable to
               the other party.” (quotation marks omitted)).

Nayal v. HIP Network Servs. IPA, Inc., 

, 571 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).

       B. Procedural Unconscionability. Ragone’s contention that the arbitration agreement

was signed under procedurally unconscionable conditions is far short of convincing. Ragone

argues that the undisputed fact that she was offered the arbitration agreement “on a ‘take it or

leave it’ basis” renders it unenforceable. But it is plain that “this is not sufficient under New

York law to render the [arbitration] provision procedurally unconscionable.” Nayal, 620 F.

Supp. 2d at 571 (citing cases). Further, Ragone asserts that she did not read the arbitration

agreement before signing it. But this is of no moment in light of this Court’s holding that it

“cannot accept a rule that would allow a party to avoid his legal obligation to read a document

carefully before signing it just because the document is an arbitration agreement under which


                                                 10
Title VII claims could be arbitrated.” 

. Finally, New York law does not

absolve Ragone of this obligation because she “does not have a college degree and has no

experience or background in business or human resources.” On the contrary, New York courts

have repeatedly ruled that even the fact that a prospective employee possesses an imperfect grasp

of the English language will not relieve the employee of making a reasonable effort to have the

document explained to him. See Molina v. Coca-Cola Enters., Inc., No. 08-6370, 

, at *8 (W.D.N.Y. June 8, 2009) (citing cases). The arbitration agreement is therefore

not procedurally unconscionable.

       C. Substantive Unconscionability. “While determinations of unconscionability are

ordinarily based on [a] conclusion that both the procedural and substantive components are

present, there have been exceptional cases where a provision of the contract is so outrageous as

to warrant holding it unenforceable on the ground of substantive unconscionability alone.”

Gillman v. Chase Manhattan Bank N.A., 

, 12 (1988) (internal citation omitted). As

we have set forth above, Ragone argued before the district court that several provisions of the

arbitration agreement she signed were substantially unconscionable. The district court avoided

consideration of the unconscionability of any of the disputed terms for three reasons. First, the

district noted that the defendants had “agreed to waive the statutes of limitations and fee shifting

provisions as set out in the arbitration agreement” and therefore found that these provisions “do

not render the [arbitration a]greement substantively unconscionable.” Ragone, 

, at *5. Second, as to the provision of the arbitration agreement that forbids any appeal

of the arbitrator’s decision, the district court found that the defendants’ representation that this

would “not prevent the plaintiff from moving to vacate an arbitration award in federal court,”

pursuant to the provisions of the FAA, defeated the argument that the provision was

                                                  11
unconscionable. 

district court held that Ragone’s objections to the provisions of

the arbitration agreement limiting discovery in any court proceeding and waiving any right to a

jury trial “are moot” in light of the grant of the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration. 

        On this appeal, Ragone criticizes the district court for what she sees as an improper

piecemeal approach in its consideration of the arbitration agreement. That is, Ragone believes

that the district court missed the forest for the trees:

                         In determining unconscionability, the District Court should
                have considered the Arbitration Agreement in its totality as it was
                written and presented to Ms. Ragone, and whether that overall
                document had the oppressive and unconscionable purpose and/or
                effect of deterring an employee in the exercise of her statutory rights.
                The District Court should have considered that the Arbitration
                Agreement as a whole, containing numerous unconscionable and
                oppressive terms, is irredeemably tainted by unconscionability and
                unlawful purpose. As such, the unconscionability cannot simply be
                severed from the agreement, which should be held unenforceable in
                its entirety.

Although this is not an inconsiderable argument, we are compelled to reject it.

        First, Ragone argues that the severability clause contained in the arbitration agreement

will not serve to save the agreement because such a clause “cannot save an arbitration agreement

that is permeated by unconscionability by the presence of multiple uneforceable provisions.”

The severability clause, however, has no relevance to this appeal. According to its terms, the

severability clause applies “[i]n the event that any provision of this Agreement, or the application

of such provision shall be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be contrary to law . . . .”

The district court, however, did not hold any provision of the arbitration agreement to be contrary

to law. Rather, it resolved all questions of potentially unenforceable terms by holding that these

terms were either moot, would be interpreted in a manner consistent with the FAA, or had been

                                                   12
waived. Thus, the district court did not trigger any application of the severability clause and, as a

result, the question of whether or not the clause can “save” the arbitration agreement is not

properly raised on this appeal.

       Second, with respect to the provision of the arbitration agreement which forbids any

appeal of the arbitrator’s eventual decision, we do not see that Ragone posits any sufficient

ground for reversal of the district court’s acceptance of the defendants’ representation that this

provision would “not prevent the plaintiff from moving to vacate an arbitration award in federal

court” pursuant to the provisions of the FAA. Ragone, 

, at *5. Similarly,

Ragone does not seriously challenge the district court’s holding that the provisions of the

arbitration agreement relating to the conduct of court proceedings are plainly moot in light of the

granting of the defendants’ motion to compel arbitration.

       That leaves the matter of the defendants’ election to waive enforcement of two provisions

of the arbitration agreement: (1) the limitations provision which mandates that Ragone must

make a demand for arbitration “no later than ninety (90) calendar days after [her] claim arises or

it will be conclusively resolved against [her] even if there is a statute of limitations that may have

given [her] more time” and (2) the fee-shifting provision which requires that attorney’s fees must

be awarded to the prevailing party. Ragone argues that the district court erred in accepting these

waivers because the arbitration agreement, when considered as a whole, is “packed with

oppressive and unlawful provisions meant to disadvantage the employee.” Acceptance of the

defendants’ waivers, Ragone declares, allows the defendants to “retain[] the benefit of a contract

whose main purpose . . . was to unfairly prejudice” her. Unfortunately, Ragone supports this

argument by relying upon cases applying law other than the law of New York, which is

controlling here. See, e.g., Alexander v. Anthony Int’l, L.P., 

, 271 (3d Cir. 2003)

                                                 13
(under Virgin Islands law, court would not allow waiver of unconscionable provisions of

arbitration agreement so as to enforce arbitration agreement “afflicted by so much fundamental

and pervasive unfairness”); Ferguson v. Countrywide Credit Indus., Inc., 

, 788 (9th

Cir. 2002) (applying California law, court would refuse to enforce arbitration agreement “so

permeated with unconscionable clauses” that waiver “cannot remove the unconscionable taint

from the agreement”).

       We believe that New York law would allow for the enforcement of the arbitration

agreement as modified by the defendants’ waivers. First, New York courts have accepted offers

by parties to waive the enforcement of certain provisions of arbitration agreements, and have

evaluated those agreements as modified by the parties’ after-the-fact waivers. See, e.g., Brower v.

Gateway 2000, Inc., 

, 574-75 (1st Dep’t 1998) (remanding for the

determination of whether a substitute arbitration agreement alleviated the unconscionability

problems of original provision); In re Currency Conversion Fee Antitrust Litig., 

, 411-12 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (defendants’ offer to pay arbitration-related fees and to waive fee-

shifting rights meant plaintiff could not rely on arbitration costs as ground for finding arbitration

agreement unconscionable). Because unconscionability is an equitable defense to the

enforcement of harsh or unreasonable contract terms, Doctor’s Assocs., Inc. v. Jabush, 

, 113 (2d Cir. 1996), a party cannot complain when the defendant through its waivers

declines to enforce any potentially unconscionable term.

       In Schreiber v. K-Sea Transportation Corp., 

(2007), which we note has not

been cited by any of the parties, the New York Court of Appeals considered a provision of an

arbitration agreement which directed that the employer would advance any fees of arbitration “up

to $750.00.” When the plaintiff submitted a dispute to arbitration, the arbitrator demanded an

                                                 14
advance fee payment of $10,000.00, which the employer contended would be the employee’s

responsibility in the amount of $9,250.00. The Court of Appeals directed that “Schreiber should

not be compelled to bear costs which would effectively preclude him from pursuing his claim.”

That is, even though the arbitration agreement at issue apparently did not contain a

severability clause, the Court of Appeals held that “any order compelling arbitration should be

conditioned on K-Sea’s agreement to bear any costs . . . subject later to reallocation of those costs

by the arbitrator.” Id.; accord Barbieri v. K-Sea Transp. Corp., 

, 194-95

(E.D.N.Y. 2008). Thus, rather than holding that a provision of an arbitration agreement which

would preclude a party from vindicating its rights in arbitration rendered the entire agreement

unenforceable, the Court of Appeals held that the offending provision should simply be

disregarded.

       As applied to the instant case, especially in light of the fact that we are charged with

“encouraging and supporting arbitration,” Lucent Techs. Inc. v. Tatung Co., 

, 29 (2d

Cir. 2004), we hold that Brower and Schreiber call for affirmance of the district court. Schreiber

directs that “the appropriate remedy” when a court is faced with a plainly unconscionable

provision of an arbitration agreement — one which by itself would actually preclude a plaintiff

from pursuing her statutory rights — “is to sever the improper provision of the arbitration

agreement, rather than void the entire agreement.” Brady v. Williams Capital Group, L.P., 

, 701 (1st Dep’t 2009). Just as Schreiber conditioned the order to arbitrate on the

effective waiver of one provision of the arbitration agreement, and Brower evaluated the

unconscionability of an agreement as modified by an after-the-fact waiver of one provision of the

arbitration agreement, we can enforce an agreement that modifies a provision that otherwise

might be unconscionable. This remedy has been effected here by the defendants’ waiver of

                                                 15
enforcement of the arbitration agreement’s statute of limitations and fee-shifting provisions.

Accordingly, we will not void the entire arbitration agreement signed by Ragone.

       D. A Note of Caution. While we affirm the district court’s holding that the arbitration

agreement is enforceable as modified by the defendants’ waivers, we emphasize that we do so

with something less than robust enthusiasm. Although the enforceability of an arbitration

agreement is decided in the first place under the applicable body of state law, Section 2 of the

FAA also “create[s] a body of federal substantive law of arbitrability, applicable to any

arbitration agreement within the coverage of the” statute. Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v.

Mercury Constr. Corp., 

, 24 (1983). Pursuant to this body of law it has long been

“clear that statutory claims may be the subject of an arbitration agreement.” 

. Still, however, a federal court will compel arbitration of a statutory claim only if it is clear

that “the prospective litigant effectively may vindicate its statutory cause of action in the arbitral

forum,” such that the statute under which its claims are brought “will continue to serve both its

remedial and deterrent function.” 

. Thus, as the Supreme Court

stated in Mitsubishi, if certain terms of an arbitration agreement served to act “as a prospective

waiver of a party’s right to pursue statutory remedies . . . , we would have little hesitation in

condemning the agreement as against public policy.” 

n.19.

       In In re American Express Merchants’ Litigation, 

(2d Cir. 2009), this Court

recently applied these principles in order to deny enforcement of a term of an arbitration

agreement that provided that claims could only be brought on an individual basis, thereby

precluding the pursuit of class action claims in the arbitral forum. We found that the plaintiffs,

who were attempting to press class action claims under federal antitrust statutes, had effectively

proven “that enforcement of the ban will deprive them of substantive rights under the federal

                                                  16
antitrust statutes,” 

because they had carried their burden of demonstrating that the

pursuit of their claims on an individual basis would be economically irrational. We therefore

concluded that the ban on class arbitration “cannot be enforced in this case because to do so

would grant [the defendant] de facto immunity from antitrust liability by removing the plaintiffs’

only reasonably feasible means of recovery.” 

       Had the defendants attempted to enforce the arbitration agreement as originally written it

is not clear that we would hold in their favor. Specifically, as already noted, the arbitration

agreement signed by Ragone includes both a ninety-day statute of limitations for filing an

arbitration claim and a fee-shifting provision that requires that fees be awarded to the prevailing

party. As Ragone forcefully argues, both of these terms would significantly diminish a litigant’s

rights under Title VII. Title VII requires a plaintiff to pursue and exhaust administrative

remedies before bringing suit, see 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000(e) and (f), and “[i]n states such as New

York that have an agency with the authority to address charges of discriminatory employment

practices, the statute of limitations for filing a charge of discrimination with the [Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission] is 300 days.” Butts v. City of N.Y. Dep’t of Hous. Pres.

& Dev., 

, 1401 (2d Cir. 1993), superceded by statute on other grounds, Civil

Rights Act of 1991, Pub. L. No. 102-166, 105 Stat. 1072. Further, interpreting 42 U.S.C. Section

2000e-5(k), the Supreme Court has “held that ‘a plaintiff should not be assessed his opponent’s

attorney’s fees unless a court finds that his claim was frivolous, unreasonable or groundless.’”

Sista v. CDC Ixis N. Am., Inc., 

, 178 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Christianburg

Garment Co. v. EEOC, 

, 422 (1978)). Pursuant to this standard, “[a]s the decisions

of this Court demonstrate, it is very rare that victorious defendants in civil rights cases will

recover attorneys’ fees.” 

. In sum, had the defendants not waived

                                                  17
enforcement, it is at least possible that Ragone would be able to demonstrate that these

provisions were incompatible with her ability to pursue her Title VII claims in arbitration, and

therefore void under the FAA.

       We also take notice of Ragone’s argument that waiver of the suspect provisions should

not save the arbitration agreement because enforcement of the agreement, less the waived

provisions, “create[s] highly undesirable incentives to employers” because it “teaches employers

to create as oppressive and one-sided arbitration agreements as possible (with the hopes of

chilling employment discrimination actions) while maintaining the expectation that [they] can

still enforce arbitration by simply stating ‘Never Mind’ to all the unenforceable provisions that

never should have been included in the first place.” Because Ragone herself has not been chilled

in asserting her Title VII rights–and we cannot see what plaintiff would be in such a position–we

do not accept this claim.

       ESPN asserts that the defendants elected to waive the statute of limitations and fee-

shifting provisions in order to “show a willingness to work with [Ragone] in effort [sic] to

process her claims though arbitration . . . .” Whether or not altruism was the motivation for the

waivers, however, we conclude that the defendants’ decision avoids a determination of issues

that are far from insubstantial.

       E. Ragone’s Claims Against ESPN. “[A]rbitration is a matter of contract, and

therefore a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which [it] has not agreed

so to submit.” JLM 

(internal quotation marks omitted) (second alteration

in original). While we find no reason to disturb the district court’s finding that Ragone signed

the arbitration agreement proffered by AVI, ESPN neither signed that agreement, nor is ESPN

mentioned therein. Rather, as we have already noted, AVI provided production facilities and

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services to ESPN. Nevertheless, this Court has “recognized a number of common law principles

of contract law that may allow non-signatories to enforce an arbitration agreement, including

equitable estoppel.” Ross v. Am. Express Co., 

, 99 (2d Cir. 2007).

       Under principles of estoppel, a non-signatory to an arbitration agreement may compel a

signatory to that agreement to arbitrate a dispute where a careful review of “the relationship

among the parties, the contracts they signed . . . , and the issues that had arisen” among them

discloses that “the issues the nonsignatory is seeking to resolve in arbitration are intertwined with

the agreement that the estopped party has signed.” Choctaw Generation Ltd. P’ship v. Am.

Home Assurance Co., 

, 406 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). This does not mean, however,

               that whenever a relationship of any kind may be found among the
               parties to a dispute and their dispute deals with the subject matter of
               an arbitration contract made by one of them, that party will be
               estopped from refusing to arbitrate. . . . [I]n addition to the
               “intertwined” factual issues, there must be a relationship among the
               parties of a nature that justifies a conclusion that the party which
               agreed to arbitrate with another entity should be estopped from
               denying an obligation to arbitrate a similar dispute with the adversary
               which is not a party to the arbitration agreement.

Sokol Holdings, Inc. v. BMB Munai, Inc., 

, 359 (2d. Cir. 2008).

       We agree with the district court that the relationship between Ragone, AVI, and ESPN

supports the application of equitable estoppel. It is true, as we have already said, that ESPN is

not mentioned in the arbitration agreement, or in any other document relating to Ragone’s initial

employment that is contained in the record. This is therefore not a case where ESPN is “linked

textually” to Ragone’s claims. Choctaw Generation 

. Nevertheless, as set

forth in her complaint, it is plain that when Ragone was hired by AVI, she understood ESPN to

be, to a considerable extent, her co-employer. As we have detailed above, Ragone asserts that

                                                 19
she “was hired by [AVI] as a make-up artist for one of [its] significant clients, Defendant ESPN.

Specifically, [she] was hired to provide make-up artistry and other services to ESPN’s Cold-

Pizza talent.” (¶ 13) Further, while “she reported to [AVI management],” she “was also required

to follow the instructions and directives of ESPN talent and ESPN supervisors on the set . . . .”

(¶ 17)

         These facts provide a telling contrast to our decision in Ross. In that case, the plaintiffs

were the holders of credit cards issued by certain banks (the “Issuing Banks”) who, the plaintiffs

alleged, had entered into a conspiracy with a third party (“Amex”) in violation of federal antitrust

laws. As a condition of receiving card privileges, the plaintiffs had signed agreements with the

Issuing Banks (the “Cardholder Agreements”). The essence of the alleged conspiracy was that

Amex had persuaded the Issuing Banks to include compulsory arbitration clauses in the

Cardholder Agreements “in an effort to impede consumer litigation.” Ross v. Am. Express Co.,

, 140 (2d Cir. 2008).

         We reversed the district court’s grant of Amex’s motion to compel arbitration based upon

the arbitration clauses contained in the Cardholder Agreements. Specifically, we held that

Amex, as a non-signatory to the Cardholder Agreements, could not avail itself of the doctrine of

equitable estoppel:

                It is indisputable that the subject matter of the dispute between the
                parties – the alleged conspiracy between Amex and the Issuing
                Banks to violate the antitrust laws – is related to the subject matter
                of the cardholder agreements the plaintiffs signed with the Issuing
                Banks. . . . But the further necessary circumstance of some
                relation between Amex and the plaintiffs sufficient to demonstrate
                that the plaintiffs intended to arbitrate this dispute Amex is utterly
                lacking here. . . . Amex did not sign the cardholder agreements, it
                is not mentioned therein, and it had no role in their formation or
                performance. The plaintiffs did not in any way treat with Amex as
                a party to the cardholder agreements. On the contrary, they do not

                                                   20
               allege to have treated Amex at all. . . . Amex’s only relation with
               respect to the cardholder agreements was as a third party allegedly
               attempting to subvert the integrity of the cardholder agreements. In
               sum, arbitration is a matter of contract and, contractually speaking,
               the plaintiffs do not know Amex from Adam. Amex therefore
               cannot avail itself of the arbitration agreements contained in the
               cardholder agreements.

       In this case, there is likewise no question that the subject matter of the dispute between

Ragone and AVI is factually intertwined with the dispute between Ragone and ESPN. It is, in

fact, the same dispute: whether or not Ragone was subjected to acts of sexual harassment which

were condoned by supervisory personnel at AVI and ESPN. Moreover, in contrast to Ross, there

is the presence of the further necessary circumstance of a relationship between Ragone and ESPN

that justifies sending this entire dispute to arbitration. Ragone admits that she knew from the

date of her employment by AVI that she would work with and be supervised by ESPN personnel

in the ordinary course of her daily duties. This knowledge that she would extensively treat with

ESPN personnel is sufficient to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between Ragone and

ESPN that allows the latter to avail itself of the arbitration agreement between Ragone and AVI.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that Ragone is properly estopped from

avoiding arbitration with ESPN.




                                         CONCLUSION

       The opinion and order of the district court is AFFIRMED.




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