09-1202-cv
RSM Prod. Corp. v. Fridman


                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                     FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                  SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUM M ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER IN A D O CUM ENT FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY M UST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
“SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.


       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
New York, on the 21 st day of July, two thousand ten.

PRESENT:            RALPH K. WINTER,
                    REENA RAGGI,
                    DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
                              Circuit Judges.

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RSM PRODUCTION CORPORATION, JACK J.
GRYNBERG,
                     Plaintiffs-Appellants,

GRYNBERG PETROLEUM COMPANY,
                     Plaintiff,
             v.                                                                       No. 09-1202-cv

MIKHAIL FRIDMAN, LEN BLAVATNIK,
GREGORY BOWEN,
                       Defendants-Appellees,

LEV KORCHAGIN, JOHN DOES 1-5, LEV MODEL,
GLOBAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION, TNK-
BP, LORD JOHN BROWNE, BP P.L.C.,
                       Defendants.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPEARING FOR APPELLANTS:                                     DANIEL L. ABRAMS, New York, New York.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEES:                    ROGER V. ARCHIBALD, Brooklyn, New York,
                                            for Gregory Bowen.

                                            TURNER P. SMITH (Myles K. Bartley, Andrew
                                            B. Zinman, on the brief), Curtis, Mallet-Prevost,
                                            Colt & Mosle LLP, New York, New York, for
                                            Len Blavatnik.

                                            W. RANDOLPH TESLIK, Akin Gump Strauss
                                            Hauer & Feld LLP, Washington, D.C. (Robert
                                            Hardy Pees, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld
                                            LLP, New York, New York, Kevin R. Amer,
                                            Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP,
                                            Washington, D.C., on the brief), for Mikhail
                                            Fridman.

       Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Evan J. Wallach, Judge).1

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment entered on February 19, 2009, is AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiffs RSM Production Corporation (“RSM”) and Jack J. Grynberg sued (1)

defendants Len Blavatnik and Mikhail Fridman, directors of a Russian oil company, for

tortious interference with RSM’s business relationship and contract with the nation of

Grenada to engage in exclusive oil and natural gas exploration; and (2) defendants Blavatnik,

Fridman, and Gregory Bowen, Grenada’s former deputy prime minister and minister of

agriculture and energy, for civil conspiracy to disrupt RSM’s oil exploration rights. Plaintiffs




       1
        Judge Evan J. Wallach of the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by
designation.

                                               2
now appeal from (a) the dismissal of their third amended complaint (i) as to Blavatnik and

Fridman, for failure to state a claim, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6); and (ii) as to Bowen, for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28

U.S.C. §§ 1330, 1602-1611; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), and alternatively for failure

to state a claim; and (b) the denial of plaintiffs’ application for default judgments against

non-appearing defendants Lev Model and Global Petroleum Group. We review the district

court’s dismissal of a complaint de novo, see Holmes v. Grubman, 

, 335 (2d

Cir. 2009) (Rule 12(b)(6)); Virtual Countries, Inc. v. Republic of South Africa, 

,

235 (2d Cir. 2002) (Rule 12(b)(1)), and its denial of a default judgment for abuse of

discretion, see Shah v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Civil Serv., 

, 615 (2d Cir. 1999).

In doing so, we assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of prior

proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

       1.     Dismissal of Claims Against Blavatnik and Fridman

       Plaintiffs’ claims against Blavatnik and Fridman for tortious interference with both

a contract and a prospective economic advantage from a business relationship required

plaintiffs to allege, inter alia, that defendants’ conduct caused the complained-of injury. See

Kirch v. Liberty Media Corp., 

, 400 (2d Cir. 2006) (requiring plaintiff claiming

tortious interference with prospective economic advantage under New York law to allege

causation); Sharma v. Skaarup Ship Mgmt. Corp., 

, 828 (2d Cir. 1990) (same




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for tortious interference with contract).1 Like the district court, we conclude that plaintiffs

have failed plausibly to plead this element. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 1949

(2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 570 (2007).

       Plaintiffs’ third amended complaint alleges that, “[i]n September 1996, in Grenada,

Gregory Bowen . . . advised Jack Grynberg that he expected significant bribe payments from

RSM and Grynberg in order for RSM and Grynberg to do business in Grenada,” and that,

“[a]fter the refusal of RSM and Grynberg to pay bribes to Bowen, Bowen obstructed,

harassed and intimidated RSM and Grynberg in their efforts to explore, develop and produce

Grenada’s oil and natural gas resources.” Third Am. Compl. ¶ 15. Plaintiffs then allege, in

detail, actions Bowen took to obstruct performance of the contract before any alleged

interference by Blavatnik and Fridman.        Such pleadings do not plausibly allege that

defendants’ conduct injured plaintiffs’ relationship with Grenada because any injury is “not

only compatible with, but indeed . . . more likely explained by” Grynberg’s refusal to bribe

Grenadian officials. Ashcroft v. 

.

       Accordingly, the district court correctly dismissed plaintiffs’ tortious interference

claims against Blavatnik and Fridman. Because plaintiffs’ civil conspiracy claim requires

       1
         We need not decide whether New York or Colorado law applies because the
elements of plaintiffs’ claims are not materially different under Colorado law. See
Krystkowiak v. W.O. Brisben Cos., 

, 871 (Colo. 2004) (noting that “intentional
interference with contract” claim requires that defendant “induce the party to breach or make
it impossible for the party to perform the contract”); Amoco Oil Co. v. Ervin, 

,
500 (Colo. 1995) (same for intentional interference with prospective business relation (citing
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 766B (1979))).

                                              4
them “to state causes of action for either of the torts underlying the alleged conspiracy,” the

district court also properly dismissed that claim. See Kirch v. Liberty Media 

.

          2.     Dismissal of Claim Against Bowen

          The district court concluded both that Bowen was entitled to immunity as an agent or

instrumentality of a foreign state under the FSIA and, as already noted, that plaintiffs did not

state a claim for civil conspiracy against “all appearing Defendants,” including Bowen. RSM

Prod. Corp. v. Fridman, 

, 413 (S.D.N.Y. 2009). While the district court’s

FSIA conclusion might well have been correct under the law in effect at the time, see In re

Terrorist Attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, 

, 83 (2d Cir. 2008), the Supreme Court

recently held that the common law, not the FSIA, governs immunity claims of foreign

officials, see Samantar v. Yousuf, 

, 2292-93 (2010); Carpenter v. Republic

of Chile, --- F.3d ----, 

, at *2 (2d Cir. 2010). We need not, however,

remand to the district court for further proceedings regarding whether Bowen may be entitled

to immunity on other grounds, cf. Carpenter v. Republic of Chile, 

, at *2,

because the district court concluded, and we agree, that plaintiffs have failed in any event to

state a civil conspiracy claim, see Kirch v. Liberty Media 

.2

          2
          Because we dismiss the claim on the merits as Bowen urges in his supplemental
brief, we need not discuss whether, after the Supreme Court’s decision in Samantar, the
district court lacked personal jurisdiction over Bowen. 

n.20 (holding
that “plaintiff will have to establish that the district court has personal jurisdiction over an
official without the benefit of the FSIA provision that makes personal jurisdiction over a

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       3.     Denial of Default Judgment

       Plaintiffs also appeal the denial of their application for default judgment against non-

appearing defendants Lev Model and Global Petroleum Group. Because the action was

properly dismissed as to the appearing defendants, we cannot conclude that the district court

abused its discretion in declining to enter default judgments against the non-appearing

defendants. See Davis v. Nat’l Mortgagee Corp., 

, 178 (2d Cir. 1965); 10A

Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure

§ 2690, at 75 (3d ed. 1998) (“[I]f the action is dismissed, it should be dismissed as to the

defaulting party as well as the remaining defendants.”).

       Finally, because we conclude that the district court correctly dismissed the complaint

and denied plaintiffs’ application for default judgment, plaintiffs’ argument that this case

should be remanded to a different district judge is moot.

       We have considered plaintiffs’ other arguments on appeal and conclude that they are

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                             FOR THE COURT:
                             CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




foreign state automatic when an exception to immunity applies and service of process has
been accomplished in accordance with” procedures set forth in statute); see also In re DES
Litig., 

, 24 (2d Cir. 1993) (noting that “[l]ack of personal jurisdiction is a waivable
defect” and assuming existence of jurisdiction to adjudicate merits); 4 Charles Alan Wright
& Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1067.6, at 553 (3d ed. 2002) (“[W]hen
the jurisdictional question is complex or difficult, a court simply may avoid the issue by
resolving the suit on the merits when they clearly must be decided in favor of the party
challenging jurisdiction, thereby obviating any need to decide the question . . . .”).

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