09-1461-cr
United States v. Gunn
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUM M ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUM M ARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. W HEN
CITING A SUM M ARY O RDER IN A DOCUM ENT FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY M UST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION
"SUM M ARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY
PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.


       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
New York, on the 17 th day of February, two thousand ten.

PRESENT:         GUIDO CALABRESI,
                 REENA RAGGI,
                                          Circuit Judges,
                                         *
                 JOHN G. KOELTL,
                                          District Judge.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                          Appellee,
                         v.                                            No. 09-1461-cr

RODERICK GUNN, also known as ZAPPA,
                           Defendant-Appellant,

ALTON DAVIS, DERRILYN NEEDHAM, also known
as INGRID, RONALD KNIBBS, also known as BIRDIE,
                                          Defendants.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------

APPEARING FOR APPELLANT:                          RICHARD PALMA, New York, New York.


          *
         District Judge John G. Koeltl of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
          1
              The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the caption to read as shown above.
APPEARING FOR APPELLEE:                   JOHN J. O’DONNELL, Assistant United States
                                          Attorney (Daniel A. Braun, Assistant United
                                          States Attorney, on the brief), for Preet Bharara,
                                          United States Attorney for the Southern District
                                          of New York, New York, New York.

       Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Leonard B. Sand, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the district court’s orders entered on March 11, 2009, and April 22, 2009,

are AFFIRMED.

       Defendant Roderick Gunn appeals from an order denying his pre-trial motion to

dismiss on double jeopardy grounds those counts of a pending indictment charging him with

(1) conspiring from July 2002 through January 2003 to rob suspected narcotics traffickers

of drugs and drug proceeds in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (Count One); and (2)

conspiring from July 2002 through January 2003 to distribute and possess with intent to

distribute marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A) and 846 (Count Eight).

Gunn argues that Counts One and Eight charge him with conspiracies subsumed within

broader robbery and narcotics conspiracies charged in an information to which he pleaded

guilty pursuant to a cooperation agreement with the government on December 19, 2003, see

United States v. Gunn, 03 Cr. 1277 (S.D.N.Y. filed Oct. 23, 2003), thus placing him twice

in jeopardy for identical crimes in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Gunn further appeals



                                             2
the order denying his motion to reconsider the double jeopardy ruling. In reviewing these

challenges, we assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of prior proceedings,

which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

       1.     Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       Although we generally lack jurisdiction to review rulings before a final judgment has

been entered, see 28 U.S.C. § 1291; United States v. MacDonald, 

, 853-54

(1978), the denial of a pre-trial motion to dismiss criminal charges on double jeopardy

grounds is immediately appealable under the “collateral order” doctrine, see United States

v. Olmeda, 

, 278 (2d Cir. 2006). We review de novo the denial of a double

jeopardy motion. See United States v. Carlton, 

, 101 (2d Cir. 2008).

       2.     Defendant’s Double Jeopardy Challenge

       The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment protects persons from

successive prosecutions for the same offense. See United States v. Estrada, 

,

180 (2d Cir. 2003). In determining whether successive conspiracy prosecutions target the

same offense, we consider a range of factors, including:

            (1) the criminal offenses charged in successive indictments; (2) the
            overlap of participants; (3) the overlap of time; (4) similarity of
            operation; (5) the existence of common overt acts; (6) the geographic
            scope of the alleged conspiracies or location where overt acts
            occurred; (7) common objectives; and (8) the degree of
            interdependence between alleged distinct conspiracies.




                                              3
United States v. Korfant, 

, 662 (2d Cir. 1985); accord United States v. 

. A defendant bears the initial burden of making a colorable showing that

successive prosecutions charge the same conspiracy, whereupon the government must

demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that a reasonable person familiar with the

totality of the facts and circumstances would construe the initial prosecution, at the time

jeopardy attached, to cover the offense charged in the subsequent prosecution. See United

States v. 

.

              a.     The Robbery Conspiracies

       While the robbery conspiracies charged in the indictment and information involve

similar statutory offenses and some overlapping personnel, methods, and geographic scope,

they are distinguishable in several critical respects. The challenged indictment charges a

robbery conspiracy that ran from July 2002 through January 2003 among a group purportedly

led by Alton Davis, one of Gunn’s three named co-defendants. These conspirators allegedly

agreed to commit two particular robberies, one in Elmont, New York, the other on Wickham

Avenue in the Bronx, both of which resulted in murders committed by Davis and neither of

which involved the impersonation of police officers. By contrast, the 2003 information

charged a conspiracy that ran from the summer of 2001 to the summer of 2002, a largely

distinct time period, in which Davis is not alleged to have participated.2 The six robberies


       2
        Although a police source had stated before Gunn’s guilty plea that Gunn, Davis, and
others were part of a group involved in police-impersonation robberies, the record does not

                                             4
alleged in connection with that earlier conspiracy generally involved the robbers’

impersonation of police officers.3 Meanwhile, none resulted in murder. Like the district

court, we conclude that the murders allegedly committed by Davis in connection with the

pending robbery conspiracy highlight the significance of his leadership role in that scheme,

distinguishing the conspiracies as to both personnel and the level of violence employed to

carry out the particular robbery objectives.

       In urging otherwise, Gunn argues that Davis relied in part on participants in the first

conspiracy to carry out the pending conspiracy. This is insufficient to indicate that one

conspiracy so depended on the existence, success, or failure of the other to achieve its own

objective that the schemes are one. See United States v. 

(finding




indicate whether Davis committed or conspired to commit any of the robberies listed in
support of the information. Indeed, notes from Gunn’s proffer sessions indicate that although
he purportedly identified each participant in the robbery conspiracy to which he pleaded
guilty, he specifically failed to name Davis. These circumstances support a preponderance
finding of distinct conspiracies. Of course, if trial evidence is otherwise, Gunn can renew
his double jeopardy challenge. See supra Part 2.b.
       3
         See United States v. Davis, No. 06 Cr. 911, 

, at * 2 (S.D.N.Y.
Apr. 21, 2009) (stating that “most (though not all) of the robberies charged in the Information
involved entry through the use of police impersonation”). But see App. at 283, 453-57
(suggesting that in pre-plea proffer Gunn indicated that all six robberies involved police
impersonation in one form or another). In its appellate brief, the government relies on police
impersonation during only five of these six robberies. Whether police impersonation was
involved in the sixth robbery is not of sufficient import to alter our determination that the
robbery conspiracies alleged in the information and pending indictment are factually distinct.

                                               5
no interdependence where success or failure of one conspiracy was “in no way dependent”

on the other).

       Gunn submits that the conspiracies are nevertheless part of a single, overarching “hub

and spokes” scheme to rob narcotics traffickers, featuring Gunn and co-defendant Derrilyn

Needham as central organizers who provided information and support to various crews.

Appellant’s Br. at 30. Gunn’s argument fails to acknowledge the limited scope of the

conspiracy to which he pleaded guilty in 2003 – a scope narrowed by his own deliberate and

conceded failure to disclose his involvement in the Elmont and Wickham robberies during

pre-plea proffer sessions despite his obligation to reveal all criminal conduct. See generally

United States v. 

(observing less willingness “to construe an

indictment as a bar to future prosecutions where the government was not aware, and had no

reason to be aware, that the defendant had committed additional crimes that were arguably

covered by expansive language in the [charging document]”).4 That the conspiracy charged

in the information did not encompass an agreement to commit these undisclosed robberies

is convincingly evidenced by their absence from an appendix to the agreement listing the

criminal conduct relevant to the plea. Gunn cannot expand the scope of his guilty plea now,

after the fact, either by reference to the broader conspiracy alleged in United States v. Robles,


       4
         The record suggests that the government may have learned of Gunn’s involvement
in the Elmont robbery prior to his plea. We need not pursue the extent of the government’s
knowledge here because, in any event, the record supports a preponderance finding of
factually distinct conspiracies.

                                               6
No. 04 Cr. 1036 (S.D.N.Y. filed Sept. 16, 2004), a related case tried two years after Gunn’s

plea to which he was not a party, or to the theoretical possibility that the two conspiracies at

issue might have been pleaded as an overarching whole, see United States v. 

n.14 (noting relevance of record evidence “reflecting an understanding between

the parties as to the scope” of conduct covered by guilty plea); 15B Charles Alan Wright,

Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3918.5, at 502 (2d

ed. 1991) (observing that scope of jeopardy in plea context is “defined by the negotiated plea

agreement, which imposes obligations on the defendant and attendant risks”); see also United

States v. Macchia, 

, 668 (2d Cir. 1994) (observing that judicial determination that

successively charged conspiracies were distinct did not foreclose possibility that in theory

one could have been properly pleaded within parameters of other).

       While this court has recognized the danger of the government’s retrying defendants

“on smaller and smaller conspiracies, wholly contained within the scope of a large

conspiracy, until it finds one small enough to be proved to the satisfaction of a jury,” United

States v. Calderone, 

, 48 (2d Cir. 1992), no such concern is present here. The

record reveals two factually distinct, independent robbery conspiracies carried out at different

times, by different means, under different leadership. See United States v. Broce, 

, 571 (1989) (observing that “multiple agreements to commit separate crimes constitute

multiple conspiracies”); United States v. 

(observing that Korfant

factors are “not a prescription for drafting indictments”).

                                               7
       Accordingly, because we conclude that the government has carried its burden of

demonstrating that the indictment and information charge distinct robbery conspiracies, we

reject this part of Gunn’s double jeopardy challenge as without merit.

              b.     The Drug Dealing Conspiracies

       Gunn’s argument that the narcotics conspiracy charged in the pending indictment is

subsumed within the narcotics conspiracy to which he pleaded guilty in 2003 is similarly

unavailing.   While these two conspiracies overlap temporally, the record supports a

preponderance finding that they are otherwise factually distinct. Notably, the Elmont and

Wickham robberies are identified as overt acts committed in support of the pending

marijuana conspiracy. By contrast, the marijuana conspiracy to which Gunn pleaded guilty

alleges only two discrete sales of marijuana, one in 2002 and the other in 2003. The

identification of these sales as the crux of the admitted agreement apparently derives from

Gunn’s own disclosure that he helped to broker the sale of two loads of marijuana. There

is no indication in the record that the conspiracy charged in the information contemplated

obtaining drugs by robbery or that Davis was involved in the scheme.

       Our interlocutory rejection of Gunn’s double jeopardy claim does not preclude him

from renewing this challenge should the facts or evidence adduced at trial so warrant. See

United States v. Mallah, 

, 987 (2d Cir. 1974) (observing that “prosecutors

should be prepared to demonstrate from the proof at the two trials that the criminal

agreements are indeed separate and distinct”); see also United States v. Laguna-Estela, 394

                                            

, 59 (1st Cir. 2005) (noting that defendant may reassert double jeopardy claim if trial

evidence warrants); United States v. Stricklin, 

, 1119 (5th Cir. 1979) (same).

              c.     The Motion for an Evidentiary Hearing

       Gunn submits that the district court abused its discretion in declining to hold an

evidentiary hearing before ruling on his double jeopardy challenge. We disagree. While an

evidentiary hearing may sometimes be necessary to allow a defendant to demonstrate a

colorable double jeopardy claim, here Gunn made a showing sufficient to shift the burden

of proof to the government. Cf. United States v. Persico, 

, 712 (2d Cir. 1987)

(observing that district courts assessing pre-trial double jeopardy motions conduct evidentiary

hearings “if appropriate”). Because the district court’s determination that the government

had carried its burden was amply supported by the record, we identify no abuse of discretion

in its decision not to hold a hearing. Cf. United States v. Pavloyianis, 

, 1475

(2d Cir. 1993) (holding in related context that no evidentiary hearing was required “where

the relevant facts can be ascertained from the record”).

       3.     The Motion To Reconsider

       We similarly identify no abuse of discretion in the district court’s denial of Gunn’s

motion for reconsideration because he identifies no “controlling decisions or data that the

court overlooked – matters, in other words, that might reasonably be expected to alter the

conclusion reached by the court.” Shrader v. CSX Transp., Inc., 

, 257 (2d Cir.

1995); see Universal Church v. Geltzer, 

, 228 (2d Cir. 2006).

                                              9
       4.     The Motion to Expand the Record and Allow Additional Briefing

       After argument, Gunn moved to expand the record on appeal to include, inter alia, a

February 3, 2010 memorandum filed by the government in the pending case proffering “other

crimes evidence” as proof of the charged robbery and narcotics conspiracies. Gunn submits

that the filing undercuts the government’s position before this court that the pending

conspiracy charges are distinct from those to which Gunn pleaded guilty. The matter is best

addressed in the first instance by the district court, which has yet to determine whether the

proffered evidence is relevant to or admissible in the pending case and, if so, for what

purpose. Accordingly, the motion to expand the appellate record is denied without prejudice

to Gunn renewing his double jeopardy motion in the district court based on the government’s

recent filing. We, of course, express no view on the merits of such a claim.

       Accordingly, the orders of the district court are AFFIRMED.

                                   FOR THE COURT:
                                   CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




                                             10