11-3806-cr
United States v. Ferguson

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                       FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                          _______________

                                          August Term, 2012

(Argued: September 21, 2012                                            Decided: December 6, 2012)



                                        Docket No. 11-3806-cr

                                          _______________

                                      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                              Appellee,

                                               —v.—

                                         LAMONT FERGUSON,

                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                                           _______________

Before:

                            LEVAL, CABRANES, and KATZMANN, Circuit Judges.

                                          _______________

         Appeal from a judgment of conviction entered by the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York (Swain, J.) on September 13, 2011, following a one-day bench

trial on stipulated facts. We hold that, notwithstanding the fact that police officers interrogated

Ferguson an hour or more after his arrest, the realistic possibility that Ferguson had left a firearm

in a public place created an objectively reasonable need for officers to protect the public safety,
and thus allowed the officers to act under the “public safety” exception to the requirement that

they inform Ferguson of his Miranda rights. For the reasons stated below, the judgment of the

district court is AFFIRMED.

                                        _______________

                   MICHAEL HURWITZ, ESQ., Hurwitz Stampur & Roth, New York, N.Y., for
                      Defendant-Appellant.

                   ELISHA J. KOBRE, (Iris Lan, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorneys,
                      for Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New
                      York, New York, N.Y., for Appellee.
                                       _______________

KATZMANN, Circuit Judge:

       This case requires us to determine whether the “public safety” exception to the

requirement of Miranda warnings—an exception that the United States Supreme Court first

recognized in New York v. Quarles, 

, 655–56 (1984)—applies where police officers

have reason to believe that a suspect may have left a gun in a public place, but where

interrogation occurs an hour or more after the suspect’s arrest. Defendant-Appellant Lamont

Ferguson appeals from a judgment of conviction entered on September 13, 2011 in the United

States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Swain, J.) after a one-day bench

trial. For the reasons set forth below, principally that police officers had an immediate and

objectively reasonable need to protect the public from a realistic threat, we hold that the “public

safety” exception applies, and thus we affirm Ferguson’s conviction.




                                                 2
                                        BACKGROUND

A.     Ferguson’s Arrest and Interrogation

       On the evening of July 21, 2010, Ferguson had a verbal and physical altercation with two

women. When Ferguson left the place where the altercation had begun, the two women followed

him. After one woman threatened Ferguson with a bottle, he brandished a pistol and fired it into

the air, hoping to scare the women away. At approximately 10:10 PM, someone called 911 and

informed police officers that an individual named “Lamot” had fired two shots in the vicinity of

West 228th Street in the Bronx, New York. During the 911 call, the operator learned that

“Lamot” lived at 125 West 228th Street on the twelfth floor.

       At approximately 11:00 PM, while Ferguson was standing in front of his apartment

building on West 228th Street, two police officers approached him and asked him if his name was

“Lamont.” When he indicated that it was, the officers arrested him and took him to the 50th

Police Precinct. At the precinct, Ferguson was questioned by Sergeant Ian Rule, in the manner

described below, without previously being given Miranda warnings. After interrogation,

Ferguson led officers to his sister’s apartment—on the seventh floor of 125 West 228th

Street—where they recovered a pistol. Upon returning to 50th Precinct, officers informed

Ferguson, for the first time, of his Miranda rights under the Fifth Amendment. Ferguson then

gave a written statement in which he admitted to possessing and firing the pistol that the officers

had recovered.

       On September 20, 2010, the Grand Jury issued a one-count indictment charging Ferguson

with possessing a firearm, after conviction of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).

Ferguson moved to suppress all inculpatory evidence on the ground that police officers had



                                                 3
obtained it by questioning him in violation of his rights under the Fifth Amendment. See

Miranda v. Arizona, 

, 444 (1966). On January 26, 2011, the district court held an

evidentiary hearing to assess the factual claims on which Ferguson based his motion. At the

hearing, Ferguson did not call any witnesses, and the government relied exclusively on the

testimony of Sergeant Rule.

       Sergeant Rule testified that, on the evening of July 21, 2010, he was working in the 50th

Precinct as a Field Intelligence Officer. According to Sergeant Rule, Field Intelligence Officers

gather intelligence about criminal activity from arrestees, but generally do not try to develop the

evidence necessary to prosecute the arrestees whom they question. During his shift on July 21,

2010, Sergeant Rule read a transcription of the 911 call that reported that “Lamot” had fired two

shots near West 228th Street. Several months earlier, Sergeant Rule had received information that

an individual named Lamont, who lived at 125 West 228th Street on the twelfth floor, possessed

and had access to firearms. After consulting an arresting officer, Sergeant Rule learned that

officers had not recovered the weapon Ferguson reportedly had fired when they arrested him

earlier on the evening of July 21 in connection with the 911 call.

       Sergeant Rule testified that, based on reports of the arrest and the prior information he

had received about Ferguson, he began to feel:

       a sense of urgency because . . . it became more clear to me that there was a
       firearm possibly out there that we did not – didn’t know where it was and the
       location where this incident happened, 125 West 228, or right across the street
       from it, it’s in very close proximity to a playground and ball fields and also
       there’s a church across the street, so I felt that possibly the weapon could have
       been out there for anyone to get, to grab, maybe a child or some kid or something
       like that, so I wanted to make sure that we could try and find out where this gun
       was as soon as possible.




                                                 4
App’x at 112–13. Concerned with the recovery of the gun, Sergeant Rule began to interrogate

Ferguson. Because Sergeant Rule “was trying to find out the location of the firearm,” he did not

inform Ferguson of his Fifth Amendment rights. Id. at 115. Sergeant Rule testified that he “felt

that if [he] had given Miranda warnings, it might have . . . scared [Ferguson] where he wouldn’t

tell [him] where the gun was.” Id.

       During the interrogation, Sergeant Rule explained to Ferguson “that it was very

important that if there was gun out there, that [the officers] were able to find it before someone

else – before someone got hurt.” Id. at 119–20. While Sergeant Rule told Ferguson that

“cooperation would always be looked at in his favor,” id. at 121, he made no promises, instead

clarifying that prosecutors would make “the ultimate decision,” id. at 124. Sergeant Rule

interrogated Ferguson for approximately thirty to forty-five minutes. Eventually, Ferguson

agreed to accompany officers back to his apartment building. The officers left the 50th Precinct

with Ferguson to recover the gun at around 1:00 AM on the morning of July 22, 2010. Ferguson

led officers to his sister’s apartment on the seventh floor, where they recovered the gun.

B.     The District Court’s Decision

       The district court, considering Sergeant Rule’s testimony as well as an affidavit

submitted by Ferguson, found that: (1) Ferguson’s “arrest was prompted by a 911 call reporting

that an individual named Lamont had been involved in an altercation with two women in which

gunshots had been fired”; (2) “Sgt. Rule learned . . . from a ‘SPRINT report’ generated by a 911

call . . . that gunshots were reported to have been fired during the altercation”; (3) “Sgt. Rule had

prior knowledge that there was an individual named Lamont who resided in the vicinity of where

the shots were reportedly fired who was said to be in possession of and to have access to



                                                  5
firearms”; (4) “[t]he arresting officer also informed Sgt. Rule that no gun had been recovered in

connection with Ferguson’s arrest”; (5) “the reported altercation had occurred outdoors, near

playgrounds, athletic fields and a church”; and (6) “Sgt. Rule was concerned and felt a sense of

urgency regarding a potential threat to public safety posed by the possibility that the gun could

be found by a child or other member of the general public.” United States v. Ferguson, No. 10

Cr. 843 (LTS), 

, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 4, 2011). The district court also found

that, as described by Sergeant Rule and by Ferguson in his declaration, the “content and scope of

[Sergeant Rule’s] questioning . . . was rationally related to the objective of securing public safety

by locating the gun.” Id. at *6.

        Having made these findings, the district court denied Ferguson’s motion to suppress both

his inculpatory statements and the gun that officers had recovered with his assistance. The

district court held that, although Sergeant Rule had not warned Ferguson about his Fifth

Amendment rights, his questioning fell “within the scope of the public safety exemption” to the

requirement of such warnings. Id. at *3–*6; see also New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. at 655–56.

Specifically, the district court held that “[t]he report of an unaccounted-for, recently-fired gun

certainly provided objectively reasonable grounds for concern on the part of the police as to

public safety.” Ferguson, 

, at *6. In reaching this conclusion, the district

court rejected Ferguson’s counsel’s argument that the public-safety exception did not apply

because “some hours” had elapsed between Ferguson’s arrest and his interrogation by Sergeant

Rule. Id. The district court reasoned that the passage of time did not “mean that the danger to the

public posed by a loose firearm had dissipated such that the weapon ceased to pose an immediate

threat to the public.” Id.



                                                  6
       After the district court admitted the evidence in question, the parties consented to a bench

trial, which the district court held on May 12, 2011. The parties stipulated to the following facts:

(1) that Ferguson had knowingly possessed a firearm on July 21, 2010; (2) that he had previously

been convicted of attempted robbery in the second degree; and (3) that the firearm Ferguson had

possessed had previously traveled in interstate commerce. Based on these undisputed facts, the

district court found that Ferguson had violated 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) by possessing a firearm

after having been convicted of a felony. On September 8, 2011, the district court sentenced

Ferguson, principally, to a term of imprisonment equal to the approximately 12 months he had

already served and to three years of supervised release. Ferguson filed a timely notice of appeal

on September 20, 2011.

                                          DISCUSSION

       “When considering a challenge to the resolution of a suppression motion, we review

findings of fact for clear error and legal questions de novo.” United States v. Stewart, 

, 190-91 (2d Cir. 2009). “A finding is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to

support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction

that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Sash, 

, 521 (2d Cir. 2005)

(quotation marks omitted). When we review the denial of a suppression motion, we view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the government and draw all reasonable inferences in the

government’s favor. See United States v. Singh, 

, 293 (2d Cir. 2005).

       The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees that “[n]o person . . . shall be

compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. CONST. amend. V.

“Although statements made by a suspect in custody in response to police interrogation are

typically inadmissible unless preceded by Miranda warnings, see Miranda v. Arizona, 

436, 467–68 (1966), the Supreme Court has recognized a ‘public safety’ exception to that rule.”

United States v. Estrada, 

, 610 (2d Cir. 2005) (citing Quarles, 467 U.S. at 655–59).

Under this exception, “overriding considerations of public safety [may] justify [an] officer’s

failure to provide Miranda warnings before he ask[s] questions devoted to locating [an]

abandoned weapon.” Quarles, 467 U.S. at 651. As the Supreme Court has explained, “if the

police are required to recite the familiar Miranda warnings before asking the whereabouts of the

gun, suspects . . . might well be deterred from responding.” Id. at 657. Because such deterrence

would potentially threaten public safety, “the need for the prophylactic rule protecting the Fifth

Amendment’s privilege against self-incrimination” is overcome by “the need for answers to

questions.” Id.

       In Quarles, a young woman told police that a man, carrying a gun, had just raped her. Id.

at 651–52. The officers located the suspect in a supermarket and, after arresting and frisking him,

discovered that he was wearing an empty shoulder holster. Id. at 652. The officers asked the

suspect where his gun was. Id. He nodded in the direction of some empty cartons, and said, “the

gun is over there.” Id. The officers then discovered a loaded revolver. Id. The Supreme Court

held that Miranda did not require the suppression of the statement disclosing the location of the

gun, reasoning that “[s]o long as the gun was concealed somewhere in the supermarket, with its

actual whereabouts unknown, it obviously posed more than one danger to the public safety: an

accomplice might make use of it, a customer or employee might later come upon it.” Id. at 657.

       We have recently addressed the scope of the public safety exception in United States v.

Estrada. 430 F.3d at 610. In Estrada, law enforcement officers went to the defendant’s home to

execute an arrest warrant. Id. at 608. The officers knew that the defendant had two prior assault

convictions and, before arriving at the defendant’s home, they learned from a confidential

                                                 8
informant that the defendant kept drugs there. Id. at 608, 613. While officers arrested the

defendant, one officer asked whether there were any weapons in the apartment. Id. at 608–09. In

response, the defendant indicated that there was a gun in the pocket of a jacket that lay on a

nearby chair. Id. at 608. We affirmed the district court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to

suppress both his statement and the firearm. Id. at 613. Specifically, we held that, in light of the

defendant’s prior assault convictions and the information officers had received about his

possession of drugs, the officers had “an objectively reasonable need to protect themselves from

immediate danger.” Id. Thus, the public safety exception applied to their questions. Id.

       In Estrada, we found three factors persuasive in upholding the denial of the motion to

suppress on the basis of the public safety exception. First, the questioning without Miranda

warnings related to an “objectively reasonable need to protect the police or the public from any

immediate danger.” Id. at 612 (internal quotation marks omitted). Second, the objective facts did

not suggest that the questioning was “a subterfuge,” id. at 613, “designed solely to elicit

testimonial evidence from a suspect,” id. at 612, but instead that the questioning was generally

targeted at a safety concern, id. at 613. Finally, the questions were not routinely put to arrested

suspects, id. at 612, but rather were supported “by an objectively reasonable need to protect”

against a perceived danger, id. at 613.

       The public safety exception, as explained in Quarles and Estrada, applies to Sergeant

Rule’s interrogation of Ferguson. The altercation reported in the 911 call had occurred outside,

as had Ferguson’s arrest. Sergeant Rule had previously heard that Ferguson possessed a firearm.

Moreover, while Ferguson had reportedly discharged a firearm during the altercation described

in the 911 call, the officers had not found any firearm when they arrested him. Not knowing

where Ferguson had gone between the altercation and the arrest—or if he had gone

                                                  9
anywhere—the officers confronted the realistic and disquieting possibility that he had hidden a

firearm in public. In light of that realistic possibility, Sergeant Rule had “an objectively

reasonable need to protect . . . the public from immediate harm.” Id. at 614. Ferguson’s

apartment building abutted a playground and athletic fields. Had he hidden his firearm there, or

even just in the vicinity of his large, residential building, the consequences could have been

devastating. As the Supreme Court observed in Quarles, “[s]o long as the gun was concealed

somewhere[,] . . . with its actual whereabouts unknown, it obviously posed more than one danger

to the public safety.” 467 U.S. at 657.

       Moreover, Sergeant Rule’s questioning was not “investigatory in nature” or framed in

such a way as to reveal a design “solely to elicit testimonial evidence.” Estrada, 430 F.3d at 612

(internal quotation marks omitted). As the district court found, “[t]he content and scope of the

questioning . . . was rationally related to the objective of securing public safety by locating the

gun.” Ferguson, 

, at *6. Indeed, Ferguson stated in his affidavit that the

officers “warned [him] that guns are extremely dangerous, and that they needed to know where

the gun was located.” App’x at 21. Such questioning “plainly encompasses safety concerns.”

Estrada, 430 F.3d at 612. Furthermore, even if some of Sergeant Rule’s questions had been

“broad enough to elicit other information,” the public safety exception would still apply because

the context in which the officers acted “ma[de] clear that the question[s] primarily involve[d]

safety.” Id. Thus, the questioning at issue here conforms to the limitation we recognized in

Estrada.

       Finally, the surrounding facts demonstrate that the questioning was not a subterfuge for

routine interrogation of arrested suspects without Miranda warnings, but instead was supported

by the safety concern. Nor will holding that the public safety exception applies to this

                                                 10
questioning result in routine questioning of suspects without Miranda warnings. See id. At least

three factors differentiate the questioning at issue here from a “routine” interrogation. First, the

report that Ferguson had fired the weapon informed officers that the gun functioned, that it was

loaded, and that the altercation had escalated to a point where Ferguson had, at the very least,

threatened to use deadly force. Each piece of information increased the probability that recovery

of the gun by an accomplice or a third party would threaten the public safety. Second, the fact

that all reported events had occurred outside, combined with the fact that officers had not

recovered a gun when they arrested Ferguson, indicated that he had potentially hidden the gun in

a public space. Third, Sergeant Rule had previously received information that corroborated the

report that Ferguson had possessed a firearm. These factors, taken together, created an

objectively reasonable need for officers to protect the public from the realistic possibility that

Ferguson, having possessed a dangerous weapon as little as an hour before his arrest, had hidden

that weapon in a public place. Thus, these factors differentiate this case from numerous others in

which pre-Miranda questioning would not be permitted.1

        Resisting the application of the public safety exception, Ferguson argues that prior cases

have applied that exception only where officers have questioned a suspect about the location of a

gun during the course of an arrest. While Ferguson is correct that prior cases have all considered

such situations, the reasoning set forth in those cases applies equally here. In Quarles, the



        1
         Ferguson argues that officers will rarely know where an arrestee has hidden the weapon that he
allegedly possessed, making this case routine. This argument, however, ignores two pieces of
information, known to the officers, that substantially increased the possibility that Ferguson had hidden
his gun outside. First, officers arrested Ferguson roughly an hour after he fired the weapon in question.
Second, they arrested him outside, near where the altercation had occurred. Because officers knew that
Ferguson had only a short amount of time and may not have moved far during that time, their basis for
believing that Ferguson had left a weapon in a dangerous place was stronger than that of officers who
simply do not know where a suspect may have left a weapon.

                                                    11
Supreme Court observed that, “[s]o long as the gun was concealed somewhere in the

supermarket, with its actual whereabouts unknown, it obviously posed more than one danger to

the public safety.” 467 U.S. at 649. While we recognized in Estrada that the public safety

exception also encompasses cases in which officers feel concerned about their own well-being,

430 F.3d at 613, this inclusion did not alter the exception’s application to questioning that

promotes the public’s safety, id. Because the exception prioritizes “overriding considerations of

public safety,” Quarles, 467 U.S. at 651, its application cannot depend solely on the timing of

interrogation. As the district court astutely observed, the fact that “some hours had passed after

Ferguson’s arrest does not . . . mean that the danger to the public posed by a loose firearm had

dissipated such that the weapon ceased to pose an immediate threat to the public.” Ferguson,

, at *6.

       We recognize that, in certain circumstances, the passage of time between an arrest and an

interrogation, among other considerations, may diminish the immediacy of the threat posed by an

unaccounted-for firearm. Nonetheless, because this case clearly falls within the public safety

exception, and because the immediacy of threats to public safety is highly context-dependent, we

need not speculate about when that exception would not apply. See Estrada, 430 F.3d at 616

(“[T]he public safety exception [is] a function of the facts of cases so various that no template is

likely to produce sounder results than examining the totality of the circumstances in a given

case.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Here, officers received the 911 call at 10:10 PM. They

arrested Ferguson at approximately 11:00 PM. Sergeant Rule testified that he interrogated

Ferguson for thirty to forty-five minutes and that officers left with Ferguson to recover the gun at

around 1:00 AM on the morning of July 22, 2010. Thus, the interrogation occurred approximately

an hour to an hour and a half after Ferguson’s arrest, and approximately two to two and a half

                                                 12
hours after Ferguson fired the gun in question.2 These brief amounts of time did not diminish the

officers’ objectively reasonable need to protect the public from the realistic possibility that

Ferguson had hidden his gun in public, creating an imminent threat to public safety. Thus, the

public safety exception applies.

                                             CONCLUSION

        In sum, we hold that, because officers had an objectively reasonable need to protect the

public from the realistic possibility that Ferguson had recently left a gun in a public place, they

could act under the public safety exception when questioning Ferguson an hour or more after his

arrest. Our analysis applies equally to Ferguson’s motion to suppress his inculpatory statements

and to his motion to suppress the physical evidence that he subsequently helped officers recover.

Accordingly, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.




        2
          In fact, because Sergeant Rule testified that he spent a half hour to forty-five minutes gathering
officers for the trip to recover the gun, the interrogation may have begun as early as thirty minutes after
Ferguson’s arrest.

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