PER CURIAM:

Defendants-appellants Delmer Gowing and Emil Scheringer were convicted by jury on charges arising from their years-long, multimillion-dollar fraudulent investment scheme. In a separate summary order filed along with this opinion, we address various arguments challenging Gowing's conviction and both defendants' sentences. This opinion addresses Gowing's arguments about his sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3147.1 First, he argues that the statute, which creates an additional penalty for "[a] person convicted of an offense committed while released," id., applies only when a person on release pending adjudication of one offense commits a different offense. Because Gowing's sentence was enhanced for continuing to engage in the charged conspiracy while on release awaiting trial for that same conspiracy, he argues that § 3147 cannot be applied to him. Second, he challenges the district court's jury instructions, which he argues may have misstated the applicability of the § 3147 enhancement. Third, he argues that the district court incorrectly allocated his sentence between the underlying conspiracy charge and the § 3147 charge. We reject all three arguments.

BACKGROUND

As defendants were convicted after trial, we recite the facts taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. E.g., United States v. Hsu, 669 F.3d 112, 114 (2d Cir.2012).

Scheringer orchestrated a massive fraudulent scheme encompassing more than a decade in time and tens of millions of dollars in losses. Scheringer claimed to operate companies named Adlex Bent and Supreme Oil and Energy that had purchased African oil contracts. In the typical case, Scheringer told his victim that the contracts would pay off as soon as certain administrative requirements or financial obligations were satisfied. Because his company supposedly already owned the contracts, Scheringer claimed there was no risk involved in investing with him. The victims' payments would purportedly be used to help resolve these administrative requirements.

Gowing learned of the investment scheme when he represented Scheringer in a fraud suit. Although initially he refused to invest personally or refer others to the scheme, eventually he helped solicit funds from victims, knowing that the scheme was fraudulent. At sentencing, the court determined that Gowing's involvement as a co-conspirator had begun at the latest in January of 2004, when he brought a particular victim into the case.

Scheringer was arrested in 2005 and was later released pending trial. Gowing was indicted in June of 2006 and was arrested and released on bail. In calls recorded by the government in 2008, Gowing and Scheringer spoke about obtaining more money from victims. As trial approached, Gowing continued to engage in acts to further the fraudulent scheme. The co-defendants also spoke to each other on the phone after Scheringer's release was revoked and he was detained in June 2009. In the calls, recorded by the government just weeks before the September 2009 trial, Gowing detailed to Scheringer his efforts to continue to raise money from victims.

DISCUSSION

Because the applicability of § 3147 is a legal determination to which Gowing objected below, this Court reviews the district court's conclusion de novo. E.g., United States v. Weingarten, 632 F.3d 60, 63-64 (2d Cir.2011).

Gowing argues principally that 18 U.S.C. § 3147 applies only when a defendant on release for one crime commits a second, distinct crime. The section cannot apply, he contends, when a defendant is arrested and released pending trial for a crime and then continues to commit that same crime while on release. Gowing's argument is based primarily on background commentary to United States Sentencing Guidelines § 3C1.3, which states that "[a]n enhancement under 18 U.S.C. § 3147 applies... when a defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while released in connection with another Federal offense" (emphasis added). Gowing also points out that, in a parenthetical in a footnote in an unpublished order, this Court stated that § 3147 requires "an additional, consecutive term of imprisonment for a defendant who commits the crime of conviction while on release from another federal charge." United States v. Bezmalinovic, 76 Fed. Appx. 375, 376 n. 2 (2d Cir.2003). He also cites similar language in out-of-Circuit cases. See United States v. Dadi, 235 F.3d 945, 955 (5th Cir.2000); United States v. Harward, 94 Fed.Appx. 998, 999 (4th Cir.2004) (unpublished).

Our interpretation begins, however, not with secondary authority, but with the text of § 3147. That provision, titled "Penalty for an offense committed while on release," states, in full,

18 U.S.C. § 3147. The text makes clear that § 3147 is applicable whenever "[a] person" is "convicted of an offense committed while released" within the meaning of Chapter 207 of Part II of Title 18. (Chapter 207 includes 18 U.S.C. §§ 3141-3160; relevant here are §§ 3141-3143, which govern release pending trial, sentence, or appeal.) The statute in no way indicates that the offense committed while on release must be a separate or second offense. Thus, the plain text of the statute is contrary to Gowing's reading.

The legislative history — which in any event could not trump the plain meaning of the text, see Garcia v. United States, 469 U.S. 70, 75, 105 S.Ct. 479, 83 L.Ed.2d 472 (1984) ("[O]nly the most extraordinary showing of contrary intentions from [legislative history] would justify a limitation on the `plain meaning' of the statutory language.") — does not indicate that Congress did not intend the enhanced punishment under § 3147 when the offender has continued to commit the same crime. As noted in the Senate Report,

S.Rep. No. 98-225, at 34 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3182, 3217. Though it is of course true that the Senate Report refers to "committing another offense" and "a condition that the defendant not commit another crime," Gowing offers no reason to believe that Congress meant this language in a narrow or technical way. A defendant who continues to engage in an ongoing conspiracy has committed another criminal act, even if he is not chargeable with a second offense for the continuation of the conspiracy. The goals announced in the Report — deterring and punishing further criminal actions by those on release, which both protects the public and reinforces the rule of law and the authority of courts — are equally applicable when a defendant on pretrial release continues the same criminal offense for which he was arrested.

Gowing's citations to cases do not alter our analysis. He points us to no case, within this Circuit or without, in which a court rejected the application of § 3147 when a defendant continued to commit the same offense. The stray remarks that Gowing does cite are properly considered dictum. For example, in Bezmalinovic, the defendant "committed his offenses while on release pending adjudication of another charge," as we made clear in an earlier appeal in the case. United States v. Bezmalinovic, 14 Fed.Appx. 61, 63 (2d Cir.2001) (unpublished). Similarly, in Dadi, the Fifth Circuit expressly noted that it was "not controverted" that "Dadi committed this offense while on release on another federal charge." 235 F.3d at 955. Equally inapposite is Gowing's citation to United States v. Lara, 975 F.2d 1120, 1128 (5th Cir.1992), in which the court considered whether the sentencing enhancement that implements § 3147 should be applied to the charge on which the defendant had been released or to the new crime. In that case, the defendant had committed a new, separate crime, id., and that court was not asked to decide the instant issue.

Similar analysis disposes of Gowing's argument based on the Guidelines commentary. As an initial matter, we doubt that the Sentencing Commission's remarks in the "Background" section of an application note constitute an attempt to interpret the full scope of § 3147. More likely, the Commission was simply attempting to explain in straightforward language the usual application of § 3147 and the Guideline sections that implement it. It is surely true that the great majority of § 3147 applications are premised on "another federal charge," U.S.S.G. § 3C1.3 cmt. background, in the sense of a separate and distinct charge. But this does not mean the section cannot apply when the defendant continues to commit the crime for which he has been charged and released pending trial.

But whatever the Commission intended, the background commentary has no legal authority in this case. To the extent that the Guidelines or an application note or commentary interpreting them conflict with a statute, we must follow the statute. The Sentencing Commission, which promulgates the Guidelines, is entitled to no deference when it interprets criminal statutes. See, e.g., DePierre v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 2225, 2236, 180 L.Ed.2d 114 (2011) ("We have never held that, when interpreting a term in a criminal statute, deference is warranted to the Sentencing Commission's definition of the same term in the Guidelines."); United States v. Palacio, 4 F.3d 150, 155 (2d Cir.1993) ("[U]nless the Sentencing Commission is construing its own authority as an agency, its view of the substantive meaning of a criminal statute is unlikely to be entitled to any deference." (internal citations omitted)).

We thus conclude that § 3147 does apply to enhance the sentence of a person who continues to commit, while on release, the same crime for which he is awaiting trial. Such a person, in the plain language of the statute, has been "convicted of an offense committed while released" pending trial. The district therefore court properly applied § 3147 to enhance Gowing's sentence.

Having found § 3147 applicable to Gowing's case, we turn to two related arguments.2 First, Gowing argues that the jury did not find that he continued to commit the conspiracy while on "release[]," the term used in § 3147, but rather that it only found that he committed the conspiracy after he was charged. Gowing was briefly incarcerated for civil contempt in an unrelated case after the charge in this case,3 and Gowing argues that based on the jury questions, the jury might have found that he continued to commit the conspiracy only during this window, which (he argues) was not a period of "release[]." Thus, according to Gowing, the jury charge violates the rule of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000).

Gowing's argument, however, is not in the ordinary sense a claim of Apprendi error. The district court submitted the § 3147 charge to the jury, and properly required the jury to find all of the elements of that offense, as it was required to do. See United States v. Confredo, 528 F.3d 143, 153-56 (2d Cir.2008) (recognizing that § 3147 is subject to Apprendi because it "exposes the defendant to the risk of a sentence that exceeds the statutory maximum"). Gowing's claim is really an argument — never made to the district court — that the court should have instructed the jury that Gowing should not be considered "released" for purposes of § 3147 during a period when he was jailed for contempt by a different court in an unrelated civil case. The claim is without merit.

Because he did not raise this objection before the district court, it is reviewable only for plain error. E.g., Hsu, 669 F.3d at 118. Assuming for the sake of argument that Gowing could show error,4 he has offered no further argument or evidence that the error affected his substantial rights — that is, that the jury might have reached a different conclusion based on the evidence presented at trial. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b) ("A plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not brought to the court's attention."); United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993) ("In most cases, a court of appeals cannot correct the forfeited error unless the defendant shows that the error was prejudicial."). Neither Gowing's nor the government's summation made any mention of Gowing's brief civil confinement as a basis for finding or rejecting the § 3147 enhancement, or addressed whether any of the evidence of Gowing's continued involvement in the charged conspiracy concerned acts committed while Gowing was jailed for contempt. And the government offered ample evidence of Gowing's continuing involvement in the scheme after his arrest but outside of the three-month period of confinement — for example, the flows of money into his account later in 2008, and recorded incriminating calls between Gowing and Scheringer in the weeks before trial. Gowing's claim of error amounts to unsupported speculation, and we therefore reject it.

Second, Gowing attacks the allocation of his sentence between the underlying conspiracy offense and § 3147. After applying the 3-level enhancement found at U.S. Sentencing Guidelines § 3C1.3, which implements § 3147, the district court calculated Gowing's Guidelines range as 235 to 293 months. The court selected 264 months as the total sentence, and then apportioned the sentence as follows: 240 months to the conspiracy, and an additional consecutive 24 months for § 3147. Gowing argues that this allocation violates the procedure set forth in United States v. Stevens, 66 F.3d 431, 436 (2d Cir.1995), which would require allocating less of the sentence to the conspiracy charge and more to § 3147, without changing the overall sentence. Gowing, however, did not make this argument below, and it is therefore reviewable only for plain error.

As an initial matter, Gowing's claim of error is dubious (and hardly "plain") given two developments since Stevens: the end of mandatory Guideline sentencing after United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), and the Commission's apparent rejection, in 2009 amendments, of our holding in Stevens. See U.S. Sentencing Guideline Manual app. C, amend. 734 (2009) (mentioning Stevens, but rejecting its holding because "only one guideline range applies" to a defendant). But even assuming for the sake of argument that Gowing could show error, he has once again not articulated how that error affected his substantial rights, given that his overall sentence is unaffected by the asserted error. See Olano, 507 U.S. at 734-35, 113 S.Ct. 1770. We therefore decline to consider this claim of error.

CONCLUSION

We have considered all of Gowing's and Scheringer's arguments and found them to be without merit. The judgments of the district court are therefore AFFIRMED.