Filed: Mar. 07, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 14-2483-cr United States v. Tulsiram In the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2015 No. 14-2483-cr UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. NARENDRA TULSIRAM, Defendant-Appellant. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ARGUED: MARCH 1, 2016 DECIDED: MARCH 7, 2016 Before: CABRANES, PARKER, and LYNCH, Circuit Judges. This case presents two questions. The first is whether a judgment of conviction is final for purposes of
Summary: 14-2483-cr United States v. Tulsiram In the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2015 No. 14-2483-cr UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. NARENDRA TULSIRAM, Defendant-Appellant. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ARGUED: MARCH 1, 2016 DECIDED: MARCH 7, 2016 Before: CABRANES, PARKER, and LYNCH, Circuit Judges. This case presents two questions. The first is whether a judgment of conviction is final for purposes of 2..
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14‐2483‐cr
United States v. Tulsiram
In the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
AUGUST TERM 2015
No. 14‐2483‐cr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
NARENDRA TULSIRAM,
Defendant‐Appellant.
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York
ARGUED: MARCH 1, 2016
DECIDED: MARCH 7, 2016
Before: CABRANES, PARKER, and LYNCH, Circuit Judges.
This case presents two questions. The first is whether a
judgment of conviction is final for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and
therefore appealable, if it imposes a sentence including incarceration
and restitution but does not determine the restitution amount. The
second is whether—if we have jurisdiction over this appeal—we
must vacate the guilty plea of defendant‐appellant Narendra
Tulsiram (“Tulsiram”), because the United States District Court for
the Southern District of New York (J. Paul Oetken, Judge) did not
advise him about mandatory restitution during the plea proceeding.
We hold that a judgment of conviction is final for purposes of
§ 1291 whenever it imposes a sentence of incarceration, even if post‐
conviction proceedings to set a restitution amount remain pending.
We also conclude that the District Court’s failure to advise Tulsiram
that restitution would be imposed did not constitute plain error. We
therefore AFFIRM the June 30, 2014 judgment of the District Court.
MARSHALL ARON MINTZ, Mintz &
Oppenheim LLP, New York, NY, for
Defendant‐Appellant.
RAHUL MUKHI (Kristy J. Greenberg, Michael
A. Levy, on the brief), Assistant United States
Attorneys, for Preet Bharara, United States
Attorney for the Southern District of New
York, New York, NY, for Appellee.
2
PER CURIAM:
This case presents two questions. The first is whether a
judgment of conviction is final for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and
therefore appealable, if it imposes a sentence including incarceration
and restitution but does not determine the restitution amount. The
second is whether—if we have jurisdiction over this appeal—we
must vacate the guilty plea of defendant‐appellant Narendra
Tulsiram (“Tulsiram”), because the United States District Court for
the Southern District of New York (J. Paul Oetken, Judge) did not
advise him about mandatory restitution during the plea proceeding.
We hold that a judgment of conviction is final for purposes of
§ 1291 whenever it imposes a sentence of incarceration, even if post‐
conviction proceedings to set a restitution amount remain pending.
We also conclude that the District Court’s failure to advise Tulsiram
that restitution would be imposed did not constitute plain error. We
therefore AFFIRM the June 30, 2014 judgment of the District Court.
BACKGROUND
For about five years, Tulsiram sexually abused a teenage girl
who was his de facto stepdaughter. He also took sexually explicit
pictures of her—about 80 of which were discovered on his phone at
the time of his arrest—and threatened to send them to her family and
friends if she resisted his demands for sex.
3
As a result of this conduct, Tulsiram was charged in a
superseding indictment with sexual exploitation of a minor in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a) (“Count One”) and 18 U.S.C. § 2251(b)
(“Count Two”); transportation of child pornography in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(1) and (b)(1) (“Count Three”); and possession
of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B)
(“Count Four”). The superseding indictment also included a
forfeiture count.
The Government later provided Tulsiram with a so‐called
Pimentel letter, as we suggested in United States v. Pimentel, 932 F.2d
1029 (2d Cir. 1991).1 The letter informed him that, based on the
charged offenses, the United States Sentencing Guidelines
(“Guidelines”) called for a sentence of 90 years’ imprisonment and
that he faced a maximum term of supervised release of life. The letter
also advised Tulsiram that each count carried a $100 mandatory
special assessment and a maximum fine “of the greatest of $250,000,
twice the gross pecuniary gain derived from the offense, or twice the
gross pecuniary loss to persons other than the defendant resulting
from the offense.” App. 16. Finally, the letter told Tulsiram that for
Counts Three and Four, “the Court must order restitution as
specified below,” although the letter did not in fact provide specifics.
Id.
“A Pimentel letter generally refers to an informational letter from the
1
government containing an estimate of a defendant’s likely sentence under the
Sentencing Guidelines. . . . [I]t is often relied upon by defendants in entering
guilty pleas.” United States v. Marino, 654 F.3d 310, 315 n.3 (2d Cir. 2011).
4
Tulsiram pleaded guilty to all counts on April 1, 2013, without
the benefit of a plea agreement. Before accepting his plea, the District
Court advised him of the same potential terms of imprisonment,
potential terms of supervised release, potential fines, and mandatory
special assessments that the Pimentel letter had described. (Tulsiram
confirmed that he had seen the Pimentel letter and had discussed it
with his attorney.) In addition, the Court advised Tulsiram that his
offenses could entail forfeiture, which the Pimentel letter (but not the
indictment) had omitted. The Court did not, however, mention
restitution.
The District Court sentenced Tulsiram on June 23, 2014, to 25
years’ imprisonment, followed by a lifetime term of supervision. The
Court also imposed the mandatory special assessment of $400 but
declined to impose a fine, finding that Tulsiram lacked any ability to
pay. At the Government’s prompting, the Court ordered restitution
but deferred setting the amount “for up to 90 days,” so that the
Government could “work[ ] out what the appropriate amount would
be.” App. 119, 120. In its judgment of June 30, 2014, the Court
specified that the determination of restitution was deferred until
September 23, 2014. No such determination has ever been made,
however, nor has the Court entered an amended judgment.2
2 The Government states that it will “request that the District Court set the
amount of restitution at zero, but has refrained from doing so out of concern that”
Tulsiram’s appeal has deprived that court of jurisdiction. Gov’t Br. 22. That
concern is misplaced. See, e.g., United States v. Ryan, 806 F.3d 692, 692 & n.1 (2d
Cir. 2015) (noting that a district court set restitution after the defendant filed a
5
Tulsiram filed a timely notice of appeal. His appellate counsel
thereafter filed a motion to withdraw from the case pursuant to
Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), and the Government moved
for summary affirmance.3 A panel of this Court deferred
consideration of those motions and instead ordered the parties to file
supplemental briefs addressing “whether the district court’s
judgment is appealable.” Docket No. 67. Tulsiram’s counsel then
filed a motion to withdraw his Anders motion and to file a brief
addressing, inter alia, the jurisdictional question. We granted the
motion and vacated our earlier order for supplemental briefing.
Docket No. 72.
DISCUSSION
A. This Court’s Appellate Jurisdiction
The first issue we must resolve is whether we have jurisdiction
over this appeal. Although both parties agree that we do have
notice of appeal from the initial sentence); United States v. Muzio, 757 F.3d 1243,
1254 (11th Cir.) (“While it is typically true that the filing of an appeal divests
district courts of jurisdiction over the matters contained in the appeal . . . the
district court retains the power to determine the amount of restitution even if an
appeal from the initial judgment has been filed with us.”), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct.
395 (2014), reh’g denied, 135 S. Ct. 1035 (2015).
In Anders, the Supreme Court required that in an appeal from a criminal
3
judgment, “a defense attorney who believes that his client’s appeal would be
frivolous must, inter alia, move to be relieved on that basis and brief all arguably
meritorious appellate issues.” In re Aranda, 789 F.3d 48, 53 n.4 (2d Cir. 2015).
6
jurisdiction, we must nonetheless consider the issue independently.
See, e.g., Taylor v. Rogich, 781 F.3d 647, 648 n.2 (2d Cir. 2015).
Our jurisdiction extends to “appeals from all final decisions of
the district courts of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (emphasis
supplied). “[L]ike many legal terms,” the meaning of final “depends
on context.” See Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522, 527 (2003). In the
context of a direct criminal appeal, finality typically attaches “when
the district court disassociates itself from the case, leaving nothing to
be done at the court of first instance save execution of the judgment.”
Gonzalez v. United States, 792 F.3d 232, 236 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting
Clay, 537 U.S. at 527). Accordingly, it is clear that “[a] criminal
judgment containing a restitution order is a final judgment for the
purposes of a direct appeal.” Id. We have not yet resolved, however,
whether a criminal judgment that imposes an undetermined amount
of restitution is also final.
The Supreme Court declined to answer that very question in
Dolan v. United States, 560 U.S. 605, 618 (2010). Nonetheless, the Court
noted in dicta that “strong arguments favor the appealability of”
such judgments. Id. at 617. The Court began by citing Corey v. United
States, 375 U.S. 169, 174–75 (1963), which held that a criminal
defendant could appeal from a sentence committing him to custody,
even if the district court had not yet determined the final sentence.
The Supreme Court then noted that the statute authorizing
restitution “provides that a ‘sentence that imposes an order of
restitution . . . is a final judgment.’” Dolan, 560 U.S. at 618 (quoting 18
7
U.S.C. § 3664(o)).4 The same is true, the Court observed, of judgments
imposing imprisonment, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(b), supervised release, id.
§ 3583(a), and fines, id. § 3572(c). Accordingly, the Court found it
unsurprising that courts of appeals—including the Second Circuit—
have permitted defendants to appeal from an initial sentence
imposing a term of imprisonment, even if restitution proceedings
remained pending. Dolan, 560 U.S. at 618 (citing, inter alia, United
States v. Stevens, 211 F.3d 1 (2d Cir. 2000)). This approach “makes
sense,” the Supreme Court suggested, because defendants might
otherwise have to wait for months before seeking review of their
conviction and initial sentence. Id.5
Following Dolan, the Ninth and Eleventh Circuits—the only
two to decide the issue so far—have held that a judgment imposing
incarceration and restitution, but not specifying the amount of
restitution, is “final” for purposes of § 1291. United States v. Gilbert,
807 F.3d 1197, 1199–200 (9th Cir. 2015); United States v. Muzio, 757
F.3d 1243, 1250 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 395 (2014), reh’g
denied, 135 S. Ct. 1035 (2015).
This is true even though an order of restitution may be “corrected,”
4
“appealed and modified,” “amended,” or “adjusted,” and even though “[t]he
defendant may be resentenced.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(o).
5 Cf. United States v. Abrams, 137 F.3d 704, 707 (2d Cir. 1998) (reading 18
U.S.C. § 3582(b) as designed to avoid the “unacceptable” scenario of forcing a
defendant to begin serving a sentence he could not challenge immediately).
8
We cited the Eleventh Circuit’s approach approvingly in
Gonzalez v. United States, 792 F.3d at 237. In Gonzalez, we were asked
to determine when a criminal judgment became “final” for purposes
of triggering the limitations period of 28 U.S.C. § 2255. We noted that
the Supreme Court’s decisions in Dolan and Corey, together with the
Eleventh Circuit’s holding in Muzio, supported the conclusion that a
criminal defendant has two opportunities to appeal: first, “from an
initial sentence, even if some aspects of the sentence are not final”;
and again “from the final order disposing of the case in the district
court.” Gonzalez, 792 F.3d at 237.
Relying on Gonzalez, we reached the same conclusion in United
States v. Ryan, 806 F.3d 691 (2d Cir. 2015). Ryan, unlike Gonzalez,
involved a direct appeal from a judgment of conviction that, as in the
instant case, imposed a term of imprisonment and an undetermined
amount of restitution. Although we held the appeal in abeyance until
the district court entered an amended judgment setting restitution,
we noted in dicta that “[t]he original judgment was a final
judgment.” Id. at 692 n.1 (citing Gonzalez, 792 F.3d at 237).6
6 Our statement in Ryan was dictum because we did not actually hear that
appeal until “completion of the restitution proceedings that resulted in the
amended judgment.” Ryan, 806 F.3d at 692. In other words, Ryan, unlike the
instant case, did not actually involve an appeal from a judgment in which
restitution had not been set. Although we assumed that we had had jurisdiction
from the time that the defendant “filed a notice of appeal of the original
judgment,” id. at 692 n.1, we never exercised that jurisdiction. We merely held the
appeal in abeyance until entry of the amended judgment—an action that would
also have been consistent with our treating the initial sentence as non‐final. Cf.
9
In light of our dicta in Gonzalez and Ryan, the Supreme Court’s
observations in Dolan, the holdings of our sister circuits, and our own
past practice,7 we have no difficulty in reaching our holding today: a
judgment of conviction that imposes a sentence including
incarceration and restitution is “final” within the meaning of 28
U.S.C. § 1291, even if the sentence defers determination of the
amount of restitution.8 In such situations, § 1291 permits a defendant
Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(2) (“A notice of appeal filed after the court announces a
decision, sentence, or order—but before the entry of the judgment or order—is
treated as filed on the date of and after the entry.”); United States v. Owen, 553 F.3d
161, 164–65 (2d Cir. 2009) (noting our practice of holding a “protective” notice of
appeal in abeyance until it becomes “effective”).
7 See, e.g., Stevens, 211 F.3d at 1. In United States v. Gushlak, 495 F. App’x 132
(2d Cir. 2012), we assumed that a judgment of conviction was appealable even if
restitution proceedings remained pending. We never discussed the issue
explicitly, however, and in any event that decision was nonprecedential. See also
United States v. Gushlak, 728 F.3d 184, 188 (2d Cir. 2013) (noting that “[t]he
[district] court entered judgment while the restitution issue remained pending in
order to enable [the defendant] to appeal his conviction and sentence
immediately”).
8 We need not decide whether a sentence imposing an undetermined
amount of restitution, but not incarceration, would also be final. On the one hand,
such a sentence would not impose the immediate “judicial control” or
“discipline” that prompted the Supreme Court’s concern in Corey, 375 U.S. at 174
(internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, the cases on which we have relied
all involved “a judgment imposing a term of imprisonment.” Muzio, 757 F.3d at
1244; see Dolan, 560 U.S. at 617; Ryan, 806 F.3d at 692; Gonzalez, 792 F.3d at 233;
Gilbert, 807 F.3d at 1200 (“[A] sentence of incarceration coupled with an unspecified
amount of restitution is a sufficiently final judgment to support a direct appeal.”
(emphasis supplied)). On the other hand, the mere fact of conviction—apart from
any sentence—imposes disabilities that a defendant has an interest in challenging
promptly. See Berman v. United States, 302 U.S. 211, 213 (1937). And courts have
10
either to appeal immediately from the initial sentence or to wait until
all aspects of the sentence have been determined. Cf. Gonzalez, 792
F.3d at 237; Muzio, 757 F.3d at 1250. We therefore have jurisdiction
over the present appeal.
B. Tulsiram’s Guilty Plea
Having assured ourselves of our jurisdiction, we turn to the
merits of Tulsiram’s appeal.
Rule 11(b)(1)(K) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
requires a district court, before accepting a plea of guilty, to “inform
the defendant of, and determine that the defendant understands . . .
the court’s authority to order restitution.” Tulsiram argues that the
District Court violated that rule by failing to inform him that the
offenses to which he was pleading guilty required the imposition of
restitution, and that we must therefore vacate his plea.
Because Tulsiram did not raise this objection below, our review
is for plain error.9 See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Vonn, 535
U.S. 55, 59 (2002). He therefore bears the burden of establishing that
expressed concern about making a defendant postpone his appeal “indefinitely” if
a district court is tardy in setting restitution. See Muzio, 757 F.3d at 1246–48.
Tulsiram insists that plain‐error review does not apply in this particular
9
circumstance. Even if we were so persuaded, his claim would fail even under a
harmless‐error standard.
11
(1) there is an error; (2) the error is clear or obvious,
rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error
affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the
ordinary case means it affected the outcome of the
district court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.
United States v. Tarbell, 728 F.3d 122, 126 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting
United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 (2010)). In the Rule 11
context, the plain‐error standard requires a defendant to “establish
that the violation affected substantial rights and that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not have
entered the plea.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the first two requirements of the plain‐error standard are
undisputedly satisfied: the District Court clearly erred in failing to
advise Tulsiram regarding restitution during the plea proceeding.
Tulsiram has not, however, shown that he would not have pleaded
guilty but for that particular Rule 11 violation. Indeed, several
considerations persuade us that he was aware of the possibility of
restitution before he entered his plea, and that the Rule 11 error did
not affect his decision.
First, the Pimentel letter warned Tulsiram before he entered his
plea that the court was required to order restitution. It seems
improbable, then, that the District Court’s mentioning restitution
12
again during the plea proceeding would have altered Tulsiram’s
resolve.
Second, both the Pimentel letter and the plea colloquy
instructed Tulsiram that he faced a potential fine of $1 million—far
more than what he could reasonably have expected to pay in
restitution. Cf. United States v. Vaval, 404 F.3d 144, 152 (2d Cir. 2005)
(collecting cases finding no plain error where a district court failed to
advise a defendant regarding restitution but did advise the
defendant regarding larger potential fines). The Government and the
District Court also informed Tulsiram that the crimes to which he
pleaded guilty carried a maximum sentence of ninety years’
imprisonment. Finally, the District Court reminded Tulsiram that the
indictment contained a forfeiture count. It beggars the imagination to
suppose that Tulsiram was willing to face these stiff punishments,
but not the mere possibility of paying restitution, by pleading guilty.
Finally, Tulsiram “failed to object when the restitution order
was actually imposed.” Id.; cf. id. (“Where a defendant, before
sentencing, learns of information erroneously omitted in violation of
Rule 11 but fails to attempt to withdraw his plea based on that
violation, there can be no reasonable probability that, but for the Rule
11 violation, he would not have entered the plea, and the plain error
standard is not met.” (alteration and internal quotation marks
omitted)).
13
In short, Tulsiram has failed to meet his burden of showing
that he would not have entered his plea but for the District Court’s
Rule 11 error, and his plea must stand.
CONCLUSION
We have considered all of Tulsiram’s arguments on appeal and
find them to be without merit. To summarize, we hold as follows:
(1) A judgment of conviction that imposes a sentence including
incarceration and restitution, but which leaves the amount
of restitution to be determined, is “final” within the
meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and may therefore be
appealed; and
(2) Although the District Court violated Rule 11(b)(1)(K) of the
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by failing to advise
Tulsiram during the plea proceeding regarding mandatory
restitution, Tulsiram has not shown that there was a
reasonable probability that he would not have pleaded
guilty but for that violation. Accordingly, the District Court
did not commit “plain error,” and Tulsiram may not
withdraw his plea.
We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the District Court.
14