Filed: Feb. 17, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 14-4176-cr United States v. Viloski In the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2015 No. 14-4176-cr UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. BENJAMIN VILOSKI, Defendant-Appellant. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York ARGUED: OCTOBER 22, 2015 DECIDED: FEBRUARY 17, 2016 The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption of this appeal as indicated above. Before: KEARSE, WALKER, AND CABRANES, Circuit Judges. The quest
Summary: 14-4176-cr United States v. Viloski In the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2015 No. 14-4176-cr UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. BENJAMIN VILOSKI, Defendant-Appellant. On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York ARGUED: OCTOBER 22, 2015 DECIDED: FEBRUARY 17, 2016 The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption of this appeal as indicated above. Before: KEARSE, WALKER, AND CABRANES, Circuit Judges. The questi..
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14‐4176‐cr
United States v. Viloski
In the
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
AUGUST TERM 2015
No. 14‐4176‐cr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
BENJAMIN VILOSKI,
Defendant‐Appellant.
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of New York
ARGUED: OCTOBER 22, 2015
DECIDED: FEBRUARY 17, 2016
The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption of this appeal as
indicated above.
Before: KEARSE, WALKER, AND CABRANES, Circuit Judges.
The question presented is whether the criminal forfeiture
imposed on defendant‐appellant Benjamin Viloski (“Viloski”)
violates the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment.
Viloski argues that the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (David N. Hurd, Judge) erred when it declined
to consider Viloski’s age, health, and financial condition in
determining whether its previously issued forfeiture order of
$1,273,285.50 was unconstitutionally excessive. Viloski also argues
that even if the District Court properly ignored his personal
circumstances, the forfeiture is nonetheless unconstitutional in light
of the four factors described in United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321
(1998).
We hold that a court reviewing a criminal forfeiture under the
Excessive Fines Clause may consider—as part of the proportionality
determination required by Bajakajian—whether the forfeiture would
deprive the defendant of his future ability to earn a living. We further
hold, however, that courts should not consider a defendant’s
personal circumstances as a distinct factor. Applying these
conclusions to the present case, we conclude that the challenged
forfeiture is constitutional because it is not “grossly disproportional”
to the gravity of Viloski’s offenses. We therefore AFFIRM the
October 16, 2014 Order of the District Court.
2
PETER GOLDBERGER (Pamela A. Wilk, on the
brief), Ardmore, PA, for Defendant‐Appellant.
GWENDOLYN E. CARROLL (Steven D. Clymer,
on the brief), Assistant United States
Attorneys, for Richard S. Hartunian, United
States Attorney for the Northern District of
New York, Syracuse, NY, for Appellee.
JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:
The question presented is whether the criminal forfeiture
imposed on defendant‐appellant Benjamin Viloski (“Viloski”)
violates the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment.
Viloski argues that the United States District Court for the Northern
District of New York (David N. Hurd, Judge) erred when it declined
to consider Viloski’s age, health, and financial condition in
determining whether its previously issued forfeiture order of
$1,273,285.50 was unconstitutionally excessive. Viloski also argues
that even if the District Court properly ignored his personal
circumstances, the forfeiture is nonetheless unconstitutional in light
of the four factors described in United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321
(1998).
We hold that a court reviewing a criminal forfeiture under the
Excessive Fines Clause may consider—as part of the proportionality
3
determination required by Bajakajian—whether the forfeiture would
deprive the defendant of his future ability to earn a living. We further
hold, however, that courts should not consider a defendant’s
personal circumstances as a distinct factor. Applying these
conclusions to the present case, we determine that the challenged
forfeiture is constitutional because it is not “grossly disproportional”
to the gravity of Viloski’s offenses. We therefore AFFIRM the
October 16, 2014 Order of the District Court.
I. BACKGROUND
Viloski was a lawyer and real‐estate broker who worked with
Dick’s Sporting Goods (“DSG”) on a number of development
projects.1 From 1998 through 2005, he participated in a kickback
scheme involving the construction of new DSG stores, in which
developers or landlords paid “consulting” fees—sometimes in
exchange for work never performed—to Viloski in his capacity as
DSG’s broker. Viloski passed all or part of each payment to
codefendant Joseph Queri, Jr. (“Queri”), a senior DSG executive, who
took the payments without DSG’s knowledge. Viloski sometimes
paid Queri through a real‐estate company owned by codefendant
Gary Gosson (“Gosson”).
1 Because Viloski’s appeal follows his conviction by a jury, we must view
the evidence “in the light most favorable to the Government.” Evans v. United
States, 504 U.S. 255, 257 (1992); accord United States v. Weingarten, 632 F.3d 60, 62
(2d Cir. 2011).
4
In 2009, Viloski was charged in a twenty‐count indictment
related to these activities. After a three‐week trial, a jury convicted
him of one count of conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud, two
substantive counts of mail fraud, one count of conspiracy to commit
money laundering, three counts of aiding and abetting money
laundering, one count of aiding and abetting transactions in
criminally derived property, and one count of making false
statements. He was acquitted on the remaining counts.
On January 13, 2012, the District Court sentenced Viloski
principally to a below‐Guidelines term of five years’ imprisonment
and a three‐year term of supervised release. The Court also ordered
Viloski to pay a total of $75,000 in restitution to two developers
and—most relevant here—to forfeit $1,273,285.50, which equaled the
amount of funds Viloski had acquired from landlords and
developers, laundered through two entities he controlled, and passed
on to Queri.2 The District Court ordered forfeiture pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 982(a)(1), the criminal forfeiture statute; 18 U.S.C.
§ 981(a)(1)(C), the civil forfeiture statute; and 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c),
which “integrate[s § 981(a)(1)(c)] into criminal proceedings,” United
States v. Contorinis, 692 F.3d 136, 145 n.2 (2d Cir. 2012).
Viloski appealed to this Court, which affirmed his conviction
and sentence but remanded the case to the District Court to
2 Viloski is jointly and severally liable with Queri for the forfeiture related
to two counts, and jointly and severally liable with Gosson for the forfeiture
related to a third count.
5
determine whether its forfeiture order violated the Excessive Fines
Clause, U.S. Const. amend. VIII.3 United States v. Viloski, 557 F. App’x
28, 36 (2d Cir. 2014) (“Viloski I”). We specifically directed the District
Court to evaluate the forfeiture in light of Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 321.
On remand, the District Court interpreted Bajakajian as
requiring courts to consider the following four factors, known as the
“Bajakajian factors,” in determining whether a challenged forfeiture
violates the Excessive Fines Clause:
(1) the essence of the crime and its relation to other
criminal activity; (2) whether the defendant fits into the
class of persons for whom the statute was principally
designed; (3) the maximum sentence and fine that could
have been imposed; and (4) the nature of the harm
caused by the defendant’s conduct.
United States v. Viloski, 53 F. Supp. 3d 526, 530 (N.D.N.Y. 2014).
Viloski agreed that these factors were relevant but argued that
the Court should also consider his age, “poor health,”4 “physical and
civic disabilities,” and inability to pay the forfeiture. Id. at 532.
3 The Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides that “Excessive
bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.”
4 The District Court noted that Viloski “is in poor health and suffers from
several physical ailments,” including complications from double bypass surgery
in September 2009 and a cancer diagnosis in 2004. Viloski, 53 F. Supp. 3d at 532.
6
Viloski also emphasized “his lack of culpability and lack of profit
from the scheme compared to co‐defendant Queri.” Id. Although the
District Court expressed sympathy for some of these considerations,
it declared them irrelevant, because “[t]he Supreme Court [had]
limited the inquiry to the four Bajakajian factors.” Id. Accordingly,
after considering only those factors, the District Court concluded that
the forfeiture did not violate the Eighth Amendment. Id. This appeal
followed.
II. DISCUSSION
The Supreme Court first applied the Excessive Fines Clause in
United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998), which established a
two‐step inquiry for determining whether a financial penalty is
excessive under the Eighth Amendment.5 At the first stage, we
determine whether the Excessive Fines Clause applies at all. Id. at
334. If we conclude that it does, we proceed to the second step and
determine whether the challenged forfeiture is unconstitutionally
excessive. Id. In applying Bajakajian, we determine de novo “whether a
fine is constitutionally excessive,” although we must accept the
District Court’s factual findings “unless clearly erroneous.” Id. at 336
5 The Supreme Court had previously discussed the Excessive Fines Clause
in Browning‐Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257
(1989), which held that the clause does not apply to awards of punitive damages
in suits between private parties, and Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993),
which held that the clause applies to in rem civil‐forfeiture proceedings. Bajakajian
was the first time the Court invalidated a fine as excessive under the Eighth
Amendment.
7
& n.10. “The burden rests on the defendant to show the
unconstitutionality of the forfeiture.” United States v. Castello, 611 F.3d
116, 120 (2d Cir. 2010).6
A. Step One: Does the Excessive Fines Clause Apply?
1. Legal Framework
First, we must determine whether the forfeiture at issue
constitutes “a ‘fine’ within the meaning of the Excessive Fines
Clause.” Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 334. That clause applies only to those
forfeitures that may be characterized, at least in part, as “punitive”—
i.e., forfeitures for which a defendant is personally liable. Id. at 327–
28; see also United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, 184 F.3d 131, 139
(2d Cir. 1999) (describing as “punitive” those forfeitures “imposed at
the culmination of a criminal proceeding that required a conviction
of the underlying felony and could not have been imposed upon an
innocent party”). In contrast, purely “remedial” forfeitures—i.e.,
those in rem forfeitures intended not to punish the defendant but to
compensate the Government for a loss or to restore property to its
6 The Government urges us to apply “plain error” review to Viloski’s
argument about the sufficiency of the Bajakajian factors, because he did not
present it below. Gov’t Br. 16–21. The requirement that litigants raise all possible
arguments before the district court serves principally to “give[ ] the district court
the opportunity to consider and resolve” questions in the first instance. See Puckett
v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 134 (2009). Here, the District Court not only
considered the sufficiency of the Bajakajian factors but found that Viloski made
“compelling arguments” on that topic. 53 F. Supp. 3d at 532. We accordingly
consider the question de novo. See Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 336 & n.10.
8
rightful owner—fall outside the scope of the Excessive Fines Clause.
Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 329; see also Paroline v. United States, 134 S. Ct.
1710, 1726 (2014) (“The primary goal of restitution is remedial or
compensatory, but it also serves punitive purposes. That may be
sufficient to bring it within the purview of the Excessive Fines
Clause.” (internal quotation marks, citations, and alteration
omitted)).
2. Application
As we concluded in Viloski I, the Excessive Fines Clause applies
here. See 557 F. App’x at 36. The challenged forfeiture—which the
District Court expressly linked to specific offenses—fits easily within
the definition of punitive forfeitures we just expounded: it was
“imposed at the culmination of a criminal proceeding that required a
conviction of the underlying felony,” and it “could not have been
imposed upon an innocent party.” Cf. Platter of Gold, 184 F.3d at 139.7
7 The Government argues that the challenged forfeiture is necessarily
constitutional because it “involves only the proceeds of criminal conduct.” Gov’t
Br. 32. Revealingly, its brief cites only out‐of‐circuit cases, half of which predate
Bajakajian. One of the two post‐Bajakajian cases the Government cites, United States
v. Betancourt, 422 F.3d 240, 250 & n.5 (5th Cir. 2005), distinguished Bajakajian based
on a “drug proceeds” exception to the Excessive Fines Clause. Betancourt and
analogous cases, however, essentially characterized drug proceeds as “guilty
property,” forfeiture of which was in rem and purely remedial. See id. at 250 (“The
forfeiture of drug proceeds does not constitute punishment . . . .” (alteration and
internal quotation marks omitted)); cf. United States v. Sum of $185,336.07 U.S.
Currency Seized from Citizen’s Bank Account L7N01967, 731 F.3d 189, 194 (2d Cir.
2013) (“[T]he forfeiture of ‘guilty property,’ such as illicit drug proceeds, has been
traditionally regarded as non‐punitive . . . .” (some internal quotation marks
9
B. Step Two: Is the Forfeiture Unconstitutionally Excessive?
1. Legal Framework
If we determine that a forfeiture is punitive, we must proceed
to step two, which asks whether the forfeiture is unconstitutionally
excessive. A forfeiture is unconstitutionally excessive “if it is grossly
disproportional to the gravity of a defendant’s offense.” Bajakajian,
524 U.S. at 334. Although Bajakajian did not provide a test for gross
disproportionality, we have interpreted that decision as requiring us
to consider the following four factors, which have become known as
the “Bajakajian factors”:
(1) the essence of the crime of the defendant and its
relation to other criminal activity, (2) whether the
defendant fits into the class of persons for whom the
statute was principally designed, (3) the maximum
sentence and fine that could have been imposed, and (4)
the nature of the harm caused by the defendant’s
conduct.
United States v. George, 779 F.3d 113, 122 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting
Castello, 611 F.3d at 120).
omitted)). Here, in contrast, the Government has moved not against the proceeds
themselves—which Viloski transferred to Queri in the very act of money
laundering—but against Viloski personally.
10
The principal question in this appeal is whether these factors
are exhaustive—a question we have never addressed directly. Our
cases interpreting Bajakajian have neither added to the four factors
nor described them as comprehensive. See, e.g., George, 779 F.3d at 122
(“Consistent with Bajakajian, this court has identified the following
factors as relevant to the proportionality assessment . . . .”); Castello,
611 F.3d at 120 (“Four factors, distilled from Bajakajian, guide our
analysis . . . .”). In some cases, however, we have implicitly cautioned
against applying the Bajakajian factors too rigidly. See, e.g., United
States v. Collado, 348 F.3d 323, 328 (2d Cir. 2003) (“Among the factors
that the [Supreme] Court considered . . . .” (emphasis supplied));
accord United States v. Varrone, 554 F.3d 327, 331 (2d Cir. 2009); see also
United States v. Elfgeeh, 515 F.3d 100, 139 (2d Cir. 2008) (determining
whether a forfeiture was excessive based on three of the factors when
the record was silent as to the fourth).
Our unwillingness in past cases to describe the Bajakajian
factors as exhaustive reflects Bajakajian itself, which never prescribed
those factors as a rigid test.8 To the contrary, the Supreme Court
expressly noted that the defendant in that case had “not argue[d] that
The Supreme Court often declines to provide definitive tests when
8
interpreting constitutional provisions for the first time. See, e.g., District of
Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 635 (2008) (“[S]ince this case represents this
Court’s first in‐depth examination of the Second Amendment, one should not
expect it to clarify the entire field . . . .”); Austin, 509 U.S. at 622–23 (declining to
adopt a test for whether an in rem forfeiture is unconstitutionally excessive,
because “[p]rudence dictates that we allow the lower courts to consider that
question in the first instance”).
11
his wealth or income [were] relevant to the proportionality
determination or that full forfeiture would deprive him of his
livelihood.” Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 340 n.15. And several circuits have
recognized the potential relevance of additional factors.9
Indeed, Bajakajian itself leads us to conclude that one
additional factor is especially important. The opinion emphasizes
that the Excessive Fines Clause grew out of the English constitutional
tradition, including Magna Carta, which required that a fine “should
not deprive a wrongdoer of his livelihood.” Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at
335; see also Browning‐Ferris Indus. of Vt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492
U.S. 257, 269, 271 (1989) (noting Magna Carta’s requirement that an
“amercement”—a payment to the Crown as a penalty for some
offense—“not be so large as to deprive [an offender] of his
livelihood”). As the First Circuit has recognized, hostility to
livelihood‐destroying fines became “deeply rooted” in Anglo‐
American constitutional thought and played an important role in
shaping the Eighth Amendment. United States v. Levesque, 546 F.3d 78,
84 (1st Cir. 2008). In light of this strong constitutional pedigree, it
9 See, e.g., Collins v. S.E.C., 736 F.3d 521, 526–27 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (adopting
the four‐factor test we specified in Collado, 348 F.3d at 328, but noting that “the
four factors derived from Bajakajian hardly establish a discrete analytic process”);
United States v. Dodge Caravan Grand SE/Sport Van, VIN # 1B4GP44G2YB7884560,
387 F.3d 758, 763 (8th Cir. 2004); United States v. Carpenter, 317 F.3d 618, 628 (6th
Cir. 2003) (“While these factors were clearly fact‐specific to the case before the
Court, they are instructive as to the type of analysis that must be undertaken in
assessing the gravity of the offense.”), reh’g granted, judgment vacated (Apr. 14,
2003), opinion reinstated in relevant part on reh’g, 360 F.3d 591 (6th Cir. 2004).
12
seems unlikely that the Bajakajian Court meant to preclude courts
from considering whether a forfeiture would deprive an offender of
his livelihood.
We therefore hold that, when analyzing a forfeiture’s
proportionality under the Excessive Fines Clause, courts may
consider—in addition to the four factors we have previously derived
from Bajakajian—whether the forfeiture would deprive the defendant
of his livelihood, i.e., his “future ability to earn a living,” see Levesque,
546 F.3d at 85.10
In so holding, we heed the Supreme Court’s instruction that
“the test for the excessiveness of a punitive forfeiture involves solely a
proportionality determination.” Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 333–34
(emphasis supplied).11 Whether a forfeiture would destroy a
As we note below, our test differs somewhat from the First Circuit’s. See
10
note 12 and accompanying text, post.
11 We take this opportunity to note that there is a significant difference
between a district court’s role in determining the appropriate length of a sentence
and its role in ordering a criminal forfeiture. In general, a sentencing court is
empowered by statute to consider a wide range of factors when determining what
sentence to impose. See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (requiring a court to consider
factors such as “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant”); id. § 3661 (“No limitation shall be placed on the
information concerning the background, character, and conduct of a person
convicted of an offense which a court of the United States may receive and
consider for the purpose of imposing an appropriate sentence.”). In the case of
forfeiture, however, once a court determines that property sought by the
government was “involved in” or “traceable to” property involved in money
laundering, for example, the court “shall” order that such property be forfeited.
Id. § 982(a)(1). 28 U.S.C. § 2461(c) includes similar mandatory language. As long as
13
defendant’s livelihood is a component of the proportionality analysis,
not a separate inquiry.12 Accordingly, a forfeiture that deprives a
defendant of his livelihood might nonetheless be constitutional,
depending on his culpability or other circumstances.13 Moreover,
courts need not consider this fifth factor in all cases. Indeed, neither
Bajakajian nor our previous cases have done so. We hold only that the
proportionality determination required by Bajakajian is sufficiently
flexible to permit such consideration.
We also emphasize that asking whether a forfeiture would
destroy a defendant’s future livelihood is different from considering
as a discrete factor a defendant’s present personal circumstances,
including age, health, and financial situation. While hostility to
livelihood‐destroying fines is deeply rooted in our constitutional
tradition, consideration of personal circumstances is not. See
the factual predicate for the application of these statutes has been satisfied,
therefore, a district court has no discretion not to order forfeiture in the amount
sought. The court’s only role is to conduct the gross disproportionality inquiry
required by Bajakajian. Cf. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 339 n.11 (declining to address
“whether a court may disregard the terms of a statute that commands full
forfeiture”).
Here we part ways with the First Circuit. See Levesque, 546 F.3d at 85
12
(adopting a three‐factor test and requiring a separate inquiry as to whether a
forfeiture would deprive a defendant of his livelihood).
If the Eighth Amendment permits the Government to end some
13
offenders’ lives, see, e.g., Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), it surely permits the
Government to destroy other offenders’ livelihoods.
14
Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 335–36 (noting that Magna Carta “required
only that amercements (the medieval predecessors of fines) should be
proportioned to the offense and that they should not deprive a
wrongdoer of his livelihood”); cf. San Antonio Indep. Sch. Dist. v.
Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 22 (1973) (noting in the equal protection context
that no “constitutional mandate” requires judges to consider “the
defendant’s ability to pay” a fine).
We are mindful of the Supreme Court’s admonition that
“judgments about the appropriate punishment for an offense belong
in the first instance to the legislature.” Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 336. Our
role in reviewing criminal forfeitures is solely to examine them for
gross disproportionality; in other respects, we must defer to
Congress. See id.; Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 290 nn. 16 & 17 (1983).
Bearing that limited role in mind, we hold that courts may not
consider as a discrete factor a defendant’s personal circumstances,
such as age, health, or present financial condition, when considering
whether a criminal forfeiture would violate the Excessive Fines
Clause.14 In so holding, we are in accord with every sister circuit that
has addressed the question directly.15
14 We make no pronouncement as to civil forfeitures. See George, 779 F.3d at
123 n.4 (noting the difference between civil and criminal forfeitures); von Hofe v.
United States, 492 F.3d 175, 184–86 (2d Cir. 2007) (same).
Our approach aligns most closely with that of the First Circuit. See
15
United States v. Fogg, 666 F.3d 13, 19 (1st Cir. 2011). The Eighth, Ninth, and
Eleventh Circuits have also held that the Eighth Amendment bars inquiry into a
defendant’s personal circumstances when a court reviews a criminal forfeiture,
15
A contrary interpretation would conflict with one of
Congress’s basic premises in providing for criminal forfeitures: that
forfeitures should be “concerned not with how much an individual
has but with how much he received in connection with the
commission of the crime.” See United States v. Awad, 598 F.3d 76, 78
(2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). Such an
interpretation would be untenable in view of the Supreme Court’s
insistence that legislatures have the primary responsibility—subject,
of course, to constitutional constraints—for “determining the types
and limits of punishments for crimes.” Bajakajian, 524 U.S. at 336
(internal quotation marks omitted).16
It is possible, of course, “that a person’s health and financial
condition” might “bear on his ability to make a living.” See Def.
although those circuits have not distinguished such an inquiry from the question
of whether a forfeiture would destroy a defendant’s livelihood. See United States v.
Smith, 656 F.3d 821, 828 (8th Cir. 2011) (“A defendant’s inability to satisfy a
forfeiture at the time of conviction, in and of itself, is not at all sufficient to render
a forfeiture unconstitutional, nor is it even the correct inquiry.” (quoting Levesque,
546 F.3d at 85) (alteration omitted)); United States v. Seher, 562 F.3d 1344, 1371
(11th Cir. 2009) (“We do not take into account the impact the fine would have on
an individual defendant.”); United States v. Dubose, 146 F.3d 1141, 1146 (9th Cir.
1998) (“[A]n Eighth Amendment gross disproportionality analysis does not
require an inquiry into the hardship the sanction may work on the offender.”); see
also United States v. Dicter, 198 F.3d 1284, 1292 n.11 (11th Cir. 1999) (declining to
consider the impact of a forfeiture on a defendant’s livelihood because “we do not
take into account the personal impact of a forfeiture on the specific defendant”).
In this context, we note that Congress has authorized the Attorney
16
General to remit forfeitures “on the grounds of hardship to the defendant.” See
Levesque, 546 F.3d at 85.
16
Reply Br. 6. Personal circumstances might thus be indirectly relevant
to a proportionality determination, to the extent that those
circumstances, in conjunction with the challenged forfeiture, would
deprive the defendant of his livelihood. Our holding bars only the
separate consideration of personal circumstances as a distinct factor.
2. Application
In light of the framework we have described, we now consider
whether Viloski’s forfeiture was unconstitutionally excessive. In
doing so, we are mindful of Bajakajian’s admonition “that any judicial
determination regarding the gravity of a particular criminal offense
will be inherently imprecise.” 524 U.S. at 336. Therefore, although we
review the constitutionality of the challenged forfeiture de novo, we
may invalidate it only if it “is grossly disproportional to the gravity of
the defendant’s offense.” Id. at 337 (emphasis supplied); see also
United States v. Blackman, 746 F.3d 137, 144 (4th Cir. 2014) (“[T]he
Bajakajian test is highly deferential [to the legislature].”).
We begin with the four “traditional” Bajakajian factors. First,
we consider “the essence of [Viloski’s] crime . . . and its relation to
other criminal activity.” Castello, 611 F.3d at 120 (internal quotation
marks omitted). The essence of Viloski’s crime “was no one‐time
failure to report otherwise legal activity as in Bajakajian,” see George,
779 F.3d at 123. Rather, Viloski engaged in a multi‐year conspiracy
involving repeated instances of money laundering, mail fraud, wire
fraud, and related offenses. Viloski, 53 F. Supp. 3d at 530. Although
Viloski insists on his relative lack of culpability, his “willful
17
participation” in that conspiracy, even if less egregious than that of
his codefendants, is sufficient to support the forfeiture. See United
States v. Sabhnani, 599 F.3d 215, 263 (2d Cir. 2010) (noting that we
have upheld a civil forfeiture against a building owner who was
“willfully blind” to the fact that the building was used to facilitate
drug trafficking (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also United
States v. Jalaram, Inc., 599 F.3d 347, 356 (4th Cir. 2010) (“[T]hat [the
defendant] may have received only a small share of the proceeds, in
and of itself, does not demonstrate that it played a minor role in the
conspiracy. That fact establishes only that [the defendant’s]
participation in the conspiracy was not lucrative . . . .”).
Second, we consider “whether [Viloski] fits into the class of
persons for whom the statute[s] [under which he was punished were]
principally designed.” Castello, 611 F.3d at 122 (alteration and internal
quotation marks omitted). Viloski fits squarely within the class of
persons for whom the federal mail‐ and wire‐fraud and money‐
laundering statutes were designed—namely, those who use facilities
of interstate or foreign commerce to engage in fraudulent schemes
and financial transactions and then seek to conceal or disguise the
nature of the proceeds of the fraud.
Third, we consider “the maximum sentence and fine that could
have been imposed,” looking especially to the applicable Guidelines
penalties. Id. at 123 (internal quotation marks omitted); cf. Bajakajian,
524 U.S. at 338–39 & n.14 (noting that the maximum statutory
penalties “are certainly relevant evidence” of “an offense’s gravity,”
but looking first to the Guidelines). Here, the Guidelines range for
18
imprisonment was 108 to 135 months, and the maximum Guidelines
fine was $500,000. These figures suggest substantial culpability and
support the conclusion that the challenged forfeiture is constitutional.
We also note that the statutory maximum fine was $3,250,000—more
than two‐and‐a‐half times the $1,273,285.50 forfeiture—which
suggests that Congress did not view offenses like Viloski’s as trivial,
and thus also weighs strongly in favor of the forfeiture’s
constitutionality. See George, 779 F.3d at 123–24 (finding that the third
Bajakajian factor “points to no disproportionality,” much less gross
disproportionality, even where the challenged forfeiture exceeded
the Guidelines fine, because the forfeiture was “well below” the
statutory maximum); Varrone, 554 F.3d at 332 (“[I]f the value of
forfeited property is within the range of fines prescribed by
Congress, a strong presumption arises that the forfeiture is
constitutional.” (quoting United States v. 817 N.E. 29th Drive, Wilton
Manors, Fla., 175 F.3d 1304, 1309 (11th Cir. 1999))).
Fourth, we consider “the nature of the harm caused by
[Viloski’s] conduct.” Castello, 611 F.3d at 123 (internal quotation
marks omitted). The District Court found that the conspiracy in
which Viloski participated inflicted “extensive harm” on DSG and
“various landlords, real estate developers, investors, property
owners, and others involved in the development of new DSG stores.”
Viloski, 53 F. Supp. 3d at 531. We see no reason to second‐guess that
factual finding.
Finally, we address whether the challenged forfeiture would
deprive Viloski of his livelihood. Although Viloski bears the burden
19
of showing the unconstitutionality of the forfeiture, see Castello, 611
F.3d at 120, he has presented no evidence that it would prevent him
from earning a living upon his release from prison.17 Instead, he
urges us to consider “compelling personal factors concerning [his]
age, health and dire financial circumstances.” Def. Br. 8. But as we
emphasize above, these factors are irrelevant in themselves. We
consider them only insofar as they, in conjunction with the
challenged forfeiture, would deprive a defendant of his livelihood.
Viloski has offered no reason to think that the challenged forfeiture
would have such an effect.
Accordingly, because the four Bajakajian factors support the
conclusion that the forfeiture is not grossly disproportional to the
gravity of Viloski’s offenses, and Viloski has failed to establish that
the forfeiture would deprive him of his livelihood, we reject as
17 Viloski’s appellate brief summarizes discussions in Bajakajian and
Levesque, 546 F.3d at 83–85, regarding Magna Carta’s protection of an offender’s
livelihood, but he never applies those discussions to his own case. See Def. Br. 12–
13. Viloski also failed to present any facts to the District Court—or to make any
argument at all—regarding his livelihood. See Def. Submissions on Remand, App.
173–91. Accordingly, our review is for “plain error” only. See United States v.
Ubiera, 486 F.3d 71, 74 (2d Cir. 2007); see also United States v. Messina, 806 F.3d 55,
65 (2d Cir. 2015) (noting that plain‐error review requires “showing of (1) error, (2)
that is clear or obvious, (3) affecting appellant’s substantial rights, which in the
ordinary case means affecting the outcome of the district court proceedings, and
(4) seriously affecting [the] fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings”) (internal quotation marks, ellipsis, and alteration omitted)).
Nonetheless, because Viloski has adduced no facts at all suggesting that the
challenged forfeiture would deprive him of his livelihood, we would come to the
same conclusion even under de novo review.
20
meritless Viloski’s Eighth Amendment challenge to the forfeiture
order. We also decline to review Viloski’s remaining claims, which
are not properly before us.18
III. CONCLUSION
To summarize, we hold as follows:
(1) A punitive forfeiture violates the Excessive Fines Clause of
the Eighth Amendment if it is “grossly disproportional to
the gravity of [the defendant’s] offense.” United States v.
Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321, 324 (1998).
a. In determining whether a forfeiture is “grossly
disproportional,” courts may consider not only the
four factors we have previously derived from
Bajakajian,19 but also whether the forfeiture would
18 Viloski seeks to “preserv[e]” several “issues not before the present
panel”: (1) whether the challenged forfeiture was not authorized by statute,
because (a) the money at issue “was not possessed by . . . Viloski as proceeds of
crime,” (b) “proceeds of mail fraud not affecting a financial institution are not
criminally forfeitable,” (c) “no applicable statute authorizes a ‘money judgment’
forfeiture,” or (d) no statute authorizes “‘joint and several forfeiture’”; and (2)
whether joint and several liability for the forfeiture “violated the Fifth and Sixth
Amendments because the indictment did not name that property as forfeitable.”
Def. Br. 2. Because Viloski concedes that these issues “are not open for decision at
this time, or . . . are precluded . . . by controlling precedent,” id. at 31, there is no
need to address them here.
19 These factors are
21
deprive a defendant of his “livelihood,” i.e., his future
ability to earn a living.
b. Courts should not consider a defendant’s personal
circumstances—such as age, health, or present
financial condition—when making a proportionality
determination, except insofar as they are relevant to
determining whether a forfeiture would deprive a
defendant of his livelihood.
(2) The forfeiture imposed on Viloski was not grossly
disproportional to the gravity of the offenses for which it
had been imposed.
a. Viloski failed to meet his burden of showing that the
challenged forfeiture would deprive him of his
livelihood.
b. The remaining factors described by Bajakajian weigh
in favor of the forfeiture’s constitutionality.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the District Court’s
order of October 16, 2014.
(1) the essence of the crime of the defendant and its relation to
other criminal activity, (2) whether the defendant fits into the class
of persons for whom the statute was principally designed, (3) the
maximum sentence and fine that could have been imposed, and
(4) the nature of the harm caused by the defendant’s conduct.
George, 779 F.3d at 122 (quoting Castello, 611 F.3d at 120).
22