Reena Raggi, Circuit Judge:
In this Bivens action, plaintiff David Ganek, a co-founding partner of investment fund Level Global Investors ("LG"), sues the named agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI") and federal prosecutors in the United States Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York ("SDNY") for alleged violations of his Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights in procuring and executing a federal search warrant at LG's Manhattan offices on November 22, 2010. See Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971). Defendants now appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (William H. Pauley III, Judge), denying their motion for qualified immunity and, therefore, for dismissal of the entirety of Ganek's complaint. See Ganek v. Leibowitz, 167 F.Supp.3d 623 (S.D.N.Y. 2016). Our jurisdiction to review this ruling under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 is undisputed. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530, 105 S.Ct. 2806, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985) (holding that denial of qualified immunity, "to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable `final decision' within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291"); accord Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 672, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). For the reasons stated in this opinion, we conclude that defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and, accordingly, we reverse the district court's challenged order and direct the dismissal of all Ganek's outstanding claims.
The following facts are drawn from Ganek's complaint and must be credited on this appeal.
David Ganek and Anthony Chiasson co-founded investment fund LG, with Ganek serving as LG's principal partner until the fund's closure in 2011. In 2010, LG's offices were located on the 27th floor of 888 Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, and the fund had approximately $4 billion under management.
From 2006 until 2010, Spyridon "Sam" Adondakis was employed by LG as a research analyst, with a particular focus on the technology industry. Adondakis was asked to leave LG in May 2010 when it was determined that he had violated the fund's internal compliance protocols.
On October 14, 2010, FBI defendants Hinkle and Makol confronted Adondakis with wiretap evidence collected from third parties, which implicated Adondakis in insider trading while at LG. Sometime thereafter, Adondakis agreed to cooperate with government authorities and, on November 2, 2010, he met with defendants Assistant United States Attorneys ("AUSAs") Brodsky and Leibowitz as well as FBI defendants Hinkle, Makol, and Komar.
On November 21, 2010, FBI defendant Trask applied to an SDNY Magistrate Judge for a warrant to search certain areas within LG, including Ganek's, Chiasson's, and Brenner's offices; desktop and laptop computers used by Adondakis while employed at LG; and LG's investors' servers. In support, Trask submitted a signed affidavit that contains the alleged misrepresentation at the heart of this case, i.e., that "ADONDAKIS informed GANEK ... of the sources of the Inside Information" provided to him. J.A. 98, ¶ 13.c; see id. at 99, ¶ 13.e (same).
The magistrate judge authorized the requested search warrant, which was executed at LG the following day, November 22, 2010. In the course of doing so, FBI agents and/or SDNY AUSAs searched Ganek's office, files, and electronic devices, and made an electronic copy of the contents of his personal cellphone. Defendants provided advance notice of the LG search to the Wall Street Journal, which took and published photographs of FBI agents carrying boxes out of LG.
Ganek feared that media reports about the LG search and attending federal investigation into insider trading would prompt LG investors to divest from the fund. Accordingly, on December 20, 2010, LG representatives met with AUSA defendants Zabel and Leibowitz, in the course of which meeting defendants stated that the LG search "had been carefully considered at the highest levels, with full appreciation for the likely commercial consequences, and ... that all necessary precautions had been taken." J.A. 41, ¶ 110. Some months later, on February 4, 2011, an LG attorney contacted defendant U.S. Attorney Bharara to ask that he publicly clarify that "Mr.
At and about this same time, on February 3, 2011, one of the FBI defendants drafted a report of the November 2 meeting that repeated the misstatement contained in the Trask affidavit, i.e., that Adondakis had told defendants that he had advised Ganek of the inside source of the information conveyed to him, specifically, that it "came directly from contacts at Dell." J.A. 42, ¶ 111.
Later that month, defendants again met with Adondakis, who "reiterated that he had never told Mr. Ganek anything about the source of his information." Id. at 45, ¶ 130.
Meanwhile, on February 11, 2011, approximately three months after the LG search, Ganek announced that, due to the flight of investors from LG, he was forced to close the fund.
Adondakis was indicted for insider trading on April 25, 2011, but his indictment was not unsealed until January 18, 2012, the same day on which Bharara announced the indictment of Chiasson, among others, for insider trading. Ganek was never indicted.
On March 1, 2012, the district court issued a protective order permitting certain documents, including those supporting the LG search, to be disclosed to defendants and other specified categories of persons, which ultimately included Ganek's counsel.
Chiasson stood trial in the fall of 2012, and was found guilty of conspiratorial and substantive securities fraud based on his insider trading.
Ganek filed this action on February 26, 2015, pleading Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims against defendants Trask, Makol, Hinkle, Komar, Brodsky, and Leibowitz; a failure-to-intercede claim against all defendants; and a claim for supervisory liability against defendants Bharara, Johnson, Zabel, Garcia, Berger, Rodriguez, Rojas, Chaves, and Carroll. He seeks damages for the loss of his business, which had been valued at $400 million, as well as for lost income and lost business reputation.
The district court declined, however, to dismiss the remaining Fourth Amendment claim, concluding that Ganek had adequately alleged a deliberate or reckless misstatement of material fact in the warrant affidavit that could be deemed necessary to a finding of probable cause. See id. at 634-36. As to the Fifth Amendment procedural due process claim, the district court ruled that Ganek had plausibly alleged defendants' fabrication of evidence to secure a search warrant, as a result of which he was deprived of tangible property seized during the LG search, and it rejected the idea that Fed. R. Crim. P. 41 provided sufficient remedial process. See id. at 638, 640-41. As to the Fifth Amendment failure-to-intercede claim, the district court concluded that the non-supervisor defendants may have had a duty to intervene before an affidavit containing a material misstatement was submitted to the magistrate judge, while the supervisor defendants may have been obligated to limit collateral damage by correcting the misstatement prior to LG's closure. See id. at 642-44. Because Ganek had pleaded that the supervisor defendants "were kept abreast of developments, prioritized the prosecution of highlevel executives, and tipped the Wall Street Journal," the district court deemed it at least plausible that they would have learned the truth about Adondakis's November 2, 2010 statements either before or after the submission of the flawed affidavit to the magistrate judge. Id. at 646.
Defendants timely filed this appeal.
We review de novo the denial of a motion to dismiss a complaint based on qualified immunity, accepting all plausible allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiff's favor. See Garcia v. Does, 779 F.3d 84, 91 (2d Cir. 2015).
Qualified immunity — a concept derived from common law — affords law enforcement officers a broad shield from claims for money damages arising from the performance of their duties. See White v. Pauly, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S.Ct. 548, 551, 196 L.Ed.2d 463 (2017) (reiterating that qualified immunity is "an immunity from suit," not simply from liability (internal quotation marks omitted)); Raspardo v. Carlone, 770 F.3d 97, 111 (2d Cir. 2014) (same). The shield applies "unless a plaintiff pleads facts showing (1) that the official violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was `clearly established' at the time of the challenged conduct." Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 735, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982)); accord Carroll v. Carman, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 348, 350, 190 L.Ed.2d
If a plaintiff cannot make the first showing, i.e., a violation of constitutional rights, no further inquiry is necessary "because where there is no viable constitutional claim, defendants have no need of an immunity shield." Zalaski v. City of Hartford, 723 F.3d at 388. But even where constitutional injury is shown, the shield applies unless plaintiff can also show that the right violated was "clearly established at the time of defendant's actions." Id.; see Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 735, 131 S.Ct. 2074.
Applying these principles here, we conclude that defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and, therefore, to dismissal of plaintiffs' claims.
The Fourth Amendment prohibits "unreasonable searches and seizures." U.S. Const. amend. IV. While a search pursuant to a warrant issued by a judicial officer upon a finding of probable cause is presumptively reasonable, see Golino v. City of New Haven, 950 F.2d 864, 870 (2d Cir. 1991), that presumption can be defeated by showing that a defendant (1) "knowingly and deliberately, or with a reckless disregard of the truth," procured the warrant, (2) based on "false statements or material omissions," that (3) "were necessary to the finding of probable cause," Velardi v. Walsh, 40 F.3d 569, 573 (2d Cir. 1994); accord McColley v. Cty. of Rensselaer, 740 F.3d 817, 823 (2d Cir. 2014). Ganek asserts that this is such a case. He claims that
Defendants challenge the district court's determination that Ganek's pleadings satisfactorily allege a knowingly false statement necessary to the warrant. We need not here decide whether the affidavit's misrepresentation of Adondakis's statement was knowingly false because, even if we assume it was, we conclude that the statement was not necessary to probable cause.
To determine whether a false statement was necessary to a finding of probable cause, we consider a hypothetical corrected affidavit, produced by deleting any alleged misstatements from the original warrant affidavit and adding to it any relevant omitted information. See Soares v. Connecticut, 8 F.3d 917, 920 (2d Cir. 1993); accord Escalera v. Lunn, 361 F.3d 737, 743-44 (2d Cir. 2004). If probable cause is lacking after such correction, then the false statement was "necessary" to secure issuance of the warrant. In that case, defendants would be entitled to qualified immunity only at the second step of analysis, i.e., if a similarly situated law enforcement official could have held an objectively reasonable — even if mistaken — belief that the corrected affidavit demonstrated the necessary probable cause. See Escalera v. Lunn, 361 F.3d at 744 (holding that if corrected affidavit provides "objective basis to support arguable probable cause, remaining factual disputes are not material to the issue of qualified immunity and summary judgment should be granted to the defendant on the basis of qualified immunity"). On the other hand, "if probable cause remains" after the warrant is corrected, plaintiff has suffered no violation of Fourth Amendment rights, and defendants would be entitled to qualified immunity and dismissal at the first step of analysis. Smith v. Edwards, 175 F.3d 99, 105 (2d Cir. 1999) (Sotomayor, J.) (internal quotation marks omitted). That is this case.
To explain, we start by stating what is well established at law: that probable cause to search exists where circumstances indicate a "fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place." Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983); accord Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d 139, 157 (2d Cir. 2007). This is not to be confused with probable cause to think that the person whose premises are to be searched is implicated in the crime. The Supreme Court has expressly stated that where authorities do
Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 554, 98 S.Ct. 1970, 56 L.Ed.2d 525 (1978); accord United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d 83, 86 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding it "untenable to conclude that property may not be searched unless its occupant is reasonably suspected of a crime and is subject to arrest" (internal quotation marks omitted)).
We note this distinction at the outset because much has been made by Ganek and, to a degree, the district court about whether or not Ganek knowingly traded on inside information. See Ganek v. Leibowitz,
Before explaining this conclusion more fully, we make a further general observation about probable cause. As the Supreme Court has explained, this is a "fluid" standard, which is not usefully analogized to a prima facie case, or even to a preponderance (i.e., more likely than not) showing of criminal activity. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. at 232, 235, 103 S.Ct. 2317; see Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d at 156-57. To be sure, probable cause demands more than a "mere suspicion" of wrongdoing, Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449, 454, 77 S.Ct. 1356, 1 L.Ed.2d 1479 (1957), but when, as here, a person's conduct satisfies the actus reus of a crime, we have moved well beyond mere suspicion. See Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. at 231, 103 S.Ct. 2317 (observing that probable cause does not demand "hard certainties," but only "probabilities," determined by looking to "the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act" (internal quotation marks omitted)); Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. 237, 244, 133 S.Ct. 1050, 185 L.Ed.2d 61 (2013) (observing that probable cause is "practical," "common-sensical," "all-things-considered" standard).
With these principles in mind, we consider what a corrected version of the 37-page affidavit would look like after (a) deleting the allegedly false assertions that Adondakis informed Ganek as to the inside sources of the information conveyed to him, and (b) adding (in italics) the undisclosed fact that Adondakis actually said he did not inform Ganek that communicated information came from inside sources. Such a warrant can be summarized as follows:
As thus corrected, the affidavit demonstrates probable cause to search Ganek's office as well as the rest of the LG premises identified in the warrant.
First, and at a minimum, the facts detailed give rise to a "fair probability" that evidence of insider trading and related crimes as committed by the cooperator Adondakis would be found in the LG premises, including Ganek's office. Adondakis, a former LG employee, admitted knowingly procuring inside information that he conveyed to various persons within LG — Ganek, Chiasson, Brenner, and others — with the expectation that it be traded on. Ganek's office was one of the LG locations where Adondakis conveyed such information. Ganek, Chiasson, Brenner, and others in fact traded and caused others to trade on the information provided by Adondakis. Thus, whether or not each recipient — and Ganek, specifically — knew that he was trading on inside information, there was probable cause to search each recipient's office, including computers and electronic devices, for records of communications with Adondakis and of the ensuing trades, simply as evidence of Adondakis's criminal conduct. Ganek can point to no law supporting his assertion, repeated at oral argument, that the possibility of recovering some of these records from LG equipment used by Adondakis or from LG servers defeats probable cause to search the offices of recipients of Adondakis's inside information for evidence of transmittal and receipt.
Nor is a different conclusion warranted because a corrected affidavit shows that, at the time a search warrant was sought for LG's offices, the government had developed direct evidence of knowing insider trading only as against Adondakis, Chiasson, and Brenner, and not as against Ganek. As earlier observed, probable cause to search a location, such as Ganek's office, for evidence of a crime does not require probable cause to think that the person whose premises is to be searched is himself a knowing participant in the criminal activity under investigation. It requires only probable cause to think that evidence of a crime — by whomever committed — will be found in the place to be searched. See Zurcher v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. at 554, 98 S.Ct. 1970; accord United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d at 86. That probable cause was established by the fact that Ganek's office was one of the LG locations where Adondakis admitted conveying inside information.
In any event, this is not a case in which there was no evidence of Ganek's involvement in insider trading. To the contrary, the actus reus elements of the crime are plainly asserted in the corrected affidavit: (1) Ganek had received inside information from Adondakis, and (2) he had traded on it. Only his mens rea was questionable. The law has long recognized that probable cause does not demand evidence of every element of a crime — not even to support a person's arrest. See Gonzalez v. City of Schenectady, 728 F.3d 149, 155 (2d Cir. 2013). Indeed, the law is particularly tolerant with respect to the mens rea element of a crime on a probable cause showing. See, e.g., Zalaski v. City of Hartford, 723 F.3d at 393 (observing that because of practical restraints in ascertaining knowledge and intent, "the latitude accorded to officers considering the probable cause issue in the context of mens rea crimes must be correspondingly great" (internal quotation marks omitted)). Such tolerance is especially warranted here, where the corrected affidavit shows that various persons closely associated with Ganek at LG were knowingly trading on the very same information that Ganek was receiving and using in making his own trades. In such circumstances, Ganek's actus reus conduct is sufficient to establish probable cause to think that further evidence of the insider trading scheme would be discovered in a search of his office.
No different conclusion is warranted by adding to the corrected warrant affidavit Adondakis's statement that he did not tell Ganek the inside source of the information conveyed to him. The totality of the circumstances, viewed in a common sense manner, establish at least a "fair probability" that Ganek recognized the inside source of the information in any event. He was a sophisticated trader, who would likely know without needing to be told that the sort of information being conveyed — e.g., future projections provided in advance of earnings announcements — was not yet public and could not be obtained without the aid of an insider. Moreover, Ganek could have learned the inside source of the
In short, the mere possibility that Ganek unwittingly traded on inside information cannot defeat the probable cause to search Ganek's office that is evident from the totality of the corrected affidavit. See, e.g., Fabrikant v. French, 691 F.3d 193, 216 (2d Cir. 2012) (observing that innocent explanation consistent with facts alleged does not negate probable cause). Nor can Ganek persuasively argue that "the suspected criminal activity of a few [other] employees" was all that "justified an absolute and complete rummaging search of anyone who interacted with them." Appellee's Br. 34. As noted, Ganek himself committed the actus reus element of insider trading. When one considers that fact, particularly in light of circumstantial evidence making Ganek's culpable mens rea fairly probable, the corrected affidavit establishes probable cause to search Ganek's office for evidence of his own criminal conduct as well as for that of Adondakis and others at LG involved in insider trading.
We reach this conclusion, moreover, as a matter of law because there can be no genuine dispute as to a reasonable judicial officer issuing the challenged search warrant upon review of the corrected affidavit. See Smith v. Edwards, 175 F.3d at 106; Velardi v. Walsh, 40 F.3d at 574; Soares v. Connecticut, 8 F.3d at 920-21. Assuming that such a warrant issuance question might arise where the credibility of certain evidence (e.g., from a source with a motive to lie), or the sufficiency of corroboration (e.g., for an anonymous tip) informs a probable cause determination, see McColley v. Cty. of Rensselaer, 740 F.3d at 824-26, that is not this case. The corrected affidavit cleanly deletes the alleged misrepresentation (that Adondakis disclosed the inside source of information to Ganek) and adds a correction (that Adondakis made no such disclosure). Presented with that corrected affidavit, a reasonable judicial officer who weighed the totality of facts in the corrected affidavit could only find probable cause established. The district court erred in concluding otherwise. See Walczyk v. Rio, 496 F.3d at 158.
Accordingly, we conclude that Ganek cannot show that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated by the alleged misstatement in the Trask warrant affidavit because a corrected affidavit still establishes probable cause to search the LG premises, including Ganek's office. Thus, defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and dismissal on this part of Ganek's Fourth Amendment claim.
Although Ganek criticizes the "wide-ranging" and "expansive" scope of the warrant,
Even if we construe Ganek's pleadings to raise a distinct challenge to the scope of the LG search warrant, however, he states no Fourth Amendment violation because the authorized search did not "outrun[ ] the probable cause supporting the warrant." United States v. Clark, 638 F.3d 89, 94 (2d Cir. 2011).
The warrant authorized a search of "the premises," which was defined to include, inter alia, Ganek's office and any computers or cellphones located therein. J.A. 68, 70 (Attachment A). Within the LG premises, agents were authorized to search for the following:
Id. at 70.
To be sure, this language sweeps broadly, but the corrected affidavit showed that inside Ganek's office, Adondakis had conversations in which he communicated inside information on which Ganek then traded. Further, Agent Trask states in the corrected affidavit that the items identified in Attachment A are of the sort where evidence of insider trading is likely to be found. Adondakis confirmed as much when he reported using LG computers and servers, as well as cellphones and personal email accounts, to carry out insider trading. Moreover, conversations intercepted over the Kinnucan wiretap, including some with LG employees, further confirmed Agent Trask's statements. Thus, the authorized search was not overbroad.
The search procedures outlined in Attachment B to the warrant reinforce this conclusion. Attachment B authorized the FBI to search the content of items identified in Attachment A for the following information:
Id. at 73. While this attachment is also broad, the corrected affidavit supports its scope.
The corrected affidavit provides evidence that, within LG's premises, Adondakis, Ganek, Chiasson, and Brenner received and traded on inside information about multiple public companies, including Dell, Texas Instruments, Western Digital, and Seagate. Moreover, because the persons communicating that information included some who were then cooperating with the government, such as Adondakis, and some who were not, such as Kinnucan, the affidavit admitted a fair probability that the extent of insider trading within LG reached beyond the public companies thus far identified by the government. Accordingly, it was appropriate to afford law enforcement authorities some latitude in searching physical and electronic record depositories for evidence of insider trading. As this court stated more than twenty-five years ago,
United States v. Riley, 906 F.2d 841, 845 (2d Cir. 1990). This reasoning applies with equal force to searches of electronic records for evidence of insider trading.
This is not to ignore the particular challenges posed by electronic searches. See generally United States v. Ganias, 824 F.3d 199, 215 (2d Cir. 2016) (en banc). But Attachments A and B effectively placed an important limit on defendants' search authority. They could search business records and communications for evidence of insider trading. No authority was given to search such personal effects and communications as Ganek might have had in his LG office (even on his computer and cellphone). This distinguishes the LG search from those limitless searches at issue in the district court cases cited by Ganek.
The district court concluded that Ganek's allegation of a knowingly false statement in the LG warrant affidavit supported not only a Fourth Amendment claim for unreasonable search and seizure but also a Fifth Amendment claim for the deprivation of property without due process. See Ganek v. Leibowitz, 167 F.Supp.3d at 638, 640-41.
We assume, without deciding, that Ganek could successfully clear possible threshold obstacles to his pursuit of such a due process claim.
Here, the only property loss alleged to have occurred without due process resulted from seizures made during the challenged search. But as we have concluded, even on a corrected affidavit, that search is supported by probable cause, the only process due.
The district court denied defendants' motion to dismiss Ganek's failure-to-intercede claim, which it construed to apply both to (1) non-supervisor defendants, for their failure to correct the affidavit misstatement prior to issuance of the warrant; and (2) supervisor defendants, for their failure to clarify publicly that Ganek was not a target of the insider trading probe. See Ganek v. Leibowitz, 167 F.Supp.3d at 642 ("It is widely recognized that all law enforcement officials have an affirmative duty to intervene to protect the constitutional rights of citizens from infringement by other law enforcement officers in their presence." (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Ganek cannot plausibly claim that he suffered constitutional harm from defendants' failure to correct a misstatement in a warrant affidavit that would have stated probable cause to search Ganek's office even on correction. Cf. Anderson v. Branen, 17 F.3d 552, 557 (2d Cir. 1994) ("An officer who fails to intercede is liable for the preventable harm caused by the actions of the other officers ....") (emphasis added)); O'Neill v. Krzeminski, 839 F.2d 9, 11-12 (2d Cir. 1988).
As for Ganek's failure-to-clarify claim, there is no constitutional right — and
Nor is such a right-to-clarify status established in the context of this case by precedent recognizing a constitutional obligation to protect an individual when the government itself "has created or increased the danger to the individual." Ying Jing Gan v. City of New York, 996 F.2d 522, 533 (2d Cir. 1993). That right has been recognized in circumstances of increased physical, often life-threatening, danger to individuals, particularly those in state custody. See id. (collecting cases). That is not this case. Ganek cites no precedent that constitutionally obligates government authorities to mitigate the risk of injury to reputation resulting from public knowledge of an ongoing investigation.
In sum, because Ganek fails to state cognizable claims for failure to intervene and failure to clarify, defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and to dismissal of these Fifth Amendment claims.
Ganek also asserts his Fourth Amendment, procedural due process, and failure-to-intercede claims against the supervisor defendants. Because we conclude that each of those claims fails on the merits, the supervisor defendants are entitled to dismissal.
Even if Ganek had stated plausible Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims against the non-supervisor defendants, however, he fails to plead sufficient facts to attribute liability to the supervisor defendants. As the Supreme Court has instructed, "[b]ecause vicarious liability is inapplicable to Bivens and § 1983 suits," a plaintiff bringing a Bivens claim "must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official's own individual actions, has violated the Constitution." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676, 129 S.Ct. 1937. To satisfy this standard, Ganek had to plead facts showing each supervisor defendant's personal involvement in the submission of an intentionally or recklessly false statement to the magistrate judge. He does not do so here.
Specifically, Ganek does not allege that any of the supervisor defendants attended the November 2, 2010 meeting at which Adondakis purportedly told defendants that he had not informed Ganek of the inside source of the information he was sharing. Nor does Ganek allege that any supervisor defendant actually knew that any statement attributed to Adondakis in the search warrant affidavit was not true. He alleges only that Zabel and Leibowitz informed LG representatives that the search "had been carefully considered at the highest levels," J.A. 18, ¶ 6; and that defendant Bharara told LG's attorney that the LG search had not been authorized "without considering the consequences," id. at 19, ¶ 8. From this, he argues that supervisor responsibility for the Adondakis misstatement can be inferred from
Id. at ¶ 10.
The argument does not persuade because the fact that the decision to search LG's offices was "carefully considered at the highest levels" of the U.S. Attorney's office is not enough to admit an inference that supervisors knew or should have known that a statement in the warrant affidavit, attributed to Adondakis, was false. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680-81, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (concluding that allegation that department head was "principal architect" of challenged policy was too conclusory to support claim against him for how subordinates effected policy). Certainly Ganek does not plead, either generally or with specific reference to this case, that FBI and U.S. Attorney supervisors, when reviewing search warrant applications, do not routinely rely on their subordinates to report accurately the statements made to them by cooperating witnesses. Nor do they — or could they — suggest that doing so is reckless.
In sum, because Ganek has failed to state cognizable Fourth Amendment, procedural due process, and failure-to-intercede claims, and, in any event, because Ganek has failed to plead sufficient facts as to each supervisor defendant's personal involvement in the submission of the alleged misstatement to the magistrate judge, the supervisor defendants are entitled to dismissal of these claims.
To summarize, we conclude that all defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and, therefore, to dismissal of all Ganek's claims.
1. Ganek fails to plead a plausible Fourth Amendment claim of unreasonable search and seizure because a corrected affidavit supports both probable cause for and the scope of the challenged search.
2. Ganek fails to plead a plausible Fifth Amendment claim that fabricated evidence (in the search warrant affidavit) deprived him of property without due process because the warrant would have issued on a corrected affidavit and thus any deprivation of the seized property was not the result of the fabricated evidence.
3. Because Ganek fails to plead plausible Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims, he cannot plausibly plead that defendants' alleged failure to intercede in the challenged search caused him preventable constitutional harm.
4. Ganek fails to plead any clearly established right to have federal officials state in a search warrant affidavit whether each referenced person is or is not then a target of investigation, nor a right to have federal officials so state after the fact if the search becomes public knowledge.
Accordingly, that part of the district court order denying defendants' dismissal motion in part is hereby REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED to the district court for entry of judgment in favor of defendants on all claims.
J.A. 98, ¶ 13.c (emphasis added).
Id. at 99, ¶ 13.e (emphasis added).